Abstract
Critical theory was born with the Franfurt School, and its main thesis was developed in Dialectic of Enlightment (Adorno & Horkheimer, 1944) in which they proposed to analyze mass culture in terms of cultural industry. This concept allowed them to denounce the bankruptcy of culture and its transformation into simple goods. With regard to standardizing cultural products, they deduced the standardization of individuals and the advent of the reign of individuality. The media produces images and conversations that become soaked in the consciousness of so-called weak individuals who are incapable of reclaiming themselves in any critical way: They are no longer able to effectively resist the products of mass media. Individuals facing cultural industries are also defined as being unable to critically interpret and even more unable to resist facing media messages, thus being reduced to subjects mystified by cultural industries. The work of Adorno and Horkheimer will nevertheless constitute a kind of theoretical reference from which cultural studies would build itself, albeit at the price of a complex misunderstanding. R. Hoggart in particular would show that lower classes are able to resist the messages that are sent to them and that these messages only have a long-term effect on attitudes. This line of analysis between the criticism of the cultural industries and the highlighting of the resistances the public sets against these industries is what would go on to define the specific epistemological thread of cultural studies. This paper suggests analyzing the complex story of this misunderstanding and its consequences.
References
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Abstract
Eleştirel teori Frankfurt Okulu’yla doğmuştur. Adorno ve Max Horkheimer Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği’nde kitle kültürü ve kültür endüstrisi kavramlarını geliştirmişler, kültürün iflasını ve bir mala dönüşümünü ilan etmişlerdir. Kültürel ürünlerin tekbiçimleşmesinin, bireylerin tekbiçimleşmesini ve bireyselliğin saltanatının getirdiğini öne süren düşünürler, medyanın, zayıf bireylerin bilincinde yer eden imgeler ve söylemler ürettiğini, bu bireylerinse bunları eleştirel bir biçimde değerlendiremediklerini savunurlar. Bireylerin kültür endüstrisine ve medyaya direnemediklerini belirtirler. Bu düşünceler Kültürel Çalışmaların özüyle uyumsuz, hatta çelişkin olsa da önemli kültürel göndergelerinden birini oluşturur. Özellikle Hoggart, alt sınıfların kendilerine gönderilen ve tutumlar üzerinde uzun vadeli bir etkisi olan iletilere direndiklerini gösterecektir. Kültür endüstrilerinin eleştirisi ile bunlara karşı halk tarafından ortaya konan dirençlerin vurgulanması arasındaki bu araştırma alanı, Kültürel Çalışmalar’ın özgün epistemolojik izleğini tanımlayacaktır. Bu çalışma da Eleştirel Kuram ile Kültürel Çalışmalar arasındaki kuramsal yanlış anlamanın karmaşık tarihini ve sonuçlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
References
- Adorno, T. W., Horkheimer M. (1974). La dialectique de la raison. Paris: Payot. google scholar
- Adorno, T. W. (2002). Correspondance Adorno-Benjamin. Paris: La Fabrique. google scholar
- Adorno, T. W., Horkheimer M. (2010). Aydınlanmanın diyalektiği. Çev. N. Ülner, Elif Öztarhan Karadoğan. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. google scholar
- Benjamin, W. (1993). Pasajlar, Çev. A.Cemal. İstanbul: YKY. google scholar
- Habermas, J. (1992). L’espace public, trente ans après. Quaderni, no. 18, ss.161-191. google scholar
- Hedbige D. (1979). Subculture: the meaning of style. Londra: Methuen. google scholar
- Hall, S. (1977). Culture, the Media and the Ideological Effect. Ed. J. Curran. Mass Communication and Society. Londra: Arnold. google scholar
- Hall, S. (1991). Encoding, decoding. Ed. S. During. The Cultural Studies Reader. Londra: Routledge. google scholar
- Hall, S. (1996). Cultural Studies and its theoretical Legacies. Ed. D. Morley ve K.-H. Chen. Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge. google scholar
- Hall, S. (2007). Identités et Culture. Politiques des CulturalStudies. Çev. A. Blanchard ve F. Voros Paris: Editions Amsterdam. google scholar
- Hall, S., Cervulle, M. (2013). Identités et cultures 2. Politiques des différences, Paris: Amsterdam yayınları. google scholar
- Hoggart, R. (1957). The Uses of Literacy. Londra: Routledge. google scholar
- Hoggart R. (1970). La culture du pauvre. Etude sur le style de vie des classes populaires en Angleterre. Paris: Minuit. google scholar
- Loyer, E. (2012). La Formation de la classe ouvrière anglaise d’E. P. Thompson. L’Histoire, 379, google scholar
- Lukàcs, G. (1960). Histoire et conscience de classe. Çev. K. Axelos, J.Bois. Paris: Minuit. google scholar
- Marcuse, H. (2008). Tek Boyutlu İnsan. Çev. A.Yardımlı. İstanbul: İdea. google scholar
- Marx, R. (1994), Edward Palmer Thompson 1924-1993. Encyclopædia Universalis. google scholar
- Mattelart A., Neveu E. (2003). Introduction aux Cultural Studies. Paris: La Découverte. google scholar
- Thompson E.P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. Londra: Victor Gollanz. google scholar
- Thompson, E. P. (1993). L’esprit whig sans l’élitisme. Revue européenne des livres. Actes de la Recherche en science sociales. google scholar
- Thompson, E.P. (2014). La Guerre des forets. Luttes sociales dans l’Angleterre duXVIIIimc siècle. Paris: La Découverte. google scholar
- Williams, R. (1971). Culture and Society 1780-1950. Londra: Penguin. google scholar
- Williams, R. (1997). Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
- Williams, R. (2009). Culture et matérialisme. Paris: Les Prairies ordinaires. google scholar
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Cultural Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 24, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Issue: 22 |
