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Bir Güvenlikleştirme Pratiği Olarak Terörizm Söylemi ve Etiketi: Eleştirel Terörizm Çalışmaları Perspektifinden Kavramsal Bir Analitik Çerçeve

Year 2023, Issue: 1, 96 - 146, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1252666

Abstract

Bu çalışmada söylemsel bir pratik olarak “teröristleştirme” retoriğinin, politik muhaliflerin meşruiyetini baltalamak amacıyla iktidarlar tarafından bir güvenlikleştirme stratejisi olarak kullanıldığı tartışması yapılmıştır. Makalenin teorik çerçevesi, siyasi liderlerin güvenlik konularını nasıl çerçevelediğini açıklamaya matuf bir kuramsallaştırma biçimi olan güvenlikleştirme teorisidir. Terörizmin nesnel bir gerçeklik fakat sosyal bir inşa olduğunu vurgulayan makale, terörizmin ontolojik güvenliğe bir tehdit oluşundan ötürü kamuoyunda etiketi alan kişilerin ne şekilde ve hangi amaçlar için itibarsızlaştırıldığına dikkat çekmeye çalışmaktadır. Terör teriminin istikrarsız doğası ve belirli tarihsel süreçlerdeki farklılaşan anlam dünyasına Eleştirel Terörizm Çalışmaları’nın yaklaşımlarına dayanarak vurgu yapan makale, politik elitlerin terörist etiketini kullanmasının arkasında yatan çıkarları ortaya koymak için okuyucuya kavramsal bir analitik çerçeve çizmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Makale, terörizmin politik olarak muhalifleri şeytanlaştırmak ve halk nazarında itibarsızlaştırmak amacıyla kullanılan aşağılayıcı bir etiket olduğunu öne sürerek, okuyucuya siyasal şiddet literatüründe kullanılan terimlere daima şüpheyle yaklaşarak eleştirel akıl süzgecinden geçirmesini teklif etmektedir.

References

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Terrorism Discourse and Label as a Securitization Practice: A Conceptual Analytical Framework From The Perspective of Critical Terrorism Studies

Year 2023, Issue: 1, 96 - 146, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1252666

Abstract

In this study, it is claimed that the rhetoric of “terroristization” as a discursive practice is used by governments as a securitization strategy in order to undermine the legitimacy of political opponents. The theoretical framework of the article is securitization theory, which is a form of theorizing aimed at explaining how political leaders frame security issues. Arguing that terrorism is an objective reality but a social construction, the article tries to draw attention to how and for what purposes people who take this label are discredited in public because terrorism is a threat to ontological security. Emphasizing the unstable nature of the term terrorism and the different meanings of the term in certain historical processes, based on the approaches of Critical Terrorism Studies, the article aims to draw the reader into a conceptual analytical framework to reveal the interests behind the use of the “terrorist” label by political elites. By arguing that terrorism is a derogatory label used to politically demonize and discredit dissidents, the article offers the reader critical scrutiny of terms used in the literature on political violence, always with skepticism.

