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Bread As A Political Phenomenon: Bread Riot in Egypt in 2008

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 317 - 347, 02.12.2018

Abstract

As we know from political history, people have
rebelled against their administrators due to famines. The last ring of
rebellions, also called bread riots or IMF rebellions, took place in 2007-2008. The reasons as the global increase in food prices,
neo-liberal social policies and socio-political conditions of countries have
played a leading role in the emergence of riots in many countries from South
America to Africa. In this conjuncture, the demonstrations that started in
Egypt in April 2008 have turned into an anti-regime protest which has been
attended by disadvantaged groups such as workers, women and youth. The protests
were only suppressed by the harsh intervention of the regime. African
countries, especially Egypt, were not able to manage this crisis well and the
causes of bread riots were among the reasons for the Arab Spring which was seen
in the following period. This context gives us the opportunity to read the
2007-2008 revolts as the pioneer of the Arab Spring, which started in 2010.

References

  • Africa, T. W. (1971). Urban Violence in Imperial Rome. The Journal of Interdisciplinary Histroy(2), 3-21.
  • Amer, M. (2007). The Egyptian Youth Labor Market School-to-Work Transition 1998-2006. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 1-41.
  • Aoude, I. G. (2013). Egypt: Revolutionary Process and Global Capitalist Crisis. Arab Studies Quarterly(35), 241-254.
  • April 6 Youth Movement. (2011). 6 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/inside-april6-movement/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Auyero, J. (2007). Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina The Grey Zone of State Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, .
  • Ba, D. (2008). Hundreds Protest against Food Prices in Senegal. Reuters. 6 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-protest/hundreds-protest-against-food-prices-in-senegal-idUSL2614965820080426 adresinden erişildi.
  • Beinin, J. (Ed.) (2011). A Workers’ Social Movement on the Margin of the Global Neoliberal Order, Egypt 2004-2009. Kaliforniya: Stanford University Press.
  • Berazneva, J., & Lee, D. R. (2013). Explaining the African Food Riots of 2007–2008: An Empirical Analysis. Food Policy(39), 28-39.
  • Bienen, H. S., & Gersovitz, M. (1986). Consumer Subsidy Cuts, Violence, and Political Stability. Comparative Politics(19), 25-44.
  • Biggs, C. (2011). Women Make Their Power Felt in Egypt’s Revolution. The National. 16.09.2018 tarihinde https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/women-make-their-power-felt-in-egypt-s-revolution-1.434826 adresinden erişildi.
  • Bohstedt, J. (2014). Food Riots and the Politics of Provisions in World History. IDS Working Paper, 1-31.
  • Bush, R. (2010). Food Riots: Poverty, Power and Protest. Journal of Agrarian Change(10), 119-129.
  • Clark, P. (1976). Popular Protest and Disturbance in Kent, 1558–1640. The Economic History Review(23), 365-382.
  • Coles, A. J. (1978). The Moral Economy of the Crowd: Some Twentieth-Century Food Riots. Journal of British Studies(18), 157-176.
  • Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2016). Arap Ayaklanmalarını Anlamak: Bağlam, Devrimciler ve Karşı-Devrimciler. Başlangıç Dergi. 21 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://baslangicdergi.org/arap-ayaklanmalarini-anlamak-baglam-devrimciler-ve-karsi-devrimciler/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Dikötter, F. (2010). Mao’s Great Famine The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe 1958-1962. Londra: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
  • Egyptians Riot over Bread Crisis. (2008). The Telegraph. 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/2787714/Egyptians-riot-over-bread-crisis.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Eğri, T. (2018). İşsizlik ve Ekonomik Çıktı İlişkisi: Mısır Için Okun Yasası Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University(13), 68-78.
  • El- Dawla, A. S. (Ed.) (2009). Torture: A State Policy, Egypt: The Moment of Change. Londra: Zed Books.
  • El Hamalawy, H. (2008). Pigs Abort Mahalla Strike; Hell Breaks Loose. Arabawy. 21 Eylül 2018 tarihinde https://arabawy.org/4142/Pigs_abort_Mahalla_strike%3B_HELL_BREAKS_LOOSE adresinden erişildi.
  • Fattah, E. A. (2014) Interview: Esraa Abdel Fattah/Interviewer: M. Disler. Harvard Politic Review. 22 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://harvardpolitics.com/hprgument-posts/interview-esraa-abdel-fattah/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Food Price Crisis Bites in Egypt. (2008). BBC News. 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7381766.stm adresinden erişildi.
