Theoretical Article
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Human-Machine Communication (HMC) in Communication Studies: The Paradigm Shift and Essential Approaches

Year 2021, Issue: 36, 203 - 220, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.988494

Abstract

We live in an age where technologies that interact with people such as virtual assistants and social bots have become widespread. Developments in such artificial intelligence technologies that gain social features by interacting with people, point to a transformation and breaking in the essential paradigm of communication, which defines communication merely as the transfer of meaning between people. In the field of communication sciences, where communication has been conceptualized as a human process that has been carried out through machines for a long time; it is worth examining what it means for machines to overcome the tool/device role and to become communicators in a communication process. In this context, the present research focuses on the rising position of human-machine communication in the communication sciences by questioning how it transformed the fundamental communication paradigm. Human-machine communication (HMC), both as a concept and research area within the communication sciences, focuses on the effects of interaction between people and technology on individuals, society, and humanity. This research focuses on a small number of leading academic studies in the field, centering human-machine communication as a new field of study. The main approaches of these studies are categorized and defined under the titles of “Computers Are Social Actors (CASA)”, “Perceived Understanding Framework”, “Disclosure Processing Framework”, and “Discursive / Narrative / Linguistic Approaches.” The approaches categorized and analyzed in the present study could provide both theoretical and methodological basis for new studies in the field of human-machine communication.

References

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  • Banks, J. & de Graaff, Maart M.A. (2020). Toward an Agent-Agnostic Transmission Model: Synthesizing Anthropocentric and Technocentric Paradigms in Communication. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1, 19-36. https://doi.org/ 10.30658/hmc.1.2.
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  • Cahn, D. D. (1990). Perceived understanding and interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072005.
  • Chandrashekar, S. & Hockema, S. (2009). Online access, participation and information credibility assessment. Proceedings of the Science and Technology for Humanity (TICSTH), IEEE. Toronto International Conference, Toronto, 26–27, September 2009, 10.1109/TIC-STH.2009.5444397.
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  • Chaudoir, S. R. & Fisher, J. D. (2010). The Disclosure Processes Model: Understanding Disclosure Decision Making and Postdisclosure Outcomes Among People Living With a Concealable Stigmatized Identity. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018193.
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  • Guzman, A. L. (2018). What is Human-Machine Communication, Anyway? Human-Machine Communication: Rethinking communication, technology, and ourselves. New York: Peter Lang.
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  • Guzman, A. L. (2020). Ontological Boundaries Between Humans and Computers and the Implications for Human-Machine Communication. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1: 37-54. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.3.
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  • Haraway, D. (1985). A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, 15(2), 65-107.
  • Hayles, K. N. (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. USA: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Ho, A., Hancock, J. & Miner, A. S. (2018). Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-Disclosure After Conversations With a Chatbot. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 712-733. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy026.
  • Hourcade, J. P., Bullock-Rest, N. E. & Hansen, T. E. (2012). Multitouch tablet applications and activities to enhance the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0383-3.
  • Jones, S. (2014). People, Things, Memory and Human-Machine Communication. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 10(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.10.3.245_1.
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İletişim Çalışmalarında İnsan-Makine İletişimi: Paradigma Değişikliği ve Temel Yaklaşımlar

Year 2021, Issue: 36, 203 - 220, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.988494

