Research Article
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A Review of Algorithmic Governmentality’s Impact on Political Communication from a Critical Theory Perspective

Year 2023, Issue: 23, 101 - 119, 09.11.2023

Anıl Durmuşahmet

https://doi.org/10.26650/4boyut.2023.1350789

Abstract

Technology is frequently perceived as possessing both positive and negative effects on humans and society. This study focuses on the connection between algorithms, a critical and ubiquitous aspect of digital life, and internet technologies in the realm of political communication. Employing a critical theory perspective, which holds significant weight in communication sciences and serves as a crucial element in the development of political psychology, this analysis delves into the matter. The relationship between media-politics and human beings from past to present has been analysed through The Dialectic of Enlightenment and One-Dimensional Human texts. It is important to note that abbreviations for technical terms shall be explained upon first use. Furthermore, the conceptualisations of “secondary self” and “algorithmic governmentality” have been employed to comprehend the impact of internet technologies on human life and to contextualise other contemporary thoughts. Some of the key findings of the study are as follows: Human beings tend to have sympathy for authoritarian ideas, which is reinforced by the culture industry. Internet technologies have worsened this influence by further amplifying the one-dimensionality in society. The structure of algorithms that process personal data has facilitated the production of consent by displaying personalised targeted content. In light of these outcomes, this study examines (a) the latest form of the culture industry in the context of technology; (b) the reinforcing effect of technology on unidimensionality; (c) how internet technologies fragment the self and create a second self; and (d) the impact of algorithmic governmentality on individuals’ preferences and voting behaviours.

Keywords

critical theory algorithmic governmentality political communication media the culture industry

References

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  • Elster, J. (1993). Political psychology. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
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  • Feenberg, A. (2017). Technosystem: The social life of reason. Harvard University Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2010). The government of self and others. Palgrave Macmillan ; St Martin’s Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2012). İktidarın Gözü (I. Ergüden, Çev.). Ayrıntı. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2013). Güvenlik, toprak, nüfus: College de France dersleri (1977-1978) (K. Eksen, Ed.; F. Taylan, Çev.; 1. Baskı İstanbul, Aralık 2013). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
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  • Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2017). Rızanın İmalatı Kitle Medyasının Ekonomi Politiği (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.; 3. bs). BGST. google scholar
  • Kaiser, B. (2023). Own Your Data: Empowering Our Digital Future | SXSW 2023. SXSW. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=1qNpLvurA04 google scholar
  • Khatchatourov, A., Chardel, P.-A., Feenberg, A., & Peries, G. (2019). Digital identities in tension. ISTE Ltd / John Wiley and Sons Inc. google scholar
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  • Marcuse, H. (2016). Eros ve uygarlık (A. Yardımlı, Çev.; 4. bs). İdea. google scholar
  • Marr, B. (2019). Büyük veri iş başında: 45 yıldız şirket büyük veriyi nasıl kulllandı? (B. Gündüz, Çev.). MediaCat. google scholar
  • Mengü, S. (2012). Halkla İlişkiler Bir Kültür Politikası. Eğitim Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Mills, S. (2023). Foucault’yu anlamak: Söylem ve iktidar (J. C. Yapıcıoğlu, Çev.). Fol. google scholar
  • Morison, J. (2016). Algorithmic governmentality: Techo-optimism and the move towards the dark side. google scholar
  • Computers and Law, 3(27). http://www.scl.org/site.aspx?i=ed48412 google scholar
  • Morison, J. (2020). Towards a Democratic Singularity? Algorithmic Governmentality, the Eradication of Politics - and the Possibility of Resistance. SSRNElectronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3662411 google scholar
  • Nesbitt-Larking, P. W., Kinnvall, C., Capelos, T., & Dekker, H. (Ed.). (2014). The Palgrave handbook of global political psychology. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • O’Neil, C. (2020). Matematiksel imha silahları (A. E. Pilgir, Çev.). Tellekt. google scholar
  • O’Neil, C. (2022). The shame machine (First edition). Crown. google scholar
  • O’Shea, L. (2021). Geleceğin tarihleri (A. Ay, Çev.). Metis. google scholar
  • Roberts, S. L. (2019). Big Data, Algorithmic Governmentality and the Regulation of Pandemic Risk. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10(1), 94-115. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.6 google scholar
  • Roberts, S. L., & Elbe, S. (2017). Catching the flu: Syndromic surveillance, algorithmic governmentality and global health security. Security Dialogue, 48(1), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010616666443 google scholar
  • Rouvroy, A. (2020). Algorithmic Governmentality and the Death ofPolitics. Green Europe. https://www. greeneuropeanjournal.eu/algorithmic-governmentality-and-the-death-of-politics/ google scholar
  • Rouvroy, A., & Berns, T. (2013). Gouvernementalite algorithmique et perspectives d’emancipation: Le disparate comme condition d’individuation par la relation ? Reseaux, n° 177(1), 163-196. https://doi. org/10.3917/res.177.0163 google scholar
  • Ryan, C., Hopkins, N., Ahluwalia-McMeddes, A., Dobai, A., Pehrson, S., & Reicher, S. (2023). On the google scholar
  • Misrecognition of Identity: Muslims’ Everyday Experiences in Scotland. Political Psychology, 44(4), 769-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12885 google scholar
  • Sevincer, A. T., Galinsky, C., Martensen, L., & Oettingen, G. (2023). Political Ideology Outdoes Personal Experience in Predicting Support for Gender Equality. Political Psychology, 44(4), 829-855. https:// doi.org/10.1111/pops.12887 google scholar
  • Simmel, G. (2009). Bireysellik ve kültür (T. Birkan, Çev.; 1. basım). Metis. google scholar
  • Soydaş, N. (t.y.). Teori ve uygulamalarla kurumsal iletişim hikayeleri (2021. bs). Mona. google scholar
  • Şan, E. (2022). Bernard Stiegler’in Teknoloji Felsefesi Problemleri: Algoritmik Yönetimsellik ve Bilişsel Proleterleşme. ViraVerita E-Dergi, 15, 105-135. https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1103061 google scholar
  • Teber, S. (2022). Politik psikoloji notları. Okuyanus. google scholar
  • Tegmark, M. (2021). Yaşam 3.0 (E. C. Göksoy, Çev.; 2. bs). Pegasus. google scholar
  • Turkle, S. (2005). The second self: Computers and the human spirit (20th anniversary ed., 1st MIT Press ed). MIT Press. google scholar
  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books. google scholar
  • Victoroff, J. I., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2008). Psychology of terrorism the best writings about the mind of the terrorist. Psychology. google scholar
  • Webb, A. (2019). The Big Nine: How the tech titans and their thinking machines could warp humanity. PublicAffairs. google scholar
  • Weiskopf, R., & Hansen, H. K. (2023). Algorithmic governmentality and the space of ethics: Examples from ‘People Analytics’. Human Relations, 76(3), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267221075346 google scholar
  • Zheng, J., & Chan, R. (2014). The impact of ‘creative industry clusters’ on cultural and creative industry development in Shanghai. City, Culture and Society, 5(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ccs.2013.08.001 google scholar