  • Frank, D. (1985). Housewives, Socialists, and the Politics of Food: The 1917 New York Cost-of-Living Protests. Feminist Studies(11), 255-285.
  • Gouda, A.-K. (1981). Looking Outside, or Turning Northwest? On the Meaning and External Dimension of Egypt’s Infitah 1971-1980. Social Problems(28), 394-409.
  • Hafez, M. M., Wiktorowicz, Quintan, (Ed.) (2004). Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • Hardiman, D. (1996). Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India. Past & Present, 113-156.
  • Harrigan, J., El-Said, Hamed. (2009). Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Harsch, E. (2008). Price Protests Expose State Faults. Africa Renewal(22).
  • Headey, D., Shenggen, Fan,. (2008). Anatomy of a Crisis: The Causes and Consequences of Surging Food Prices. Agricultural Economics(39), 375-391.
  • Hopkins, R. F. (Ed.) (1988). Political Calculations In Subsidizing Food. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Maher, S. (2011). The Political Economy of the Egyptian Uprising. Monthly Review. 20 Eylül 2018 tarihinde https://monthlyreview.org/2011/11/01/the-political-economy-of-the-egyptian-uprising adresinden erişildi.
  • Marfleet, P. (2013). Mubarak’s Egypt — Nexus of Criminality. State Crime Journal(2), 112-134.
  • Mosallem, A. (Ed.) (2012). These Are Liberated Territories’ – Everyday Resistance In Egypt: Dismantling State Power, Experimenting With Alternatives And The Growing Movement From 2000 To 2010. Londra: Routledge.
  • Most İmproved in Doing Business 2008. Doing Business. 17 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reforms/Top-reformers-2008 adresinden erişildi.
  • Patel, R., & McMichael, P. (2009). A Political Economy of the Food Riot. Review: Political Economic Perspectives on the World Food Crisis(32), 9-35.
  • Posusney, M. P. (1997). Labor and the State in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Sachs, R. (2012). On Bread and Circuses: Food Subsidy Reform and Popular Opposition in Egypt. Stanford University,
  • Sadiki, L. (1997). Towards Arab Liberal Governance: From the Democracy of Bread to the Democracy of the Vote. Third World Quarterly(18), 127-148.
  • Salevurakis, J. W., & Abdel-Haleim, S. M. (2008). Bread Subsidies in Egypt: Choosing Social Stability or Fiscal Responsibility. Review of Radical Political Economics(40), 35-49.
  • Schneider, M. (2008). We Are Hungry!": A Summary Report of Food Riots, Government Responses, and State of Democracy in 2008. 22 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.527.1678&rep=rep1&type=pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Shorbagy, M. (2007). Understanding Kefaya: The New Politics in Egypt. Arab Studies Quarterly(29), 39-60.
  • Singerman, D. (2013). Youth, Gender, and Dignity in The Egyptian Uprising. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies(9), 1-27.
  • Slackman, M. (2008). Egypt’s Problem and Its Challenge: Bread Corrupts. The New York Times. 12 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/world/africa/17bread.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Thompson, E. P. (1993). Customs in Common. Londra,: Penguin Books.
  • Thompson, E. P. (2004). İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Tilly, L. A. (1971). The Food Riot as a Form of Political Conflict in France. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History(2), 23-57.
  • Walton, J., & Seddon, D. (Eds.). (1994). The Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher.
  • Walton, J., & Shefner, J. (Eds.). (1994). Latin America: Popular Protest and the State. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher.

Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır'ında Ekmek İsyanı

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 317 - 347, 02.12.2018

Abstract

Tarihin her döneminde insanlar
kıtlıklara bağlı olarak yöneticilerine ayaklanmıştır. Ekmek isyanları ya da IMF
isyanları olarak da adlandırılan isyanların son halkası 2007-2008 yıllarında
gerçekleşmiştir. Gıda fiyatlarında meydana gelen küresel artış, neoliberal
politikalar ve ülkelerin sosyo-politik durumları gibi nedenler Güney
Amerika'dan Afrika'ya kadar birçok ülkede isyanların ortaya çıkmasında başrol
oynamıştır. Bu konjonktürde 2008 yılının nisan ayında Mısır’da başlayan
gösteriler zaman içerisinde başta işçiler, kadınlar ve gençler gibi toplumun
dezavantajlı kesimlerinin katıldığı rejim karşıtı bir protestoya dönüşmüştür.
Protestolar ancak rejimin sert müdahalesi ile bastırılabilmiştir. Başta Mısır
olmak üzere Afrika ülkeleri karşı karşıya kaldıkları krizi iyi yönetememiş ve
ekmek isyanlarının nedenleri ilerleyen dönemde görülen Arap Baharının da
nedenleri arasında yer almıştır. Bu bağlam bize 2007-2008 isyanlarını 2010
yılında başlayan Arap Baharının öncüsü olarak okuma imkânı sunmaktadır.