Abstract

Sanal asistanlar ve sosyal botlar başta olmak üzere, insanlarla makinelerin etkileşime girdikleri teknolojilerin yaygınlık kazandığı bir çağda yaşamaktayız. İnsanlarla etkileşim kurarak toplumsal özellikler kazanan bu tür yapay zekâ teknolojilerinde görülen gelişmeler, iletişimi yalnızca insanlar arasında anlam aktarımı olarak tanımlayan temel iletişim paradigmasında da bir dönüşüme ve kırılmaya işaret etmektedir. İletişimin uzun zamandır makineler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilen bir insan süreci olarak kavramsallaştırıldığı iletişim bilimleri alanında; makinelerin aracı/araç rolünü aşarak iletişimci haline gelmesinin ne anlama geldiği ve iletişim çalışmalarına potansiyel olarak ne getirdiği incelemeye değer bir konudur. Bu kapsamda, bu araştırma insan-makine iletişiminin iletişim bilimleri disiplini içindeki yükselen konumuna odaklanarak; temel iletişim paradigmasını nasıl dönüşüme uğrattığını sorgulamaktadır. İletişim bilimleri içinde hem bir kavram hem de araştırma alanı olarak insan-makine iletişimi (İMİ), insanlar ile teknoloji arasındaki etkileşimin bireyler, toplum ve insanlık üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu araştırma ise, yeni bir çalışma alanı olarak insan-makine iletişimini merkeze alarak, alanda gerçekleştirilen az sayıdaki öncü akademik çalışmayı “Bilgisayarlar Toplumsal Aktörlerdir”, “Algılanan Anlaşılma Çerçevesi”, “Açıklama İşleme Çerçevesi” ve “Söylemsel/Anlatısal/Dilsel Yaklaşımlar” başlıkları altında kategorileştirip serimleyerek tartışmaya açmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında kategorize edilip incelenen yaklaşımların, insan-makine iletişimi alanda yapılacak yeni araştırmalara kuramsal ve metodolojik bir temel oluşturması umulmaktadır.