Eleştirel Teori Perspektifinde Algoritmik Yönetimselliğin Siyasal İletişime Yansımaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Issue: 23, 101 - 119, 09.11.2023

Anıl Durmuşahmet

https://doi.org/10.26650/4boyut.2023.1350789

Abstract

Teknoloji insan ve toplum için çoğu zaman hem faydalı hem de zararlı olarak görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında internet teknolojileri ile dijital yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir parçası haline gelen algoritmaların siyasal iletişimle olan bağlantısı incelenmektedir. İncelemede özellikle politik psikoloji disiplininin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynayan iletişim bilimlerinde de önemli bir yere sahip olan eleştirel teorinin perspektifinden yararlanılmıştır. Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği ve Tek-Boyutluİnsan metinleri geçmişten bugüne medya-siyaset ve insan ilişkisini anlamlandırmada kullanılmıştır. Ek olarak “ikincil benlik” ve “algoritmik yönetimsellik” kavramlaştırmaları ise internet teknolojilerinin insan hayatındaki karşılığını anlamlandırmak ve söz konusu diğer metinleri günümüz düşünceleri ekseninde tartışmak için kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öne çıkan noktalardan bir kısmı şu şekilde özetlenebilir; İnsan çoğu zaman otoriteryan düşünceye sempati duymaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu sempati kültür endüstrisi aracılığıyla desteklenmektedir. Kültür endüstrisi toplumdaki tek boyutluluğu güçlendirirken internet teknolojileri bu gücü daha da arttırmıştır. Algoritmaların kişisel veriler üzerinden hareket eden yapısı, kişiye özel hedeflenmiş içeriklerin gösterilmesi noktasında rızanın imalatını etkili bir hale getirmektedir. Tüm bu çıktılar ışığında bu çalışma; (a) kültür endüstrisinin teknolojiyle çevrelenmiş son formunu ele almakta; (b) teknolojinin tek-boyutlulaşma üzerindeki güçlendirici etkisini tartışmakta; (c) internet teknolojilerinin benliği nasıl parçalayarak ikinci bir benlik ortaya çıkardığını ele alarak (d) algoritmik yönetimselliğin kişilerin tercih ve oy verme davranışlarındaki etkisini sorgulamaktadır.

