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PERSONAL DIPLOMACY AND GREEK FOREIGN POLICY

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 561 - 585, 31.12.2023

Murat Ülgül

https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411769

Abstract

Personal diplomacy refers to a situation where a nation’s top leadership and senior officials actively involve themselves in the diplomatic efforts of their government and directly communicate with other countries’ leadership and senior officials. Despite its highly personalized domestic political system, the literature lacks an analysis of Greek foreign policy in terms of personal diplomacy and this study aims to be a first step in this direction. After providing a conceptual analysis of this concept which has started to become popular in the discipline of international relations, the study will show how personal diplomacy was successfully adopted by Venizelos towards the Turkish government in the interwar period and why this practice failed in successive decades despite repeated attempts to solve problems with Turkey through leadership communication. The hypothesis of the study is that personal diplomacy is a necessary but not sufficient element for sincere dialogue between Greece and Turkey, yet it may constitute an effective method to overcome misunderstandings between the parties.

Keywords

Greek Foreign Policy Greek-Turkish Relations Individual-Level Analysis Personal Diplomacy Political Leadership

References

  • AÇIKALIN, Şuay Nilhan, Türk-Alman İlişkilerinde Lider Diplomasisi, Nobel, Ankara 2021.
  • ADCOCK, Sir Frank, MOSLEY, D.J., Diplomacy in Ancient Greece, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1975.
  • ALLISON, Graham T., Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Little Brown, Boston 1971.
  • ARAS, Damla, “Turkey’s Ambassadors vs. Erdoğan”, Middle East Quarterly, Volume 18, Number 1, 2011, pp. 47-57.
  • BALCI, Ali, EFE, İbrahim, “Exogenous Dynamics and Leadership Traits: A Study of Change in the Personality Traits of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”, All Azimuth, Volume 10, Number 2, 2021, pp. 149-164.
  • BİLGE, A. Suat, Büyük Düş: Türk-Yunan Siyasi İlişkileri, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara 2000.
  • BROWN, Archie, The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War, Oxford University Press, New York 2020.
  • BUHITE, Russell D., Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy, SR Books, Lanham 1988.
  • BUSH, George W., Decision Points, Crown Publishers, New York 2010. BYMAN, Daniel L., POLLACK Kenneth M., “Let Us Now Praise Great Men: Bringing the Statesman Back In”, International Security, Volume 25, Number 4, 2001, pp. 107-146.
  • CILIZOĞLU, Tanju, “Kader Bizi Una Değil, Üne İtti”: Çağlayangil’in Anıları, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara 2018.
  • COSTIGLIOLA, Frank, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2012. COUFOUDAKIS, Van, “Greek-Turkish Relations, 1973-1983: The View from Athens”, International Security, Volume 9, Number 4, 1985, pp. 185-217.
  • DEMİR, Ali Faik, ÇETİNOĞLU HARUNOĞLU, Nur, Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Türkiye-ABD İlişkilerinde Orta Doğu ve Lider Diplomasisi, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2023.
  • DUMAN, Özkan, TSAROUHAS, Dimitris, ““Civilianization” in Greece versus “Demilitarization” in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Civil-Military Relations and the Impact of the European Union”, Armed Forces and Society, Volume 32, Number 3, 2006, pp. 405-423.
  • ERTAN, Temuçin Faik, DEMİRTAŞ, Bahattin, Türkiye’yi Ziyaret Eden Yabancı Devlet Adamlarının Ankara Günleri (1923-1960), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2020.
  • FEATHERSTONE, Kevin, PAPADIMITRIOU, Dimitris, Prime Ministers in Greece: The Paradox of Power, Oxford University Press, New York 2015.
  • GHAEMI, Nassir, A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness, Penguin Books, New York 2011.
  • GIAUQUE, Jeffrey G., “Bilateral Summit Diplomacy in Western European and Transatlantic Relations, 1956-1963”, European History Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 3, 2001, pp. 427-445.
  • GOLSTEIN, Erik, “The Origins of Summit Diplomacy”, (ed.) David H. Dunn, Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The Evolution of International Summitry, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1996, pp. 23-37. GÖRENER, Aylın Ş., UCAL, Meltem Ş., “The Personality and Leadership Style of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy”, Turkish Studies, Volume 12, Number 3, 2011, pp. 357-381.
  • HALL, Todd, YARHI-MILO, Keren, “The Personal Touch: Leaders’ Impressions, Costlly Signaling, and Assessments of Sincerity in International Affairs”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 56, Number 3, 2012, pp. 560-573.
  • HELLEBUYCK, Adam William, Foreign Relations and the End of Byzantium: The Use of Personal Diplomacy during the Reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos (1448-1453), University of Michigan Department of History, Honors Bachelor Thesis, Adviser: Professor Rudi Lindner, Michigan 2006.
  • HERACLIDES, Alexis, The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the Aegean: Imagined Enemies, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2010.
  • HERMANN, Margaret G., “Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 24, Number 1, 1980, pp. 7-46.