References

  • Africa, T. W. (1971). Urban Violence in Imperial Rome. The Journal of Interdisciplinary Histroy(2), 3-21.
  • Amer, M. (2007). The Egyptian Youth Labor Market School-to-Work Transition 1998-2006. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 1-41.
  • Aoude, I. G. (2013). Egypt: Revolutionary Process and Global Capitalist Crisis. Arab Studies Quarterly(35), 241-254.
  • April 6 Youth Movement. (2011). 6 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/inside-april6-movement/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Auyero, J. (2007). Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina The Grey Zone of State Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, .
  • Ba, D. (2008). Hundreds Protest against Food Prices in Senegal. Reuters. 6 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-protest/hundreds-protest-against-food-prices-in-senegal-idUSL2614965820080426 adresinden erişildi.
  • Beinin, J. (Ed.) (2011). A Workers’ Social Movement on the Margin of the Global Neoliberal Order, Egypt 2004-2009. Kaliforniya: Stanford University Press.
  • Berazneva, J., & Lee, D. R. (2013). Explaining the African Food Riots of 2007–2008: An Empirical Analysis. Food Policy(39), 28-39.
  • Bienen, H. S., & Gersovitz, M. (1986). Consumer Subsidy Cuts, Violence, and Political Stability. Comparative Politics(19), 25-44.
  • Biggs, C. (2011). Women Make Their Power Felt in Egypt’s Revolution. The National. 16.09.2018 tarihinde https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/women-make-their-power-felt-in-egypt-s-revolution-1.434826 adresinden erişildi.
  • Bohstedt, J. (2014). Food Riots and the Politics of Provisions in World History. IDS Working Paper, 1-31.
  • Bush, R. (2010). Food Riots: Poverty, Power and Protest. Journal of Agrarian Change(10), 119-129.
  • Clark, P. (1976). Popular Protest and Disturbance in Kent, 1558–1640. The Economic History Review(23), 365-382.
  • Coles, A. J. (1978). The Moral Economy of the Crowd: Some Twentieth-Century Food Riots. Journal of British Studies(18), 157-176.
  • Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2016). Arap Ayaklanmalarını Anlamak: Bağlam, Devrimciler ve Karşı-Devrimciler. Başlangıç Dergi. 21 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://baslangicdergi.org/arap-ayaklanmalarini-anlamak-baglam-devrimciler-ve-karsi-devrimciler/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Dikötter, F. (2010). Mao’s Great Famine The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe 1958-1962. Londra: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
  • Egyptians Riot over Bread Crisis. (2008). The Telegraph. 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/2787714/Egyptians-riot-over-bread-crisis.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Eğri, T. (2018). İşsizlik ve Ekonomik Çıktı İlişkisi: Mısır Için Okun Yasası Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University(13), 68-78.
  • El- Dawla, A. S. (Ed.) (2009). Torture: A State Policy, Egypt: The Moment of Change. Londra: Zed Books.
  • El Hamalawy, H. (2008). Pigs Abort Mahalla Strike; Hell Breaks Loose. Arabawy. 21 Eylül 2018 tarihinde https://arabawy.org/4142/Pigs_abort_Mahalla_strike%3B_HELL_BREAKS_LOOSE adresinden erişildi.
  • Fattah, E. A. (2014) Interview: Esraa Abdel Fattah/Interviewer: M. Disler. Harvard Politic Review. 22 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://harvardpolitics.com/hprgument-posts/interview-esraa-abdel-fattah/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Food Price Crisis Bites in Egypt. (2008). BBC News. 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7381766.stm adresinden erişildi.
  • Frank, D. (1985). Housewives, Socialists, and the Politics of Food: The 1917 New York Cost-of-Living Protests. Feminist Studies(11), 255-285.
  • Gouda, A.-K. (1981). Looking Outside, or Turning Northwest? On the Meaning and External Dimension of Egypt’s Infitah 1971-1980. Social Problems(28), 394-409.
  • Hafez, M. M., Wiktorowicz, Quintan, (Ed.) (2004). Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • Hardiman, D. (1996). Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India. Past & Present, 113-156.
