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Maliye Politikalarının Çevresel Bozulmaya Asimetrik Etkisi: Türkiye için NARDL Modelinden Kanıtlar

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 226 - 243, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1350732

Abstract

Maliye politikası aracı olan kamu harcamalarının çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkisini araştıran bu çalışmada, Türkiye için 1970-2020 yıllarına ait veriler kullanılarak NARDL modeline dayalı bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım kamu harcamaları yönünden genişletici ve daraltıcı maliye politikasının çevresel bozulma üzerine etkilerini ayrıştırma özelliğine sahiptir. Ayrıca hem kısa hem de uzun dönem için katsayı tahminlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ulaşılan bulgular, genişletici maliye politikasının uzun dönemde CO2 emisyonlarını azalttığını göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, daraltıcı maliye politikasının CO2 emisyonları üzerinde uzun dönemde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuca göre Türkiye'deki kamu harcamalarının çevresel kirliliğe herhangi bir olumlu katkı sağlamadığı belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, gelirdeki artışın uzun dönemde CO2 emisyonlarını arttırdığı tespit edilse de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için geçerli olmadığı görülmüştür. Fosil yakıt tüketimi teorik beklentiye uygun olarak hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde CO2 emisyonlarını artırmaktadır. Bu açıdan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önceliklendirilmesinin çevresel bozulmayı azaltmak için bir gereklilik olduğu vurgulanmalıdır. Öte yandan, kamu harcamalarının kısa dönemde CO2 emisyonları üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Türkiye’de kamu harcamalarının çevresel kirlilik üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmek için asimetrik bir yaklaşımın kullanılmasına dair literatüründeki boşluğun doldurulmasında çalışmanın önemli katkısı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye bağlamında elde edilen bulgular hem araştırmacılar hem de kamu otoriteleri için değerlidir. Özellikle çevre dostu ve çevresel bozulmayı azaltıcı nitelikteki maliye politikalarının uygulanmasına dikkat edilmelidir. Ek olarak çevresel kalitenin arttırılması için yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı daha yüksek düzeyde teşvik edilmelidir.

References

  • Abbass, K., Song, H., Khan, F., Begum, H., & Asif, M. (2022). Fresh insight through the VAR approach to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on environmental pollution in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 23001-23014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17438-x
  • Adebayo, T. S., Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F. V., Agboola, M. O., & Altuntaş, M. (2023). Testing the mediating role of fiscal policy in the environmental degradation in portugal: Evidence from multiple structural breaks co‑integration test. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01351-4
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 37 (2), 149-192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Cheng, S., Fan, W., Chen, J., Meng, F., Liu, G., Song, M., & Yang, Z. (2020). The impact of fiscal decentralization on CO2 emissions in China. Energy, 192, 116685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116685
  • Chishti, M. Z., Ahmad, M., Rehman, A., & Khan, M. K. (2021). Mitigations pathways towards sustainable development: Assessing the influence of fiscal and monetary policies on carbon emissions in BRICS economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, 126035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126035
  • Crippa M., Guizzardi D., Banja M., Solazzo E., Muntean M., Schaaf E., Pagani F., Monforti-Ferrario F., Olivier, J.G.J., Quadrelli, R., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J., & Vignati, E. (2022). CO2 emissions of all world countries - 2022 report, EUR 31182 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-76-55802-6. https://doi.org/10.2760/07904,JRC130363
  • Çimen, G. (2022). Kamu harcamalarının çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisi: BIMSTEC ülkeleri örneği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 23 (127), 693-716. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1213790
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Fullerton, D., & Kim, S.-R. (2008). Environmental investment and policy with distortionary taxes, and endogenous growth. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.02.001
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1993). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Peter Garber (ed.), The U. S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impact of the North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper, 3914.
  • Halkos, G., & Paizanos, E. (2014) Exploring the effect of economic growth and government expenditure on the environment. MPRA paper, 56084. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56084/1/MPRA_paper_56084.pdf
  • Halkos, G. E., & Paizanos, E. A. (2016). The effects of fiscal policy on CO2 emissions: Evidence from the USA. Energy policy, 88, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.035
  • Halkos, G. E., & Paizanos, E. Α. (2013). The effect of government expenditure on the environment: an empirical investigation. Ecological Economics, 91, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.002
  • Hua, Y., Xie, R., & Su, Y. (2018). Fiscal spending and air pollution in Chinese cities: identifying composition and technique effects. China Economic Review, 47, 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.09.007
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Fiscal policy and CO2 emissions from heterogeneous fuel sources in Thailand: Evidence from multiple structural breaks cointegration test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 134711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134711
  • Kamal, M., Usman, M., Jahanger, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2021). Revisiting the role of fiscal policy, financial development, and foreign direct investment in reducing environmental pollution during globalization mode: Evidence from linear and nonlinear panel data approaches. Energies, 14, 6968. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216968
  • Katircioglu, S., & Katircioglu, S. (2018). Testing the role of fiscal policy in the environmental degradation: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 5616–5630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0906-1
  • Kete, H., Aydın, M. S., & Kaya, H. (2017). Çevre sorunları ile mücadelede maliye politikaları. Journal of Life Economics, 4 (2), 168-191. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.191
  • Le, H. P., & I. Ozturk. (2020). The impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in the presence of environmental kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22680–22697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08812-2
  • Lopez, R. E., & Palacios, A. (2010). Have government spending and energy tax policies contributed to make Europe environmentally cleaner? Working Papers 94795, University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
  • López, R., Galinato, G. I., & Islam, A. (2011). Fiscal spending and the environment: Theory and empirics. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 62(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2011.03.001
  • Mar’I, M., Mehdi, S., & Tursoy, T. (2023). The role of fiscal policy in g20 countries in the context of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis. Energies, 16, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052215
  • McAusland, C. (2008). Trade, politics, and the environment: Tailpipe vs. smokestack. Journal of Enironmental Economics and Management, 55(1), 52–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.08.002
  • Morshed, A. M. M., Porna, A. K., & Amin, S. B. (2018). The causal relationship between government spending and environmental quality: the case for bangladesh. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 13 (1), 104-118.
  • Mughal, N., Kashif, M., Arif, A., Guerrero, J. W. G., Nabua, W. C., & Niedbala, G. (2021). Dynamic effects of fiscal and monetary policy instruments on environmental pollution in ASEAN. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 65116–65126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15114-8
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Shahnazi, R., & Shabani, Z. D. (2021). The effects of renewable energy, spatial spillover of CO2 emissions and economic freedom on CO2 emissions in the EU. Renewable Energy, 169, 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.016
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In: Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt. Springer, New York, 281–314.
  • The Phan, C., Jain, V., Purnomo, E.P., Islam, Md. M., Mughal, N., Guerrero, J. W. G., & Ullah, S. (2021). Controlling environmental pollution: Dynamic role of fiscal decentralization in CO2 emission in Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 65150–65159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15256-9
  • Ullah, S., Majeed, M.T., & Chishti, M. Z. (2020). Examining the asymmetric effects of fiscal policy instruments on environmental quality in Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38287–38299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09859-x
  • Ullah, S., Ozturk, I., & Sohail, S. (2021). The asymmetric effects of fiscal and monetary policy instruments on Pakistan’s environmental pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 7450–7461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11093-4
  • Worldbank (2023). World bank open data. https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Yilanci, V., & Pata, U. K. (2022). On the interaction between fiscal policy and CO2 emissions in G7 countries: 1875–2016. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2021.1950575
  • Yuelan, P., Akbar, M. W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z., & Ullah, S. (2019). The nexus of fiscal policy instruments and environmental degradation in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(28), 28919–28932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06071-4

