Research Article
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The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey

Year 2021, Issue: 61, 101 - 125, 31.12.2021

Murat Erdoğdu Murat Koçyiğit

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567

Abstract

Although social media usage has many advantages, it also brings many risks. Anger, hate and bullying actions by individuals are frequently encountered on social media platforms today. Thus, this study aims to determine whether there is a meaningful correlation between social media use and cyber victimization. The cyber victimization levels of the users were investigated using the data of research conducted online with 390 participants (Generation Z) and social media users. The purposeful sampling method was used to select the participants. In the analysis of the data, frequency analysis, pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were performed using the statistical package program. It was found that the frequency of exposure of users to cyberbullying behaviors is low. It was determined that there are significant correlations at p=.01 and p=.05 levels between the independent variables of the sub-dimensions (socializing, obtaining information, sharing, following, and making use of leisure time) of the social media usage scale and the dependent variables of the cyber victimization sub-dimensions (cyber harassment, fraud, sharing and exclusion of private information, and virtual struggle and anxiety).

Keywords

Social media social networks cyber victimization cyberbullying generation Z

References

  • Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C. M. & Markos, A. (2016). Possible common correlates between bullying and cyber-bullying among adolescents. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 27–38.
  • Arıcak, O. T. & Özbay, A. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization, alexithymia and anger expression styles among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 278–285.
  • Altunbaş, F. & Kul, M. (2015). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Alışkanlıklarının Ölçümlenmesi: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Örneği. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 51, 414–423.
  • Ayas, T. & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369–380.
  • Başoğlu, U. & Yanar, Ş. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanım Amaçları ve Alışkanlıklarının Belirlenmesi, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 6–13.
  • Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-Harassment: a study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32, 265–277.
  • Boughman, L. (2010). Friend Request or Foe? Confirming the Misuse of Internet and Social Networking Sites By Domestic Violence Perpetrators. Widener Law Journal, 19, 933–966.
  • Boyd, D. & Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1), 210–230.
  • Brown, K., Jackson, M., & Cassidy, W. (2006). Cyber-bullying: Developing policy to direct responses that are equitable and effective in addressing this special form of bullying. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 57, 1–36.
  • Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015). The role of moral disengagement and selfefficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 30-46.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber-bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 15, 68–76.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. & Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: Cyber bullying. Journal of Euroasian Educational Research, 27, 31–42.
  • Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 633–649.
  • Hawi, N. S. & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586.
  • Hobson, D. (2008). Social networking–not always friendly. Computer Fraud & Security, 2008(2), 20.
  • Huang, Y. Y. & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1581–1590.
  • Karadağ, L. (2010). İnternet Sizi Bekliyor. İstanbul: Mess Yayınları.
  • Keith, S. & Martin, M. E. (2005). Cyber bullying: Creating culture of respect in a cyber World. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224–228.
  • Koçak, N. (2012). Bireylerin Sosyal Medya Kullanım Davranışlarının ve Motivasyonlarının Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Eskişehir’de Bir Uygulama. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., & Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 204–214.
  • Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 22–30.
  • Küçük, S. (2016). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği Türkçe Uyarlaması, Adli Tıp Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kwon, E. S. & Sung, Y. (2011). Follow me! Global marketers’ Twitter use. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 4–16.
  • Lee, S. & Cho, M. (2011). Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: Examination of determinants of Twitter and Facebook use. International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 6(2), 71–87.
  • Lenhart, A. & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  • Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A., & Christakis, N. (2008). Tastes, ties, and time: A new social network dataset using Facebook. com. Social networks, 30(4), 330–342.
  • Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435- 454.
  • Lietsala, K. & Sirkkunen, E. (2008). Social Media: Introduction to The Tools and Processes of Participatory Economy. Tampere, Finlandiya: Tampere University Press.
  • Maranto, G. & Barton, M. (2010). Paradox and promise: MySpace, Facebook, and the sociopolitics of social networking in the writing classroom. Computers and Composition, 27(1), 36–47.
  • Morgan, E. M., Snelson, C. & Elison-Bowers, P. (2010). Image and video disclosure of substance use on social media websites. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1405–1411.
  • Özer, G. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık yaşama düzeyleri ile siber zorbalığın öğrenciler üzerindeki etkileri ve öğrencilerin siber zorbalıkla baş etme stratejileri. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Özodaşık, M. (2001). Modern İnsanın Yalnızlığı, Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Öztürk, M. & Akgün, Ö. E. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal paylaşım sitelerini kullanma amaçları ve bu sitelerin eğitimlerinde kullanılması ile ilgili görüşleri. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 2(3), 49–67.
  • Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 4(2), 148–169.
  • Pfeil, U., Arjan, R., & Zaphiris, P. (2009). Age differences in online social networking–A study of user profiles and the social capital divide among teenagers and older users in MySpace. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 643–654.
  • Stewart, D. M. & Fritsch, E. J. (2011). School and law enforcement efforts to combat cyberbullying. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 79–87.
  • Stewart, R.W., Drescher, F.C., Maack, D.J., Ebesutani, C. ve Young, J. (2014). The Development and Psychometric Investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(12), 2218–2238.
  • Vural, Z. B. A. & Bat, M. (2010). Yeni bir iletişim ortamı olarak sosyal medya: Ege üniversitesi iletişim fakültesine yönelik bir araştırma. Journal of Yaşar University, 20(5), 3348–3382.
  • Waqas, A., Afzal, M., Zaman, F., & Sabir, M. (2016). The impact of social networking sites’ usage on the academic performance of university students of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(4), 267–276.
  • Wang, X., Lei, L., Liu, D., & Hu, H. (2016). Moderating effects of moral reasoning and gender on the relation between moral disengagement and cyberbullying in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 98(2016), 244–249.
  • Willard, N. (2007). The authority and responsibility of school officials in responding to cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 64–65.
  • Yaman, E. & Sönmez, Z. (2015). Ergenlerin Siber Zorbalık Eğilimleri, Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 2(1), 18–31.
  • Yavanoğlu, U., Sağıroğlu, Ş. & Çolak, İ. (2012). Sosyal ağlarda bilgi güvenliği tehditleri ve alınması gereken önlemler. Politeknik Dergisi, 15(1), 15–27.
  • Yerlisu Lapa, T. ve Ardahan, F. (2009). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Etkinliklerine Katılım Nedenleri ve Değerlendirme Biçimleri, Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4). 132–144.
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). College Students' Uses and Perceptions of Social Networking Sites For Health And Wellness Information, Information Research: An International Electronic Journal, 17(3). 1–20.

Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ile Siber Mağduriyet Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye’de Z Kuşağı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2021, Issue: 61, 101 - 125, 31.12.2021

Murat Erdoğdu Murat Koçyiğit

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567

Abstract

Sosyal medya kullanımı pek çok fırsatı bünyesinde barındırmasına karşın birçok riski de beraberinde getirmektedir. Birey kaynaklı öfke, nefret ve zorbalık gibi eylemlerin günümüzde sosyal medya platformlarında da sıkça karşılaşılan durumlar olduğu görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı sosyal medya kullanımı ile siber mağduriyet arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle 390 sosyal medya kullanıcısı ile online olarak gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın verileri kullanılarak kullanıcıların siber mağduriyet düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde istatistiksel paket programı kullanılarak frekans analizi, pearson korelasyon analizi ile doğrusal regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda kullanıcıların, siber zorbalık davranışlarına maruz kalma sıklığının düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, araştırma bulguları bir bütün olarak incelendiğinde, sosyal medya kullanımı ölçeği alt boyutları (sosyalleşme, bilgi edinme, paylaşma, takip etme ve serbest zaman değerlendirme) bağımsız değişkenleri ile siber mağduriyet alt boyutları (sanal taciz, sahtekârlık, özel bilgileri paylaşma ve dışlama ile sanal mücadele ve kaygı) bağımlı değişkenleri arasında p=,01 ve p=,05 düzeyinde anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Sosyal medya sosyal ağlar siber mağduriyet siber zorbalık Z nesli

