Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ABD, Büyük Britanya ve Avustralya’daki aşırı sağcı grupların sosyal medya paylaşımlarının içerik analizi

Year 2023, Issue: 64, 155 - 182, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875

Abstract

Aşırı sağ hareketler, özellikle Facebook ve Twitter olmak üzere sosyal medya platformlarında, aktif bir şekilde varlık göstermeye başlamıştır. Bu varlık 2019 Yeni Zelanda saldırısı, 2019 El Paso olayı ve İngiltere’nin 2020’de Avrupa Birliği’nden çıkması gibi olaylarla aynı zamana denk düşer. Bu araştırma, aşırı sağ grupların ideolojilerini yaymak için Facebook ve Twitter platformlarındaki paylaşımlarını içerik ve biçim yönlerinden incelemektedir. ABD, Avustralya ve İngiltere’deki aşırı sağ grupların 15 Mart 2019-5 Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasında Facebook ve Twitter’da kamuya açık gruplarda ve hesaplarda yaptıkları paylaşımlar nitel bir içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Kodlama cetveli, aşırı sağ grupların sosyal medya kullanımları üzerine yapılmış akademik çalışmaları temel alınarak oluşturulmuştur ve ana ideoloji kategorileri ile bunların alt kategorileri belirlenmiştir. Facebook ve Twitter’da aşırı sağ grupların yaptığı paylaşımlarda en yaygın aşırılıkçı ideolojilerin ‘anti-elitist popülizm’ ve ‘Batı değerlerinin korunması’ olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu grupların ideolojilerini geniş kitlelere yaymak amacıyla sosyal medyada görseller ve metinlerin birlikte bulunduğu paylaşımlar yaptıkları ortaya konulmuştur.