  • HERRIN, Judith, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2008.
  • HOLMES, Marcus, Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Social Neuroscience and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, New York 2018.
  • IFANTIS, Kostas, “Greece’s Strategy and Perceptions Towards Turkey: The End of Consensus and the Return of History?”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 15, Number 58, 2018, pp. 93-106.
  • International Crisis Group, “Turkey-Greece: From Maritime Brinkmanship to Dialogue”, Europe Report Number 263, 31 May 2021.
  • IOAKIMIDIS, P. C., “The Model of Foreign Policy-Making in Greece: Personalities and Institutions”, (eds.) Stelios Stavridis et al., The Foreign Policies of the European Union’s Mediterranean States and Applicant Countries in the 1990s, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1999, pp. 140-170.
  • ISAAK, Robert A., “The Individual in International Politics: Solving the Level-of-Analysis Problem”, Polity, Volume 7, Number 2, 1974, pp. 264-276.
  • MACMILLAN, Margaret, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, Random House, New York 2002.
  • MUEHLENBECK, Philip E., “Kennedy and Toure: A Success in Personal Diplomacy”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Volume 19, 2008, pp. 69-95. OHNESORGE, Hendrik W., “Personal Diplomacy”, (ed.) B.J.C. McKercher, The Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, Routledge, London 2022, pp. 397-408.
  • OSTRANDER, Ian, RIDER, Toby J., “Presidents Abroad: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 72, Number 4, 2019, pp. 835-848.
  • POLİTAKİS, Andreas, Al Beyaz Mavi Beyaz, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul 1988.
  • REAGAN, Ronald, Ronald Reagan: An American Life, Hutchison, London 1990.
  • SAVRANSKAYA, Svetlana, BLANTON, Thomas S., The Last Superpower Summits: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Bush - Conversations that Ended the Cold War, Central European University Press, New York 2020.
  • ŞENER, Bülent, “Dış Politikada Kriz Yönetimi ve Bir Kriz Yönetimi Stratejisi Olarak Zorlayıcı Diplomasi”, (eds.) Ayça Eminoğlu and Murat Ülgül, Uluslararası Güvenliğe Giriş, Nobel, Ankara 2021, pp. 355-412.
  • SMITH, Michael Llewellyn, “ ‘Venizelos’ Diplomacy, 1910-1923: From Balkan Alliance to Greek-Turkish Settlement”, (ed.) Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2006, pp. 134-192.
  • SULZBERGER, C. L., “Foreign Affairs: If Roosevelt Had Lived?”, The New York Times, 12 April 1970, p. 12.
  • TEZCAN, Baki, The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010.
  • TSAHOURAS, Dimitris, YAZGAN, Nüve, “Trade, Non-State Actors and Conflict: Evidence from Greece and Turkey”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 31, Number 3-4, 2018, pp. 291-313.
  • TSARDANIDIS, Charalambos, STAVRIDIS, Stelios, “The Europeanisation of Greek Foreign Policy: A Critical Appraisal”, Journal of European Integration, Volume 27, Number 2, 2005, pp. 217-239.
  • TULÇA, Enis, Atatürk-Venizelos ve Bir Diplomat: Enis Bey, Simurg, İstanbul 2015.
  • TUNCER, Hüner, Özal’ın Dış Politikası (1983-1989), Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • ÜLGÜL, Murat, “Erdoğan’s Personal Diplomacy and Turkish Foreign Policy”, Insight Turkey, Volume 21, Number 4, 2019, pp. 161-182.
  • YETKİN, Murat, İyi Günler Bay Başkan: Körfez Savaşı’nda Özal-Bush Görüşmeleri, Doğan Kitap, İstanbul 2022.
  • Internet Sources
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  • CROWLEY, Michael, “ ‘Strategic Empathy’: How Biden’s Informal Diplomacy Shaped Foreign Relations”, The New York Times, 5 July 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/joe-biden-foreign-policy.html, (07.05.2023).
  • FONTAINE, Richard, “A Troubling Pattern of Personal Diplomacy”, The Atlantic, 29 December 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/trumps-pattern-personalized-diplomacy-upended-syria/579145/, (13.05.2023).
  • Fox News, “Personal Diplomacy Marks Modi’s China Visit amid Warming Ties and Enduring Rivalry”, 8 December 2015, https://www.foxnews.com/world/personal-diplomacy-marks-modis-china-visit-amid-warming-ties-and-enduring-rivalry, (07.05.2023).
  • GALL, Carlotta, “In a First, Greek Premier Visits Shuttered Seminary in Turkey”, The New York Times, 6 February 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/world/europe/greece-tsipras-halki-seminary.html, (01.06.2023).
  • GÜRCAN, Metin, “Erdogan’s Personalized Diplomacy with Putin May Have Been Point of Sochi Summit”, Al-Monitor, 30 September 2021, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/09/erdogans-personalized-diplomacy-putin-may-have-been-point-sochi-summit, (07.05.2023).
  • History, “Hotline Established Between Washington and Moscow”, 27 August 2019, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hotline-established-between-washington-and-moscow, (14.05.2023).
  • NICHOLAS, Peter, “White House Hopes Biden’s Relationship with Xi Can Defuse U.S.-China Tensions”, NBC News, 15 March 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-hopes-bidens-relationship-xi-can-diffuse-us-china-tensions-rcna74444, (07.05.2023).
  • SLOAT, Amanda, “Diplomacy Triumphs: Greece and Macedonia to Resolve Name Dispute”, Brookings, 12 June 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/06/12/diplomacy-triumphs-greece-and-macedonia-resolve-name-dispute/, (02.06.2023).

