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An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 4, 348 - 366, 01.12.2010

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale which could be used to evaluate instructional website designs from the perspective of visual perception theories. For this purpose, a scale of 50 items was developed based on the literature and expert opinions. Visual perception theories such as Gestalt Theory, Brunswick’s Probabilistic Functionalism, Neuropsychological Theory, Theory of Direct Perception and Ecological Optics, Constructivist Visual Perception Theory and Computational Approach to Visual Perception provided a basis for the development of scale items; also a focus group discussion was employed. 196 students from the Computer Education and Instructional Technologies (CEIT) Department filled the scale. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied along with the principal component method on data. Following the factor analysis, a single factor scale was developed. The loading of each item in the scale was found to be over .30. The internal consistency coefficient of the overall scale was high (α=.961). The corrected item-total correlation coefficient of the items was .301 and over. Through factor analysis, it was revealed that the scale had a single-factor structure with an explained variance of 35%. At the end of the study, several recommendations were presented for future studies.

References

  • Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Bayram, N. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi [Data analysis with SPSS in social sciences]. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Behrens, R. (1984). Design in the visual arts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Booth, R.G. (2003). Perception of the visual environment. New York: Springer.
  • Brunswick, E. (1950). The conceptual framework of psychology. In O. Neurath (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, 1(10), 16-33.
  • Brunswick, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62(3). 193-217.
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analiz el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis in social sciences]. Ankara: PegemA.
  • Comrey, A.L. & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cutting, J.E. (1982). Two ecological perspectives: Gibson vs. Shaw and Turvey. American Journal of Psychology, 95, 199-222.
  • Demirel, O. ve Un, K. (1987). Egitim terimleri sozlugu [Dictionary of educational terms]. Ankara: Safak Matbaası.
  • Desolneux, A., Moisan, L. and Morel, J.M. (2008). From gestalt theory to image analysis: A probabilistic approach. Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, 34, 275.
  • Eidenberger, H. (2004). A new perspective on visual information retrieval. Retrieved October 1, 2009 from http://www.ims.tuwien.ac.at/media/documents/publications/ei2004-vir.pdf
  • Erinc, M.S. (1998). Sanatin boyutlari [Dimensions of art]. Istanbul: Cinar.
  • Findlay, J.M. & Gilchrist, I.D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Gibson, J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Gillani, B.B. (2003). Learning theories and the design of e-learning environments. Lanham, MA: University Press of America
  • Gombrich, E. (2002). Art and illusion. Oxford, England: Phaidon.
  • Gordon, I.E. (2004). Theories of visual perception (3th edition). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Graham, L. (2008). Gestalt theory in interactive media design. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Gregory, R. L., Harris, J., & Heard, P. (1995). The artful eye. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Hsiaoa, S.W. & Choub J.R. (2006). A Gestalt-like perceptual measure for home page design using a fuzzy entropy approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 64(2), 137-156.
  • Hutcheson, G. & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage.
  • Jacobs, D.M. & Michaels, C.F. (2007). Direct learning. Ecological Psychology, 19, 321–349.
  • Keser, H., Esgi, N. & Simsek, A. (2003). Principles of educational web design. In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2003 (pp. 2011-2014). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • Marr, D (1982). Vision. San Francisco, CA: Freeman & Co.
  • Messaris, Paul & Moriarty, Sandra. (2005). Visual literacy theory. In K. Smith, S. Moriarty, G. Barbatsis, & K. Kenney (Eds.), Handbook of Visual Communication (pp. 481-502). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Michaels, C.F. & Carello, C. (1981). Direct perception. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Mirielli, E. J. (2007). Using peer-evaluation in a website design course. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 22(4), 14-21.
  • Mirzoeff, N. (1998). The visual culture reader. New York: Routledge.
  • Moore, P. & Fitz, C. (1993). Gestalt theory and instructional design. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 23(2), 137-157.
  • Mullet, K. & Sano, D. (1995). Designing visual interfaces: Communication oriented techniques. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press.
  • Palmer, J. (2002). Website usability, design and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151-167.
  • Postman, L. & Tolman, E.C. (1959). Brunswick's probabilistic functionalism. In S. Koch (Ed.). Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 1: Sensory, perceptual and physiological formulations). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Puustinen, M., Baker, M., & Lund, K. (2006). Gestalt: A framework for redesign of educational software. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(1), 34-46.
  • Senemoglu N. (2005). Gelisim ogrenme ve ogretim (12. baski) [Development, learning and teaching (12th edition)]. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Taverna, M.A. (2003). Formative evaluation of web site design. Retrieved January 1, 2009 from http://www.designsinlearning.com/portfolio/portfoliohome.html
  • Treiblmaier, H. & Pinterits, A. (2010). Developing metrics for web sites. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50(3), 1-10.
  • Young, M. F., Barab, S. & Garrett, S. (2000). Agent as detector: An ecological psychology perspective on learning by perceiving-acting systems. In. D. H. Jonassen & S. M. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (pp. 147-172). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Wade N. J. & Swanston, M. (1991). Visual perception: An introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Withagen, R. & van der Kamp, J. (2010). Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective. Human Movement Science, 29(1), 149-163.
  • Correspondence: Suzan Duygu Eristi, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education
  • and Instructional Technologies, Faculty of Education, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 4, 348 - 366, 01.12.2010