Asymmetric Impact of Fiscal Policies on Environmental Deterioration: Evidence from the NARDL Model for Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 226 - 243, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1350732

Abstract

In this study, an analysis based on the NARDL model has been conducted using data from 1970 to 2020 to investigate the impact of fiscal policy tool, public expenditures, on environmental degradation. This approach has the capability of dissecting the effects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policies related to public expenditures on environmental degradation and provides coefficient estimations for both short and long run. The results suggest that expansionary fiscal policy leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions in the long run. In contrast, it has been observed that contractionary fiscal policy does not have a significant impact on CO2 emissions in the long run. Accordingly, it has been determined that public expenditures in Turkey do not contribute positively to environmental pollution. Moreover, although an increase in income is associated with increased CO2 emissions in the long run, the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is not confirmed for Turkey. Fossil fuel consumption, as theoretically anticipated, raises CO2 emissions in both the short and long run. Thus, prioritizing the use of renewable energy sources becomes a necessity to mitigate environmental degradation. Additionally, public expenditures have no short-run impact on CO2 emissions. The study is believed to make an important contribution by addressing the gap in the literature through the application of an asymmetric approach to analyze the influence of public expenditures on environmental pollution in the context of Turkey. Furthermore, the obtained findings for Turkey are considered valuable for both researchers and governmental authorities. It is imperative to pay heed to the implementation of environmentally conscious and pollution-reducing fiscal policies. Furthermore, the promotion of renewable energy utilization should be emphasized to enhance environmental quality.