YUNAN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA KİŞİSEL DİPLOMASİ

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 561 - 585, 31.12.2023

Murat Ülgül

https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411769

Abstract

Kişisel diplomasi bir devletin siyasi liderliğinin ve üst düzey politikacılarının aktif olarak kendilerini hükümetlerinin diplomasi çabalarına dahil etmesini ve diğer devletlerin siyasi liderliği ve üst düzey yöneticileri ile iletişime geçmelerini ifade etmektedir. İleri derecede kişiselleşmiş iç siyasi sistemine rağmen mevcut literatür kişisel diplomasi bakımından Yunan dış politikasının analizi konusunda eksikliğe sahiptir ve bu çalışma bu doğrultuda bir ilk adım olma amacındadır. Bu çalışmada, Uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde popüler olmaya başlayan bu olgunun kavramsal analizi sağlandıktan sonra çalışma, kişisel diplomasinin iki savaş arası dönemde Venizelos tarafından Türk hükümetine yönelik nasıl başarılı bir şekilde uygulandığı ve ilerleyen on yıllarda tekrarlanan denemelere rağmen Türkiye ile sorunları liderlik etkileşimi yoluyla çözme girişiminin neden başarısız olduğu ortaya konulacaktır. Çalışmanın hipotezi Yunanistan ve Türkiye arasında samimi bir diyalog için kişisel diplomasinin gerekli ama yetersiz bir olgu olduğu, bununla birlikte taraflar arasında anlaşmazlıkların üstesinden gelmede etkili bir metot oluşturabileceğidir.

Keywords

Birey-Düzeyi Analizi Kişisel Diplomasi Siyasi Liderlik Yunan Dış Politikası Yunan-Türk İlişkileri