Abstract

References

  • Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Bayram, N. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi [Data analysis with SPSS in social sciences]. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Behrens, R. (1984). Design in the visual arts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Booth, R.G. (2003). Perception of the visual environment. New York: Springer.
  • Brunswick, E. (1950). The conceptual framework of psychology. In O. Neurath (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, 1(10), 16-33.
  • Brunswick, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62(3). 193-217.
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analiz el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis in social sciences]. Ankara: PegemA.
  • Comrey, A.L. & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cutting, J.E. (1982). Two ecological perspectives: Gibson vs. Shaw and Turvey. American Journal of Psychology, 95, 199-222.
  • Demirel, O. ve Un, K. (1987). Egitim terimleri sozlugu [Dictionary of educational terms]. Ankara: Safak Matbaası.
  • Desolneux, A., Moisan, L. and Morel, J.M. (2008). From gestalt theory to image analysis: A probabilistic approach. Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, 34, 275.
  • Eidenberger, H. (2004). A new perspective on visual information retrieval. Retrieved October 1, 2009 from http://www.ims.tuwien.ac.at/media/documents/publications/ei2004-vir.pdf
  • Erinc, M.S. (1998). Sanatin boyutlari [Dimensions of art]. Istanbul: Cinar.
  • Findlay, J.M. & Gilchrist, I.D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Gibson, J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Gillani, B.B. (2003). Learning theories and the design of e-learning environments. Lanham, MA: University Press of America
  • Gombrich, E. (2002). Art and illusion. Oxford, England: Phaidon.
  • Gordon, I.E. (2004). Theories of visual perception (3th edition). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Graham, L. (2008). Gestalt theory in interactive media design. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 1-12.
  • Gregory, R. L., Harris, J., & Heard, P. (1995). The artful eye. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Hsiaoa, S.W. & Choub J.R. (2006). A Gestalt-like perceptual measure for home page design using a fuzzy entropy approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 64(2), 137-156.
  • Hutcheson, G. & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage.
  • Jacobs, D.M. & Michaels, C.F. (2007). Direct learning. Ecological Psychology, 19, 321–349.
  • Keser, H., Esgi, N. & Simsek, A. (2003). Principles of educational web design. In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2003 (pp. 2011-2014). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • Marr, D (1982). Vision. San Francisco, CA: Freeman & Co.
  • Messaris, Paul & Moriarty, Sandra. (2005). Visual literacy theory. In K. Smith, S. Moriarty, G. Barbatsis, & K. Kenney (Eds.), Handbook of Visual Communication (pp. 481-502). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Michaels, C.F. & Carello, C. (1981). Direct perception. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Mirielli, E. J. (2007). Using peer-evaluation in a website design course. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 22(4), 14-21.
  • Mirzoeff, N. (1998). The visual culture reader. New York: Routledge.
  • Moore, P. & Fitz, C. (1993). Gestalt theory and instructional design. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 23(2), 137-157.
  • Mullet, K. & Sano, D. (1995). Designing visual interfaces: Communication oriented techniques. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press.
  • Palmer, J. (2002). Website usability, design and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151-167.
  • Postman, L. & Tolman, E.C. (1959). Brunswick's probabilistic functionalism. In S. Koch (Ed.). Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 1: Sensory, perceptual and physiological formulations). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Puustinen, M., Baker, M., & Lund, K. (2006). Gestalt: A framework for redesign of educational software. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(1), 34-46.
  • Senemoglu N. (2005). Gelisim ogrenme ve ogretim (12. baski) [Development, learning and teaching (12th edition)]. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Taverna, M.A. (2003). Formative evaluation of web site design. Retrieved January 1, 2009 from http://www.designsinlearning.com/portfolio/portfoliohome.html
  • Treiblmaier, H. & Pinterits, A. (2010). Developing metrics for web sites. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50(3), 1-10.
  • Young, M. F., Barab, S. & Garrett, S. (2000). Agent as detector: An ecological psychology perspective on learning by perceiving-acting systems. In. D. H. Jonassen & S. M. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (pp. 147-172). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Wade N. J. & Swanston, M. (1991). Visual perception: An introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Withagen, R. & van der Kamp, J. (2010). Towards a new ecological conception of perceptual information: Lessons from a developmental systems perspective. Human Movement Science, 29(1), 149-163.
  • Correspondence: Suzan Duygu Eristi, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education
  • and Instructional Technologies, Faculty of Education, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA62TD68NF
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Suzan Duygu Eristi This is me

Ozden Sahin-ızmirli This is me

Serkan Izmirli This is me

Mehmet Fırat

Halil İbrahim Haseski This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 1 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Eristi, S. D., Sahin-ızmirli, O., Izmirli, S., Fırat, M., et al. (2010). An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(4), 348-366.
AMA Eristi SD, Sahin-ızmirli O, Izmirli S, Fırat M, Haseski Hİ. An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development. Contemporary Educational Technology. December 2010;1(4):348-366.
Chicago Eristi, Suzan Duygu, Ozden Sahin-ızmirli, Serkan Izmirli, Mehmet Fırat, and Halil İbrahim Haseski. “An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development”. Contemporary Educational Technology 1, no. 4 (December 2010): 348-66.
EndNote Eristi SD, Sahin-ızmirli O, Izmirli S, Fırat M, Haseski Hİ (December 1, 2010) An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development. Contemporary Educational Technology 1 4 348–366.
IEEE S. D. Eristi, O. Sahin-ızmirli, S. Izmirli, M. Fırat, and H. İ. Haseski, “An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development”, Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 348–366, 2010.
ISNAD Eristi, Suzan Duygu et al. “An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development”. Contemporary Educational Technology 1/4 (December 2010), 348-366.
JAMA Eristi SD, Sahin-ızmirli O, Izmirli S, Fırat M, Haseski Hİ. An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2010;1:348–366.
MLA Eristi, Suzan Duygu et al. “An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development”. Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 1, no. 4, 2010, pp. 348-66.
Vancouver Eristi SD, Sahin-ızmirli O, Izmirli S, Fırat M, Haseski Hİ. An Evaluation of Educational Website Designs from the Perspective of Visual Perception Theories: A Study on Scale Development. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2010;1(4):348-66.