References

  • Abbass, K., Song, H., Khan, F., Begum, H., & Asif, M. (2022). Fresh insight through the VAR approach to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on environmental pollution in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 23001-23014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17438-x
  • Adebayo, T. S., Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F. V., Agboola, M. O., & Altuntaş, M. (2023). Testing the mediating role of fiscal policy in the environmental degradation in portugal: Evidence from multiple structural breaks co‑integration test. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01351-4
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 37 (2), 149-192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984889
  • Cheng, S., Fan, W., Chen, J., Meng, F., Liu, G., Song, M., & Yang, Z. (2020). The impact of fiscal decentralization on CO2 emissions in China. Energy, 192, 116685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116685
  • Chishti, M. Z., Ahmad, M., Rehman, A., & Khan, M. K. (2021). Mitigations pathways towards sustainable development: Assessing the influence of fiscal and monetary policies on carbon emissions in BRICS economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, 126035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126035
  • Crippa M., Guizzardi D., Banja M., Solazzo E., Muntean M., Schaaf E., Pagani F., Monforti-Ferrario F., Olivier, J.G.J., Quadrelli, R., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J., & Vignati, E. (2022). CO2 emissions of all world countries - 2022 report, EUR 31182 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-76-55802-6. https://doi.org/10.2760/07904,JRC130363
  • Çimen, G. (2022). Kamu harcamalarının çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisi: BIMSTEC ülkeleri örneği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 23 (127), 693-716. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1213790
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Fullerton, D., & Kim, S.-R. (2008). Environmental investment and policy with distortionary taxes, and endogenous growth. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.02.001
  • Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1993). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Peter Garber (ed.), The U. S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impact of the North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper, 3914.
  • Halkos, G., & Paizanos, E. (2014) Exploring the effect of economic growth and government expenditure on the environment. MPRA paper, 56084. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/56084/1/MPRA_paper_56084.pdf
  • Halkos, G. E., & Paizanos, E. A. (2016). The effects of fiscal policy on CO2 emissions: Evidence from the USA. Energy policy, 88, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.035
  • Halkos, G. E., & Paizanos, E. Α. (2013). The effect of government expenditure on the environment: an empirical investigation. Ecological Economics, 91, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.002
  • Hua, Y., Xie, R., & Su, Y. (2018). Fiscal spending and air pollution in Chinese cities: identifying composition and technique effects. China Economic Review, 47, 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.09.007
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Fiscal policy and CO2 emissions from heterogeneous fuel sources in Thailand: Evidence from multiple structural breaks cointegration test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 134711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134711
  • Kamal, M., Usman, M., Jahanger, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2021). Revisiting the role of fiscal policy, financial development, and foreign direct investment in reducing environmental pollution during globalization mode: Evidence from linear and nonlinear panel data approaches. Energies, 14, 6968. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216968
  • Katircioglu, S., & Katircioglu, S. (2018). Testing the role of fiscal policy in the environmental degradation: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 5616–5630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0906-1
  • Kete, H., Aydın, M. S., & Kaya, H. (2017). Çevre sorunları ile mücadelede maliye politikaları. Journal of Life Economics, 4 (2), 168-191. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.191
  • Le, H. P., & I. Ozturk. (2020). The impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in the presence of environmental kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22680–22697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08812-2
  • Lopez, R. E., & Palacios, A. (2010). Have government spending and energy tax policies contributed to make Europe environmentally cleaner? Working Papers 94795, University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
  • López, R., Galinato, G. I., & Islam, A. (2011). Fiscal spending and the environment: Theory and empirics. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 62(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2011.03.001
  • Mar’I, M., Mehdi, S., & Tursoy, T. (2023). The role of fiscal policy in g20 countries in the context of the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis. Energies, 16, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052215
  • McAusland, C. (2008). Trade, politics, and the environment: Tailpipe vs. smokestack. Journal of Enironmental Economics and Management, 55(1), 52–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.08.002
  • Morshed, A. M. M., Porna, A. K., & Amin, S. B. (2018). The causal relationship between government spending and environmental quality: the case for bangladesh. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 13 (1), 104-118.
  • Mughal, N., Kashif, M., Arif, A., Guerrero, J. W. G., Nabua, W. C., & Niedbala, G. (2021). Dynamic effects of fiscal and monetary policy instruments on environmental pollution in ASEAN. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 65116–65126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15114-8
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Shahnazi, R., & Shabani, Z. D. (2021). The effects of renewable energy, spatial spillover of CO2 emissions and economic freedom on CO2 emissions in the EU. Renewable Energy, 169, 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.016
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In: Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt. Springer, New York, 281–314.
  • The Phan, C., Jain, V., Purnomo, E.P., Islam, Md. M., Mughal, N., Guerrero, J. W. G., & Ullah, S. (2021). Controlling environmental pollution: Dynamic role of fiscal decentralization in CO2 emission in Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 65150–65159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15256-9
  • Ullah, S., Majeed, M.T., & Chishti, M. Z. (2020). Examining the asymmetric effects of fiscal policy instruments on environmental quality in Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38287–38299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09859-x
  • Ullah, S., Ozturk, I., & Sohail, S. (2021). The asymmetric effects of fiscal and monetary policy instruments on Pakistan’s environmental pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 7450–7461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11093-4
  • Worldbank (2023). World bank open data. https://data.worldbank.org/
  • Yilanci, V., & Pata, U. K. (2022). On the interaction between fiscal policy and CO2 emissions in G7 countries: 1875–2016. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2021.1950575
  • Yuelan, P., Akbar, M. W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z., & Ullah, S. (2019). The nexus of fiscal policy instruments and environmental degradation in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(28), 28919–28932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06071-4
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Applied Macroeconometrics, Time-Series Analysis
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Demir 0000-0002-6787-3960

Early Pub Date October 28, 2023
Publication Date October 28, 2023
Acceptance Date September 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demir, F. (2023). Asymmetric Impact of Fiscal Policies on Environmental Deterioration: Evidence from the NARDL Model for Türkiye. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 226-243. https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1350732