References

  • AÇIKALIN, Şuay Nilhan, Türk-Alman İlişkilerinde Lider Diplomasisi, Nobel, Ankara 2021.
  • ADCOCK, Sir Frank, MOSLEY, D.J., Diplomacy in Ancient Greece, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1975.
  • ALLISON, Graham T., Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Little Brown, Boston 1971.
  • ARAS, Damla, “Turkey’s Ambassadors vs. Erdoğan”, Middle East Quarterly, Volume 18, Number 1, 2011, pp. 47-57.
  • BALCI, Ali, EFE, İbrahim, “Exogenous Dynamics and Leadership Traits: A Study of Change in the Personality Traits of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”, All Azimuth, Volume 10, Number 2, 2021, pp. 149-164.
  • BİLGE, A. Suat, Büyük Düş: Türk-Yunan Siyasi İlişkileri, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, Ankara 2000.
  • BROWN, Archie, The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War, Oxford University Press, New York 2020.
  • BUHITE, Russell D., Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy, SR Books, Lanham 1988.
  • BUSH, George W., Decision Points, Crown Publishers, New York 2010. BYMAN, Daniel L., POLLACK Kenneth M., “Let Us Now Praise Great Men: Bringing the Statesman Back In”, International Security, Volume 25, Number 4, 2001, pp. 107-146.
  • CILIZOĞLU, Tanju, “Kader Bizi Una Değil, Üne İtti”: Çağlayangil’in Anıları, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara 2018.
  • COSTIGLIOLA, Frank, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2012. COUFOUDAKIS, Van, “Greek-Turkish Relations, 1973-1983: The View from Athens”, International Security, Volume 9, Number 4, 1985, pp. 185-217.
  • DEMİR, Ali Faik, ÇETİNOĞLU HARUNOĞLU, Nur, Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Türkiye-ABD İlişkilerinde Orta Doğu ve Lider Diplomasisi, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2023.
  • DUMAN, Özkan, TSAROUHAS, Dimitris, ““Civilianization” in Greece versus “Demilitarization” in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Civil-Military Relations and the Impact of the European Union”, Armed Forces and Society, Volume 32, Number 3, 2006, pp. 405-423.
  • ERTAN, Temuçin Faik, DEMİRTAŞ, Bahattin, Türkiye’yi Ziyaret Eden Yabancı Devlet Adamlarının Ankara Günleri (1923-1960), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2020.
  • FEATHERSTONE, Kevin, PAPADIMITRIOU, Dimitris, Prime Ministers in Greece: The Paradox of Power, Oxford University Press, New York 2015.
  • GHAEMI, Nassir, A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness, Penguin Books, New York 2011.
  • GIAUQUE, Jeffrey G., “Bilateral Summit Diplomacy in Western European and Transatlantic Relations, 1956-1963”, European History Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 3, 2001, pp. 427-445.
  • GOLSTEIN, Erik, “The Origins of Summit Diplomacy”, (ed.) David H. Dunn, Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The Evolution of International Summitry, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1996, pp. 23-37. GÖRENER, Aylın Ş., UCAL, Meltem Ş., “The Personality and Leadership Style of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy”, Turkish Studies, Volume 12, Number 3, 2011, pp. 357-381.
  • HALL, Todd, YARHI-MILO, Keren, “The Personal Touch: Leaders’ Impressions, Costlly Signaling, and Assessments of Sincerity in International Affairs”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 56, Number 3, 2012, pp. 560-573.
  • HELLEBUYCK, Adam William, Foreign Relations and the End of Byzantium: The Use of Personal Diplomacy during the Reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos (1448-1453), University of Michigan Department of History, Honors Bachelor Thesis, Adviser: Professor Rudi Lindner, Michigan 2006.
  • HERACLIDES, Alexis, The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the Aegean: Imagined Enemies, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2010.
  • HERMANN, Margaret G., “Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume 24, Number 1, 1980, pp. 7-46.
  • HERRIN, Judith, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2008.
  • HOLMES, Marcus, Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Social Neuroscience and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, New York 2018.
  • IFANTIS, Kostas, “Greece’s Strategy and Perceptions Towards Turkey: The End of Consensus and the Return of History?”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 15, Number 58, 2018, pp. 93-106.
  • International Crisis Group, “Turkey-Greece: From Maritime Brinkmanship to Dialogue”, Europe Report Number 263, 31 May 2021.
  • IOAKIMIDIS, P. C., “The Model of Foreign Policy-Making in Greece: Personalities and Institutions”, (eds.) Stelios Stavridis et al., The Foreign Policies of the European Union’s Mediterranean States and Applicant Countries in the 1990s, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1999, pp. 140-170.
  • ISAAK, Robert A., “The Individual in International Politics: Solving the Level-of-Analysis Problem”, Polity, Volume 7, Number 2, 1974, pp. 264-276.