References

  • Anti-Defamation League ADL. (Sept. 2019). White supremacy is being internationalized and weaponized like never before, says new ADL report. New York, U.S. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3bluLxD google scholar
  • Asmar, N. (2019, March 30). What is the “extreme right”? All you need to know about the monster that leads the world to the brink [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://shortest.link/2k4b google scholar
  • Bailey, J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: Transcribing. Family Practice, 25(2),127-131. https://doi. org/10.1093/fampra/cmn003 google scholar
  • Benafi, R. (2017, May 12). The rise of the extreme right, causes and implications: an analytical study [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://democraticac.de/?p=46400 google scholar
  • Bertram, L. (2016). Terrorism, the Internet and the social media advantage: Exploring how terrorist organizations exploit aspects of the Internet, social media and how these same platforms could be used to counter-violent extremism. Journal for Deradicalization, 7(4), 225-252. https://doaj.org/artide/660ec5b479604e06a89a886e2cfa7a40 google scholar
  • Bonacchi, C., Altaweel, M., & Krzyzanska, M. (2018). The heritage of Brexit: Roles of the past in the construction of political identities through social media. Journal of Social Archaeology, 18(2) 174-192, DOI: 10.1177/1469605318759713 google scholar
  • Black, K. (2010). Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision Making. New York, NY: Wiley. google scholar
  • Blee, K. (2009). Access and Methods in Research on Hidden Communities: Reflections on Studying US Organized Racism. eSharp , 10-27. Retrieved from https: https://bit.ly/3nhER5G google scholar
  • Blee, K., & Creasap, A. (2010). Conservative and Right-Wing Movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 269286. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809. google scholar
  • Braouezec, K. (2012). The Far-Right in the United Kingdom: A Real Ideological Infiltration of the Political and Public Landscape over the Last Decade. Hérodote 1 (144), 182-204, DOI: 10.3917/her.144.0182 google scholar
  • Caiani, M., & Parenti, L. (2013). European and American Extreme Right Groups and the Internet. London, UK: Ashgate Publishing. google scholar
  • Correra, G. (2019, July 15). The growing threat of the extreme right via the Internet [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/arabic/magazine-48948865 google scholar
  • Counter- Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate CTED. (April, 2020). Member states concerned by the growing and increasingly transnational threat of extreme right-wing terrorism. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3Oo9G4f google scholar
  • Crosset, V., Tanner, S., & Campana, A. (2018). Researching far-right groups on Twitter: Methodological challenges 2.0. New Media & Society, 21(4) 939-961, DOI: 10.1177/1461444818817306 google scholar
  • Davey, J., Simmons, C. & Peucker, M. (2022). The Far-left and Far-right in Australia-equivalent threats? Center for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS). https://bit.ly/3ye49GX google scholar
  • David, A., & Fernández, A. (2016). Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10(3), 1167- 1193. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3697/1585 google scholar
  • Dearden, L. (2020, March 2). Brexit making far-right ideas mainstream, major report finds [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3QPv0S7 google scholar
  • Duyvendak, J. (2011). The Politics of Home: Belonging and Nostalgia in Western Europe and the United States. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing google scholar
  • Einspänner, J., Dang-Anh, M., & Thimm, C. (2014). Computer-assisted content analysis of Twitter data. In Katrin, W., Axel, B., Jean, B., & M. Merja (Eds.), Twitter and Society (pp. 274-280). New York: Peter Lang. https://2u.pw/3u6Nm google scholar
  • Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x google scholar
  • Farzan, A. (2019, March 18). Fraser Anning, egged after mosque attacks, may be Australia’s most reviled politician [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://wapo.st/3QPONAQ google scholar
  • Ford, M. (2017, January 22). The Far-Right in America: A Brief Taxonomy [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https:// www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/far-right-taxonomy/509282/ google scholar