Keywords

eleştirel teori algoritmik yönetimsellik siyasal iletişim medya kültür endüstrisi

References

  • Aalberg, T. (Ed.). (2017). Populist political communication in Europe. Routledge. google scholar
  • Adorno, T. W. (2011). Otoritaryen kişilik üstüne: Niteliksel ideoloji incelemeleri (D. Şahiner, Çev.). Say Yay. google scholar
  • Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (2014). Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği (N. Ülner & E. Karadoğan Öztarhan, Çev.). Kabalcı. google scholar
  • Amer, K., & Noujaim, J. (Direktörler). (2019). The great hack. google scholar
  • Anderson, M. R. (2010). Community Psychology, Political Efficacy, and Trust. Political Psychology, 31(1), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00734.x google scholar
  • Bernstein, J. M. (Ed.). (2005). The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. Taylor and Francis. google scholar
  • Borgida, E., Federico, C. M., & Sullivan, J. L. (Ed.). (2009). The political psychology of democratic citizenship. Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Cadwalladr, C. (2019a). Facebook’s role in Brexit—And the threat to democracy | Carole Cadwalladr. TED - YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQSMr-3GGvQ google scholar
  • Cadwalladr, C. (2019b). It’s not about privacy—It’s about power (B. Giussani) [TED]. https://www.ted. com/talks/carole_ cadwalladr_it_s_not_about_privacy_it_s_about_power google scholar
  • Cadwalladr, C., & Graham-Harrison, E. (2018). Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/ cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election google scholar
  • Celis, C. (2020). Critical Surveillance Art in the Age of Machine Vision and Algorithmic Governmentality: Three Case Studies. Surveillance & Society, 18(3), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.13410 google scholar Chomsky, N. (2010). İktidarı anlamak (J. Schoeffel & P. R. Mitchell, Ed.; T. Doğan, Çev.; Birinci basım). Bgst Yayınları. google scholar
  • Elster, J. (1993). Political psychology. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Feenberg, A. (2009). Critical Theory of Communication Technology: Introduction to the Special Section. The Information Society, 25(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240802701536 google scholar
  • Feenberg, A. (2017). Technosystem: The social life of reason. Harvard University Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2010). The government of self and others. Palgrave Macmillan ; St Martin’s Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2012). İktidarın Gözü (I. Ergüden, Çev.). Ayrıntı. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2013). Güvenlik, toprak, nüfus: College de France dersleri (1977-1978) (K. Eksen, Ed.; F. Taylan, Çev.; 1. Baskı İstanbul, Aralık 2013). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (2015). Biyopolitikanın doğuşu College de France dersleri 1978 1979 (A. Tayla, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniv. Yayınları. google scholar
  • Foucault, M., & Berten, A. (t.y.). Interview with Andre Berten May 7, 1981. İçinde F. Brion & B. E. Harcourt (Ed.), & S. W. Sawyer (Çev.), Wrong-Doing Truth-Telling The Function of Avowal in Justice (2014. bs). The University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Han, B. C. (2019). Psikopolitika (H. Barışcan, Çev.; 2. bs). Metis. google scholar
  • Harkens, A. (2018). The ghost in the legal machine: Algorithmic governmentality, economy, and the practice of law [Preprint]. LawArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/gvczj google scholar
  • Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2017). Rızanın İmalatı Kitle Medyasının Ekonomi Politiği (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.; 3. bs). BGST. google scholar
  • Kaiser, B. (2023). Own Your Data: Empowering Our Digital Future | SXSW 2023. SXSW. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=1qNpLvurA04 google scholar
  • Khatchatourov, A., Chardel, P.-A., Feenberg, A., & Peries, G. (2019). Digital identities in tension. ISTE Ltd / John Wiley and Sons Inc. google scholar
  • Marcuse, H. (1997). Tek-Boyutlu İnsan: İleri işleyin toplumunun ideolojisi üzerine incelemeler (A.Yardımlı, Çev.). Idea. google scholar
  • Marcuse, H. (2016). Eros ve uygarlık (A. Yardımlı, Çev.; 4. bs). İdea. google scholar
  • Marr, B. (2019). Büyük veri iş başında: 45 yıldız şirket büyük veriyi nasıl kulllandı? (B. Gündüz, Çev.). MediaCat. google scholar
  • Mengü, S. (2012). Halkla İlişkiler Bir Kültür Politikası. Eğitim Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Mills, S. (2023). Foucault’yu anlamak: Söylem ve iktidar (J. C. Yapıcıoğlu, Çev.). Fol. google scholar