References

  • Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C. M. & Markos, A. (2016). Possible common correlates between bullying and cyber-bullying among adolescents. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 27–38.
  • Arıcak, O. T. & Özbay, A. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization, alexithymia and anger expression styles among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 278–285.
  • Altunbaş, F. & Kul, M. (2015). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Alışkanlıklarının Ölçümlenmesi: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Örneği. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 51, 414–423.
  • Ayas, T. & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369–380.
  • Başoğlu, U. & Yanar, Ş. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanım Amaçları ve Alışkanlıklarının Belirlenmesi, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 6–13.
  • Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-Harassment: a study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32, 265–277.
  • Boughman, L. (2010). Friend Request or Foe? Confirming the Misuse of Internet and Social Networking Sites By Domestic Violence Perpetrators. Widener Law Journal, 19, 933–966.
  • Boyd, D. & Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1), 210–230.
  • Brown, K., Jackson, M., & Cassidy, W. (2006). Cyber-bullying: Developing policy to direct responses that are equitable and effective in addressing this special form of bullying. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 57, 1–36.
  • Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015). The role of moral disengagement and selfefficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 30-46.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber-bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 15, 68–76.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. & Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: Cyber bullying. Journal of Euroasian Educational Research, 27, 31–42.
  • Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 633–649.
  • Hawi, N. S. & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586.
  • Hobson, D. (2008). Social networking–not always friendly. Computer Fraud & Security, 2008(2), 20.
  • Huang, Y. Y. & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1581–1590.
  • Karadağ, L. (2010). İnternet Sizi Bekliyor. İstanbul: Mess Yayınları.
  • Keith, S. & Martin, M. E. (2005). Cyber bullying: Creating culture of respect in a cyber World. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224–228.
  • Koçak, N. (2012). Bireylerin Sosyal Medya Kullanım Davranışlarının ve Motivasyonlarının Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Eskişehir’de Bir Uygulama. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., & Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 204–214.
  • Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 22–30.
  • Küçük, S. (2016). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği Türkçe Uyarlaması, Adli Tıp Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kwon, E. S. & Sung, Y. (2011). Follow me! Global marketers’ Twitter use. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 4–16.
  • Lee, S. & Cho, M. (2011). Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: Examination of determinants of Twitter and Facebook use. International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 6(2), 71–87.
  • Lenhart, A. & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  • Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A., & Christakis, N. (2008). Tastes, ties, and time: A new social network dataset using Facebook. com. Social networks, 30(4), 330–342.
  • Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435- 454.
  • Lietsala, K. & Sirkkunen, E. (2008). Social Media: Introduction to The Tools and Processes of Participatory Economy. Tampere, Finlandiya: Tampere University Press.
  • Maranto, G. & Barton, M. (2010). Paradox and promise: MySpace, Facebook, and the sociopolitics of social networking in the writing classroom. Computers and Composition, 27(1), 36–47.
  • Morgan, E. M., Snelson, C. & Elison-Bowers, P. (2010). Image and video disclosure of substance use on social media websites. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1405–1411.
  • Özer, G. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık yaşama düzeyleri ile siber zorbalığın öğrenciler üzerindeki etkileri ve öğrencilerin siber zorbalıkla baş etme stratejileri. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Özodaşık, M. (2001). Modern İnsanın Yalnızlığı, Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Öztürk, M. & Akgün, Ö. E. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal paylaşım sitelerini kullanma amaçları ve bu sitelerin eğitimlerinde kullanılması ile ilgili görüşleri. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 2(3), 49–67.
  • Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 4(2), 148–169.
  • Pfeil, U., Arjan, R., & Zaphiris, P. (2009). Age differences in online social networking–A study of user profiles and the social capital divide among teenagers and older users in MySpace. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 643–654.
  • Stewart, D. M. & Fritsch, E. J. (2011). School and law enforcement efforts to combat cyberbullying. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 79–87.
  • Stewart, R.W., Drescher, F.C., Maack, D.J., Ebesutani, C. ve Young, J. (2014). The Development and Psychometric Investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(12), 2218–2238.
  • Vural, Z. B. A. & Bat, M. (2010). Yeni bir iletişim ortamı olarak sosyal medya: Ege üniversitesi iletişim fakültesine yönelik bir araştırma. Journal of Yaşar University, 20(5), 3348–3382.
  • Waqas, A., Afzal, M., Zaman, F., & Sabir, M. (2016). The impact of social networking sites’ usage on the academic performance of university students of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(4), 267–276.
  • Wang, X., Lei, L., Liu, D., & Hu, H. (2016). Moderating effects of moral reasoning and gender on the relation between moral disengagement and cyberbullying in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 98(2016), 244–249.
  • Willard, N. (2007). The authority and responsibility of school officials in responding to cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 64–65.
  • Yaman, E. & Sönmez, Z. (2015). Ergenlerin Siber Zorbalık Eğilimleri, Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 2(1), 18–31.
  • Yavanoğlu, U., Sağıroğlu, Ş. & Çolak, İ. (2012). Sosyal ağlarda bilgi güvenliği tehditleri ve alınması gereken önlemler. Politeknik Dergisi, 15(1), 15–27.
  • Yerlisu Lapa, T. ve Ardahan, F. (2009). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Etkinliklerine Katılım Nedenleri ve Değerlendirme Biçimleri, Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4). 132–144.
  • Zhang, Y. (2012). College Students' Uses and Perceptions of Social Networking Sites For Health And Wellness Information, Information Research: An International Electronic Journal, 17(3). 1–20.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Erdoğdu 0000-0002-5324-2236

Murat Koçyiğit 0000-0002-2250-415X

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date October 28, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 61

Cite

APA Erdoğdu, M., & Koçyiğit, M. (2021). The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(61), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567
AMA Erdoğdu M, Koçyiğit M. The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. December 2021;(61):101-125. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567
Chicago Erdoğdu, Murat, and Murat Koçyiğit. “The Correlation Between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 61 (December 2021): 101-25. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567.
EndNote Erdoğdu M, Koçyiğit M (December 1, 2021) The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 61 101–125.
IEEE M. Erdoğdu and M. Koçyiğit, “The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 61, pp. 101–125, December 2021, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567.
ISNAD Erdoğdu, Murat - Koçyiğit, Murat. “The Correlation Between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 61 (December 2021), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567.
JAMA Erdoğdu M, Koçyiğit M. The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021;:101–125.
MLA Erdoğdu, Murat and Murat Koçyiğit. “The Correlation Between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 61, 2021, pp. 101-25, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-817567.
Vancouver Erdoğdu M, Koçyiğit M. The Correlation between Social Media Use and Cyber Victimization: A Research on Generation Z in Turkey. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021(61):101-25.
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