  • Gallaher, C. (2020). Mainstreaming white supremacy: a Twitter analysis of the American ‘Alt-Right’. Gender, Place & Culture, 28)2(, 224-252, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2019.1710472 google scholar
  • Goodwin, M., & Dennison, J. (2018). The Radical Right in the United Kingdom. Oxford Handbooks Online. 521544, DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/978019027 google scholar
  • Hassan, A. (2019, February 10). The role of social media in spreading extremist ideology [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://2u.pw/nNMH9 google scholar
  • Heinisch, R. & Mazzoleni, O. (2016). Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The Radical Right in Western Europe. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing google scholar
  • HOPE not hate. (2017, September 28). Bots, fake news and the anti-Muslim message on social media. Retrieved from https://hopenothate.org.uk/2017/11/28/bots-fake-news-anti-muslim-message-social-media/ google scholar
  • Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. DOI: 10.1177/1049732305276687 google scholar
  • Institute for Strategic Dialogue ISD. (Jan. 2021). January 6: An Insurrection Fueled by Facebook. Media matters for America. Washington, U.S. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3OHBlwO google scholar
  • Klein , O., & Muis, J. (2018). Online discontent: comparing Western European far-right groups on Facebook. European Societies, 21(4), 540-562. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1494293 google scholar
  • Knaus, C. (2019, May 19). ‘A perfect platform’: Internet’s abyss becomes a far-right breeding ground [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/QUNwzZR google scholar
  • Koehler, D. (2016). Right-Wing extremism and terrorism in Europe current developments and issues for the future. In T. Fox& W. Zartman (Eds.). European Security in the 21st Century (pp. 85-99). PRISM Publications https://bit.ly/3ymbvtb google scholar
  • Lyons, M. (2017, January 20). Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/bUNwupY google scholar
  • Makhlouf, M. (2019, March 30). This violent extremist right is the map of the spread of its terrorist organizations and their most prominent actions [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/XUNeIXN google scholar
  • Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). Retrieved from https:// doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 google scholar
  • Neuendorf, K. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. In P. Skalski, K. Neuendorf & J. Cajigas (Eds.). Content Analysis in the Interactive Media Age (pp. 201-242). SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878.n7 google scholar
  • Palin, M. (2016, October 18). ‘Love Australia or Leave’: is this new political party the most controversial we’ve ever seen? [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3ykwk8j google scholar
  • Paul, M. (2017). Terrorism and the media: A handbook for journalists. Paris, France: UNESCO. https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247074 google scholar
  • Peucker, M. & Smith, D. (2019). Far-Right Movements in Contemporary Australia: An Introduction. In M. Peucker & D. Smith. (Eds.), The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia (pp.1-17). Palgrave Macmillan google scholar
  • Peucker, M., Smith, D., Iqbal, M. (2019). Not a Monolithic Movement: The Diverse and Shifting Messaging of Australia’s Far-Right. In: Peucker, M., Smith, D. (eds) The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia (pp.73-100). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9_4 google scholar
  • Pilkington, H. (2017). ‘EDL Angels stand beside not behind their men’: The politics of gender and sexuality in an anti-Islam(ist) movement. Gender and Education, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1237622 google scholar
  • Rothenberger, L. (2012). Terrorist groups: Using Internet and social media for disseminating ideas. New tools for Promoting Political Change. Journal of Communication & Public Relations, 17(2), 7-23. google scholar
  • Scaminaci, J. (2020, August 3). Battle with bullets: advancing a vision of civil war [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3neIDwq google scholar
  • Snider, C., & Cash, P. (2014). Investigating design: A comparison of manifest and latent approaches. Design Studies, 35 (5), 441-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2014.02.005 google scholar
  • Wendling, M. (2019, November 29). Why is Britain First big online? [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://www. bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42170543 google scholar