  • Morison, J. (2016). Algorithmic governmentality: Techo-optimism and the move towards the dark side. google scholar
  • Computers and Law, 3(27). http://www.scl.org/site.aspx?i=ed48412 google scholar
  • Morison, J. (2020). Towards a Democratic Singularity? Algorithmic Governmentality, the Eradication of Politics - and the Possibility of Resistance. SSRNElectronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3662411 google scholar
  • Nesbitt-Larking, P. W., Kinnvall, C., Capelos, T., & Dekker, H. (Ed.). (2014). The Palgrave handbook of global political psychology. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • O’Neil, C. (2020). Matematiksel imha silahları (A. E. Pilgir, Çev.). Tellekt. google scholar
  • O’Neil, C. (2022). The shame machine (First edition). Crown. google scholar
  • O’Shea, L. (2021). Geleceğin tarihleri (A. Ay, Çev.). Metis. google scholar
  • Roberts, S. L. (2019). Big Data, Algorithmic Governmentality and the Regulation of Pandemic Risk. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10(1), 94-115. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.6 google scholar
  • Roberts, S. L., & Elbe, S. (2017). Catching the flu: Syndromic surveillance, algorithmic governmentality and global health security. Security Dialogue, 48(1), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010616666443 google scholar
  • Rouvroy, A. (2020). Algorithmic Governmentality and the Death ofPolitics. Green Europe. https://www. greeneuropeanjournal.eu/algorithmic-governmentality-and-the-death-of-politics/ google scholar
  • Rouvroy, A., & Berns, T. (2013). Gouvernementalite algorithmique et perspectives d’emancipation: Le disparate comme condition d’individuation par la relation ? Reseaux, n° 177(1), 163-196. https://doi. org/10.3917/res.177.0163 google scholar
  • Ryan, C., Hopkins, N., Ahluwalia-McMeddes, A., Dobai, A., Pehrson, S., & Reicher, S. (2023). On the google scholar
  • Misrecognition of Identity: Muslims’ Everyday Experiences in Scotland. Political Psychology, 44(4), 769-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12885 google scholar
  • Sevincer, A. T., Galinsky, C., Martensen, L., & Oettingen, G. (2023). Political Ideology Outdoes Personal Experience in Predicting Support for Gender Equality. Political Psychology, 44(4), 829-855. https:// doi.org/10.1111/pops.12887 google scholar
  • Simmel, G. (2009). Bireysellik ve kültür (T. Birkan, Çev.; 1. basım). Metis. google scholar
  • Soydaş, N. (t.y.). Teori ve uygulamalarla kurumsal iletişim hikayeleri (2021. bs). Mona. google scholar
  • Şan, E. (2022). Bernard Stiegler’in Teknoloji Felsefesi Problemleri: Algoritmik Yönetimsellik ve Bilişsel Proleterleşme. ViraVerita E-Dergi, 15, 105-135. https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1103061 google scholar
  • Teber, S. (2022). Politik psikoloji notları. Okuyanus. google scholar
  • Tegmark, M. (2021). Yaşam 3.0 (E. C. Göksoy, Çev.; 2. bs). Pegasus. google scholar
  • Turkle, S. (2005). The second self: Computers and the human spirit (20th anniversary ed., 1st MIT Press ed). MIT Press. google scholar
  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books. google scholar
  • Victoroff, J. I., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2008). Psychology of terrorism the best writings about the mind of the terrorist. Psychology. google scholar
  • Webb, A. (2019). The Big Nine: How the tech titans and their thinking machines could warp humanity. PublicAffairs. google scholar
  • Weiskopf, R., & Hansen, H. K. (2023). Algorithmic governmentality and the space of ethics: Examples from ‘People Analytics’. Human Relations, 76(3), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267221075346 google scholar
  • Zheng, J., & Chan, R. (2014). The impact of ‘creative industry clusters’ on cultural and creative industry development in Shanghai. City, Culture and Society, 5(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ccs.2013.08.001 google scholar
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Anıl Durmuşahmet 0000-0003-3601-188X

Publication Date November 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Durmuşahmet, A. (2023). Eleştirel Teori Perspektifinde Algoritmik Yönetimselliğin Siyasal İletişime Yansımaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. 4. BOYUT Medya Ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi(23), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.26650/4boyut.2023.1350789
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