  • MACMILLAN, Margaret, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, Random House, New York 2002.
  • MUEHLENBECK, Philip E., “Kennedy and Toure: A Success in Personal Diplomacy”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Volume 19, 2008, pp. 69-95. OHNESORGE, Hendrik W., “Personal Diplomacy”, (ed.) B.J.C. McKercher, The Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, Routledge, London 2022, pp. 397-408.
  • OSTRANDER, Ian, RIDER, Toby J., “Presidents Abroad: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy”, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 72, Number 4, 2019, pp. 835-848.
  • POLİTAKİS, Andreas, Al Beyaz Mavi Beyaz, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul 1988.
  • REAGAN, Ronald, Ronald Reagan: An American Life, Hutchison, London 1990.
  • SAVRANSKAYA, Svetlana, BLANTON, Thomas S., The Last Superpower Summits: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Bush - Conversations that Ended the Cold War, Central European University Press, New York 2020.
  • ŞENER, Bülent, “Dış Politikada Kriz Yönetimi ve Bir Kriz Yönetimi Stratejisi Olarak Zorlayıcı Diplomasi”, (eds.) Ayça Eminoğlu and Murat Ülgül, Uluslararası Güvenliğe Giriş, Nobel, Ankara 2021, pp. 355-412.
  • SMITH, Michael Llewellyn, “ ‘Venizelos’ Diplomacy, 1910-1923: From Balkan Alliance to Greek-Turkish Settlement”, (ed.) Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2006, pp. 134-192.
  • SULZBERGER, C. L., “Foreign Affairs: If Roosevelt Had Lived?”, The New York Times, 12 April 1970, p. 12.
  • TEZCAN, Baki, The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010.
  • TSAHOURAS, Dimitris, YAZGAN, Nüve, “Trade, Non-State Actors and Conflict: Evidence from Greece and Turkey”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 31, Number 3-4, 2018, pp. 291-313.
  • TSARDANIDIS, Charalambos, STAVRIDIS, Stelios, “The Europeanisation of Greek Foreign Policy: A Critical Appraisal”, Journal of European Integration, Volume 27, Number 2, 2005, pp. 217-239.
  • TULÇA, Enis, Atatürk-Venizelos ve Bir Diplomat: Enis Bey, Simurg, İstanbul 2015.
  • TUNCER, Hüner, Özal’ın Dış Politikası (1983-1989), Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • ÜLGÜL, Murat, “Erdoğan’s Personal Diplomacy and Turkish Foreign Policy”, Insight Turkey, Volume 21, Number 4, 2019, pp. 161-182.
  • YETKİN, Murat, İyi Günler Bay Başkan: Körfez Savaşı’nda Özal-Bush Görüşmeleri, Doğan Kitap, İstanbul 2022.
  • Internet Sources
  • CHAVEZ, Tizoc, “Personal Diplomacy Has Long Been a Presidential Tactic, But Trump Adds a Twist”, The Conversation, 23 January 2019, https://theconversation.com/personal-diplomacy-has-long-been-a-presidential-tactic-but-trump-adds-a-twist-105031, (07.05.2023).
  • CROWLEY, Michael, “ ‘Strategic Empathy’: How Biden’s Informal Diplomacy Shaped Foreign Relations”, The New York Times, 5 July 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/joe-biden-foreign-policy.html, (07.05.2023).
  • FONTAINE, Richard, “A Troubling Pattern of Personal Diplomacy”, The Atlantic, 29 December 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/trumps-pattern-personalized-diplomacy-upended-syria/579145/, (13.05.2023).
  • Fox News, “Personal Diplomacy Marks Modi’s China Visit amid Warming Ties and Enduring Rivalry”, 8 December 2015, https://www.foxnews.com/world/personal-diplomacy-marks-modis-china-visit-amid-warming-ties-and-enduring-rivalry, (07.05.2023).
  • GALL, Carlotta, “In a First, Greek Premier Visits Shuttered Seminary in Turkey”, The New York Times, 6 February 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/world/europe/greece-tsipras-halki-seminary.html, (01.06.2023).
  • GÜRCAN, Metin, “Erdogan’s Personalized Diplomacy with Putin May Have Been Point of Sochi Summit”, Al-Monitor, 30 September 2021, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/09/erdogans-personalized-diplomacy-putin-may-have-been-point-sochi-summit, (07.05.2023).
  • History, “Hotline Established Between Washington and Moscow”, 27 August 2019, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hotline-established-between-washington-and-moscow, (14.05.2023).
  • NICHOLAS, Peter, “White House Hopes Biden’s Relationship with Xi Can Defuse U.S.-China Tensions”, NBC News, 15 March 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-hopes-bidens-relationship-xi-can-diffuse-us-china-tensions-rcna74444, (07.05.2023).
  • SLOAT, Amanda, “Diplomacy Triumphs: Greece and Macedonia to Resolve Name Dispute”, Brookings, 12 June 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/06/12/diplomacy-triumphs-greece-and-macedonia-resolve-name-dispute/, (02.06.2023).
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Ülgül 0000-0003-3846-8971

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ülgül, M. (2023). PERSONAL DIPLOMACY AND GREEK FOREIGN POLICY. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 561-585. https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1411769
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