An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia

Year 2023, Issue: 64, 155 - 182, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875

Abstract

The extreme right movements have increasingly appeared on social media, especially on Twitter and Facebook, coinciding with the 2019 New Zealand attack, the 2019 El Paso incident, and Britain’s exit from the European Union in 2020. This study examines the content and the form of extreme right-wing activities on Facebook and Twitter to promote their ideologies. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on posts shared by extreme-right groups on public Facebook and Twitter accounts in Great Britain, the United States and Australia. The sample spans from March 15, 2019 to February 5, 2020. The posts were coded according to a coding instrument developed based on the existing literature spreading extremist ideologies on social media. The coding instrument consisted of categories and subcategories such as ‘the protection of western values’, ‘anti-LGBT activism’, ‘anti-feminism’, ‘anti-Islam’, ‘anti-immigrant sentiments’, ‘fostering the white race’, and ‘anti-elitist populism’. Findings suggest that the most prevalent extremist ideologies on Facebook and Twitter posts were ‘anti-elitist populism’ and ‘the protection of western values’. Also, extremist groups heavily shared posts that combined texts and images to spread their ideologies on social media.

References

  • Anti-Defamation League ADL. (Sept. 2019). White supremacy is being internationalized and weaponized like never before, says new ADL report. New York, U.S. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3bluLxD google scholar
  • Asmar, N. (2019, March 30). What is the “extreme right”? All you need to know about the monster that leads the world to the brink [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://shortest.link/2k4b google scholar
  • Bailey, J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: Transcribing. Family Practice, 25(2),127-131. https://doi. org/10.1093/fampra/cmn003 google scholar
  • Benafi, R. (2017, May 12). The rise of the extreme right, causes and implications: an analytical study [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://democraticac.de/?p=46400 google scholar
  • Bertram, L. (2016). Terrorism, the Internet and the social media advantage: Exploring how terrorist organizations exploit aspects of the Internet, social media and how these same platforms could be used to counter-violent extremism. Journal for Deradicalization, 7(4), 225-252. https://doaj.org/artide/660ec5b479604e06a89a886e2cfa7a40 google scholar
  • Bonacchi, C., Altaweel, M., & Krzyzanska, M. (2018). The heritage of Brexit: Roles of the past in the construction of political identities through social media. Journal of Social Archaeology, 18(2) 174-192, DOI: 10.1177/1469605318759713 google scholar
  • Black, K. (2010). Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision Making. New York, NY: Wiley. google scholar
  • Blee, K. (2009). Access and Methods in Research on Hidden Communities: Reflections on Studying US Organized Racism. eSharp , 10-27. Retrieved from https: https://bit.ly/3nhER5G google scholar
  • Blee, K., & Creasap, A. (2010). Conservative and Right-Wing Movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 269286. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809. google scholar
  • Braouezec, K. (2012). The Far-Right in the United Kingdom: A Real Ideological Infiltration of the Political and Public Landscape over the Last Decade. Hérodote 1 (144), 182-204, DOI: 10.3917/her.144.0182 google scholar
  • Caiani, M., & Parenti, L. (2013). European and American Extreme Right Groups and the Internet. London, UK: Ashgate Publishing. google scholar
  • Correra, G. (2019, July 15). The growing threat of the extreme right via the Internet [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/arabic/magazine-48948865 google scholar
  • Counter- Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate CTED. (April, 2020). Member states concerned by the growing and increasingly transnational threat of extreme right-wing terrorism. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3Oo9G4f google scholar
  • Crosset, V., Tanner, S., & Campana, A. (2018). Researching far-right groups on Twitter: Methodological challenges 2.0. New Media & Society, 21(4) 939-961, DOI: 10.1177/1461444818817306 google scholar
  • Davey, J., Simmons, C. & Peucker, M. (2022). The Far-left and Far-right in Australia-equivalent threats? Center for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS). https://bit.ly/3ye49GX google scholar
  • David, A., & Fernández, A. (2016). Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10(3), 1167- 1193. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3697/1585 google scholar
  • Dearden, L. (2020, March 2). Brexit making far-right ideas mainstream, major report finds [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3QPv0S7 google scholar
  • Duyvendak, J. (2011). The Politics of Home: Belonging and Nostalgia in Western Europe and the United States. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing google scholar
  • Einspänner, J., Dang-Anh, M., & Thimm, C. (2014). Computer-assisted content analysis of Twitter data. In Katrin, W., Axel, B., Jean, B., & M. Merja (Eds.), Twitter and Society (pp. 274-280). New York: Peter Lang. https://2u.pw/3u6Nm google scholar
  • Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x google scholar
  • Farzan, A. (2019, March 18). Fraser Anning, egged after mosque attacks, may be Australia’s most reviled politician [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://wapo.st/3QPONAQ google scholar
  • Ford, M. (2017, January 22). The Far-Right in America: A Brief Taxonomy [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https:// www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/far-right-taxonomy/509282/ google scholar
  • Gallaher, C. (2020). Mainstreaming white supremacy: a Twitter analysis of the American ‘Alt-Right’. Gender, Place & Culture, 28)2(, 224-252, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2019.1710472 google scholar