  • Harrigan, J., El-Said, Hamed. (2009). Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Harsch, E. (2008). Price Protests Expose State Faults. Africa Renewal(22).
  • Headey, D., Shenggen, Fan,. (2008). Anatomy of a Crisis: The Causes and Consequences of Surging Food Prices. Agricultural Economics(39), 375-391.
  • Hopkins, R. F. (Ed.) (1988). Political Calculations In Subsidizing Food. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Maher, S. (2011). The Political Economy of the Egyptian Uprising. Monthly Review. 20 Eylül 2018 tarihinde https://monthlyreview.org/2011/11/01/the-political-economy-of-the-egyptian-uprising adresinden erişildi.
  • Marfleet, P. (2013). Mubarak’s Egypt — Nexus of Criminality. State Crime Journal(2), 112-134.
  • Mosallem, A. (Ed.) (2012). These Are Liberated Territories’ – Everyday Resistance In Egypt: Dismantling State Power, Experimenting With Alternatives And The Growing Movement From 2000 To 2010. Londra: Routledge.
  • Most İmproved in Doing Business 2008. Doing Business. 17 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reforms/Top-reformers-2008 adresinden erişildi.
  • Patel, R., & McMichael, P. (2009). A Political Economy of the Food Riot. Review: Political Economic Perspectives on the World Food Crisis(32), 9-35.
  • Posusney, M. P. (1997). Labor and the State in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Sachs, R. (2012). On Bread and Circuses: Food Subsidy Reform and Popular Opposition in Egypt. Stanford University,
  • Sadiki, L. (1997). Towards Arab Liberal Governance: From the Democracy of Bread to the Democracy of the Vote. Third World Quarterly(18), 127-148.
  • Salevurakis, J. W., & Abdel-Haleim, S. M. (2008). Bread Subsidies in Egypt: Choosing Social Stability or Fiscal Responsibility. Review of Radical Political Economics(40), 35-49.
  • Schneider, M. (2008). We Are Hungry!": A Summary Report of Food Riots, Government Responses, and State of Democracy in 2008. 22 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.527.1678&rep=rep1&type=pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Shorbagy, M. (2007). Understanding Kefaya: The New Politics in Egypt. Arab Studies Quarterly(29), 39-60.
  • Singerman, D. (2013). Youth, Gender, and Dignity in The Egyptian Uprising. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies(9), 1-27.
  • Slackman, M. (2008). Egypt’s Problem and Its Challenge: Bread Corrupts. The New York Times. 12 Eylül 2018 tarihinde http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/world/africa/17bread.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Thompson, E. P. (1993). Customs in Common. Londra,: Penguin Books.
  • Thompson, E. P. (2004). İngiliz İşçi Sınıfının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Tilly, L. A. (1971). The Food Riot as a Form of Political Conflict in France. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History(2), 23-57.
  • Walton, J., & Seddon, D. (Eds.). (1994). The Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher.
  • Walton, J., & Shefner, J. (Eds.). (1994). Latin America: Popular Protest and the State. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammed Emre Küçükşahin 0000-0001-5772-1253

Publication Date December 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Küçükşahin, M. E. (2018). Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 2(2), 317-347.
AMA Küçükşahin ME. Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı. CONRESS. December 2018;2(2):317-347.
Chicago Küçükşahin, Muhammed Emre. “Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 2018): 317-47.
EndNote Küçükşahin ME (December 1, 2018) Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2 2 317–347.
IEEE M. E. Küçükşahin, “Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı”, CONRESS, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 317–347, 2018.
ISNAD Küçükşahin, Muhammed Emre. “Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2/2 (December 2018), 317-347.
JAMA Küçükşahin ME. Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı. CONRESS. 2018;2:317–347.
MLA Küçükşahin, Muhammed Emre. “Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, 2018, pp. 317-4.
Vancouver Küçükşahin ME. Politik Bir Fenomen Olarak Ekmek: 2008 Mısır’ında Ekmek İsyanı. CONRESS. 2018;2(2):317-4.