References

  • Afifi, W. A. & Guerrero, L. K. (2000). Motivations underlying topic avoidance in close relationships. S. Petronio (Ed.), Balancing the Secrets of Private Disclosures (s. 165-180) içinde. Mahwah: NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Arksey, H. & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol, 8 (1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.
  • Banks, J. & de Graaff, Maart M.A. (2020). Toward an Agent-Agnostic Transmission Model: Synthesizing Anthropocentric and Technocentric Paradigms in Communication. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1, 19-36. https://doi.org/ 10.30658/hmc.1.2.
  • Barnlund, D. C. (2008). A Transactional Model of Communication. C. David Mortensen (Ed.), Communication Theory (s. 47-57) içinde. New Brunswick: NJ: Transaction.
  • Beattie, A.; Edwards, A. P. & Edwards, C. (2020). A Bot and a Smile: Interpersonal Impressions of Chatbots and Humans Using Emoji in Computer-mediated Communication. Communication Studies, 71 (3), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1725082.
  • Boden, M. A. (2006). Mind as machine: A history of cognitive science: Volume 1. Oxford University Press.
  • Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. (W. Kaufmann, Trans.). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Cahn, D. D. (1990). Perceived understanding and interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072005.
  • Chandrashekar, S. & Hockema, S. (2009). Online access, participation and information credibility assessment. Proceedings of the Science and Technology for Humanity (TICSTH), IEEE. Toronto International Conference, Toronto, 26–27, September 2009, 10.1109/TIC-STH.2009.5444397.
  • Christian, B. (2012). The Most Human Human: What artificial intelligence teaches us about being alive. New York: NY: Anchor Books.
  • Chaudoir, S. R. & Fisher, J. D. (2010). The Disclosure Processes Model: Understanding Disclosure Decision Making and Postdisclosure Outcomes Among People Living With a Concealable Stigmatized Identity. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018193.
  • Craig R. T. (1999). Communication Theory as a Field. Communication Theory, 9(2), 119-161.
  • Dahlbäck, N., Jönsson, A. & Ahrenberg, L. (1993). Wizard of Oz studies-Why and how. Knowledge-Based Systems, 6(4), 258–266.
  • Dance, F. E. X. (1970). The “Concept” of Communication. Journal of Communication, 20(2), 201-210.
  • Dautenhahn, K. (2004). Socially intelligent agents in human primate culture. S. Payr ve R. Trappl (Ed.), Agent Culture: Human-Agent İnteraction in a Multicultural World (s. 45-71) içinde. Mahwah: New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Demmans Epp, Carrrie, McEwen, R., Campigotto, R., & Moffatt, K. (2015). Information practices and user interfaces: Student use of an iOS application in Special Education. Education and Information Technologies, 21(5), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9392-6.
  • Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. USA: Macmillan.
  • Edwards, A. P. (2018). Animals, Humans, and Machines: Interactive implications of ontological classification. A. L. Guzman (Ed.), Human-Machine Communication: Rethinking communication, technology, and ourselves (s. 29-50) içinde. New York, Berlin: Peter Lang.
  • Edwards, A. P., Westerman, D., Edwards, C., & Spence, P. R. (2019). Communication is ... Transhuman. Tyma, A. ve Edwards, A. P. (Ed.) Communication Is … Perspectives on Theory (s. 49-67) içinde. USA: Cognella.
  • Faggin, F. (2019). Silicio. Milano: Mondadori.
  • Fogg, B. J., & Nass, C. (1997). Silicon sycophants: The effects of computers that flatter. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 46(5), 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1996.0104.
  • Fortunati, L., Cavallo, F. & Sarrica, M. (2018). Multiple Communication Roles in Human-robot Interactions in The Public Space. International Journal of Social Robotics, 12, 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0509-0.
  • Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. P. (2020). Opening Space for Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Issues. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.1.
  • Frankish K. & Ramsey, W. M. (2014). The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gambino, A., Fox, J. & Ratan, R. A. (2020). Building a Stronger CASA: Extending the Computers Are Social Actors Paradigm. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1, 71-85. 10.30658/hmc.1.5
  • Groom, V. & Nass, C. (2007). Can robots be teammates? Benchmarks in human–robot teams. Interaction Studies, 8 (3), 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.8.3.10gro
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2012). Communication and artificial intelligence: Opportunities and challenges for the 21st century. Communication+ 1, 1(1): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.7275/R5QJ7F7R
  • Guzman, A. L. (2018). What is Human-Machine Communication, Anyway? Human-Machine Communication: Rethinking communication, technology, and ourselves. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Guzman, A. L. (2019). Human-Machine Communication: Bridging Disciplinary, Technological, and Theoritical Divides, Invited Forum: Artificial Intelligence and Journalism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 681-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901.
  • Guzman, A. L. (2020). Ontological Boundaries Between Humans and Computers and the Implications for Human-Machine Communication. HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1: 37-54. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.3.
  • Guzman, A. L. & Lewis, S. C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Communication: A Human-Machine Communication research agenda. New Media & Society, 22(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691.
  • Haraway, D. (1985). A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, 15(2), 65-107.
  • Hayles, K. N. (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. USA: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Ho, A., Hancock, J. & Miner, A. S. (2018). Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-Disclosure After Conversations With a Chatbot. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 712-733. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy026.
  • Hourcade, J. P., Bullock-Rest, N. E. & Hansen, T. E. (2012). Multitouch tablet applications and activities to enhance the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0383-3.
  • Jones, S. (2014). People, Things, Memory and Human-Machine Communication. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 10(3), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.10.3.245_1.
  • Leiner, B. M., Cerf, V. G., Clark, D. D., Kahn, R. E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D. C., Postel, J., Roberts, L. G. & Wolff, S. (1997). A brief history of the internet. Internet Society: e-OTI: An International Electronic Publication of the Internet Society.
  • Lewis, S. C., Guzman, A. L., & Schmidt, T. R. (2019). Automation, journalism, and human-machine communication: Rethinking roles and relationships of humans and machines in news. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1577147.
  • Ling, H. Y. & Björling, E. A. (2020). Sharing Stress With a Robot: What Would a Robot Say? HMC Human-Machine Communication, 1, 133-159. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.1.8.
  • Lucas, G. M., Gratch, J., King, A. & Morency, L.-P. (2014). It’s Only A Computer: Virtual Humans Increase Willingness to Disclose. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.043.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bilge Narin 0000-0001-8717-6487

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date August 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 36

Cite

APA Narin, B. (2021). İletişim Çalışmalarında İnsan-Makine İletişimi: Paradigma Değişikliği ve Temel Yaklaşımlar. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(36), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.988494