  • Goodwin, M., & Dennison, J. (2018). The Radical Right in the United Kingdom. Oxford Handbooks Online. 521544, DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/978019027 google scholar
  • Hassan, A. (2019, February 10). The role of social media in spreading extremist ideology [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://2u.pw/nNMH9 google scholar
  • Heinisch, R. & Mazzoleni, O. (2016). Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The Radical Right in Western Europe. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing google scholar
  • HOPE not hate. (2017, September 28). Bots, fake news and the anti-Muslim message on social media. Retrieved from https://hopenothate.org.uk/2017/11/28/bots-fake-news-anti-muslim-message-social-media/ google scholar
  • Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. DOI: 10.1177/1049732305276687 google scholar
  • Institute for Strategic Dialogue ISD. (Jan. 2021). January 6: An Insurrection Fueled by Facebook. Media matters for America. Washington, U.S. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3OHBlwO google scholar
  • Klein , O., & Muis, J. (2018). Online discontent: comparing Western European far-right groups on Facebook. European Societies, 21(4), 540-562. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1494293 google scholar
  • Knaus, C. (2019, May 19). ‘A perfect platform’: Internet’s abyss becomes a far-right breeding ground [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/QUNwzZR google scholar
  • Koehler, D. (2016). Right-Wing extremism and terrorism in Europe current developments and issues for the future. In T. Fox& W. Zartman (Eds.). European Security in the 21st Century (pp. 85-99). PRISM Publications https://bit.ly/3ymbvtb google scholar
  • Lyons, M. (2017, January 20). Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/bUNwupY google scholar
  • Makhlouf, M. (2019, March 30). This violent extremist right is the map of the spread of its terrorist organizations and their most prominent actions [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/XUNeIXN google scholar
  • Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). Retrieved from https:// doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 google scholar
  • Neuendorf, K. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. In P. Skalski, K. Neuendorf & J. Cajigas (Eds.). Content Analysis in the Interactive Media Age (pp. 201-242). SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878.n7 google scholar
  • Palin, M. (2016, October 18). ‘Love Australia or Leave’: is this new political party the most controversial we’ve ever seen? [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3ykwk8j google scholar
  • Paul, M. (2017). Terrorism and the media: A handbook for journalists. Paris, France: UNESCO. https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247074 google scholar
  • Peucker, M. & Smith, D. (2019). Far-Right Movements in Contemporary Australia: An Introduction. In M. Peucker & D. Smith. (Eds.), The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia (pp.1-17). Palgrave Macmillan google scholar
  • Peucker, M., Smith, D., Iqbal, M. (2019). Not a Monolithic Movement: The Diverse and Shifting Messaging of Australia’s Far-Right. In: Peucker, M., Smith, D. (eds) The Far-Right in Contemporary Australia (pp.73-100). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-8351-9_4 google scholar
  • Pilkington, H. (2017). ‘EDL Angels stand beside not behind their men’: The politics of gender and sexuality in an anti-Islam(ist) movement. Gender and Education, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1237622 google scholar
  • Rothenberger, L. (2012). Terrorist groups: Using Internet and social media for disseminating ideas. New tools for Promoting Political Change. Journal of Communication & Public Relations, 17(2), 7-23. google scholar
  • Scaminaci, J. (2020, August 3). Battle with bullets: advancing a vision of civil war [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3neIDwq google scholar
  • Snider, C., & Cash, P. (2014). Investigating design: A comparison of manifest and latent approaches. Design Studies, 35 (5), 441-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.destud.2014.02.005 google scholar
  • Wendling, M. (2019, November 29). Why is Britain First big online? [Web blog post]. Retrieved from https://www. bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42170543 google scholar
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Graphics, Augmented Reality and Games (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Oday Masalha This is me 0000-0001-9625-8804

Özen Baş 0000-0002-8895-9704

Early Pub Date May 18, 2023
Publication Date July 28, 2023
Submission Date January 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 64

Cite

APA Masalha, O., & Baş, Ö. (2023). An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(64), 155-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875
AMA Masalha O, Baş Ö. An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. July 2023;(64):155-182. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875
Chicago Masalha, Oday, and Özen Baş. “An Analysis of Social Media Content Shared by Right-Wing Extremist Groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 64 (July 2023): 155-82. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875.
EndNote Masalha O, Baş Ö (July 1, 2023) An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 64 155–182.
IEEE O. Masalha and Ö. Baş, “An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 64, pp. 155–182, July 2023, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875.
ISNAD Masalha, Oday - Baş, Özen. “An Analysis of Social Media Content Shared by Right-Wing Extremist Groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 64 (July 2023), 155-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875.
JAMA Masalha O, Baş Ö. An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023;:155–182.
MLA Masalha, Oday and Özen Baş. “An Analysis of Social Media Content Shared by Right-Wing Extremist Groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 64, 2023, pp. 155-82, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875.
Vancouver Masalha O, Baş Ö. An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023(64):155-82.