References

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  • Ağkaya, Onur. 2018. “Eski Terörizm, Yeni Terörizm: 9/11 ve Eskimeyen Terörizm Söylemi.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20 (2): 275-298. DOI: 10.16953/deusosbil.333616
  • Appleby, Nicholas. 2010. “Labelling the Innocent: How Government Counterterrorism Advice Creates Labels That Contribute to the Problem.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 3 (3): 422-424. DOI: 10.1080/17539153.2010.521643.
  • Baele, Stephen J., Olivier C. Sterck, Thibaut Slingeneyer, Gregoire P. Lits. 2017. “What Does the ‘Terrorist’ Label Really Do? Measuring and Explaining the Effects of the ‘Terrorist’ and ‘Islamist’ Categories.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42 (5): 520-540. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2017.1393902.
  • Balzacq, Thierry. 2005. “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context.” European Journal of International Relations 11 (2): 171-201. DOI: 10.1177/1354066105052960.
  • Balzacq, Thierry. 2010. “A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions, and Variants.” In Securitization Theory How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, editör Thierry Balzacq, 1-30. London: Routledge.
  • Bartolucci, Valentina. 2010. “Analysing Elite Discourse on Terrorism and its Implications: The Case of Morocco.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 3 (1), 119-135. DOI: 10.1080/17539151003594269.
  • Baysal, Başar. 2022. “Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi.” Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik, derleyen Başar Baysal, 107-116. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Baysal, Başar ve Çağla Lüleci. 2015. “Kopenhag Okulu ve Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi.” Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 11 (22): 61-96.
  • Baysal, Başar ve Berk Esen. 2022. “Güvenlikleştirme ve Demokratik Gerileme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği.” Eleştirel Güvenlik ve Türkiye, derleyen Berk Esen ve Başar Baysal, 129-162. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Becker, Howard. 1973. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. 2nd ed. New York: The Free Press.
  • Beyribey, Tuncer. 2021. “Türkiye’de Terörle Mücadelenin Biyopolitikası ve Mediko-Politik Metaforlar (1973-1991).” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Beyribey, Tuncer. 2022. “Terörist Özneyi Tarihselleştirmek: İktidar İlişkileri Çerçevesinde Türkiye’de Terörizm Söyleminin İnşası (1973-1980).” Alternatif Politika 14 (3): 582-611. DOI: 10.53376/ap.2022.20.
  • Bhatia, Michael. 2005. “Fighting Words: Naming Terrorists, Bandit, Rebels and Other Violent Actors.” Third World Quarterly 26 (1): 5-22. DOI: 10.1080/0143659042000322874.
  • Bilgin, Pınar. 2022. “Güvenlikleştirmenin Çalışılmasının Siyaseti? Türkiye’de Kopenhag Okulu.” Eleştirel Güvenlik ve Türkiye, derleyen Berk Esen ve Başar Baysal, 17-40. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Bracic, Ana ve Amanda Murdie. 2020. “Human Rights Abused? Terrorist Labeling and Individual Reactions to Call to Action.” Political Research Quarterly 73 (4): 878-892. DOI: 10.1177/1065912919861154.
  • Breen-Smyth, Marie, Jeroen Gunning, Richard Jackson, George Kassimeris, Piers Robinson 2008. “Critical Terrorism Studies–an introduction.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (1): 1-4. DOI: 10.1080/17539150701868538.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Pub.
  • Campbell, David. 1998. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. revisited ed. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Connoly, William. 2002. Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Croft, Stuart. 2006. Culture, Crisis and America’s War on Terror. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Esra. 2020. “Assessing Terrorism as a Hegemonic Conception within the Context of Securitization.” Orta Doğu Etüdleri Dergisi 12 (2): 349-368. DOI: 10.47932/ortetut.720727.
  • Ditrych, Ondrej. 2014. Tracing the Discourses of Terrorism Identity, Genealogy and State. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Erlenbusch-Anderson, Verena. 2018. Genealogies of Terrorism: Revolution, State Violence, Empire. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Demir, Cenker Korhan. 2020. “Stratejinin Bakış Açısıyla Terörizm.” Strateji Düşüncesi: Kuram, Paradoks, Uygulama, derleyen Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu ve Ersen Aydınlı, 283-312. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Dillon, Michael. 1996. Politics of Security. London: Routledge.
  • Dixit, Priya. 2016. “Securitization and Terroristization: ‘Analyzing States’ Usage of the Rhetoric of Terrorism.” In State Terror, State Violence: Global Perspectives, editör Bettina Koch, 31-50. Wiesbaden: Springer.
  • D’Orazio, Vito ve Idean Salehyan. 2018. “Who is a Terrorist? Ethnicity, Group Affiliation, and Understandings of Political Violence.” International Interactions 44 (6): 1017-1039. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2018.1500911.
  • Emmers, Ralf. 2017. “Güvenlikleştirme.” Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları, editör Allan Colins, 131-145. Çeviri, Nasuh Uslu. İstanbul: Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Entman, Robert M. 2007. “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power.” Journal of Communication 57 (1): 163-173. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x.
  • Fisher, Kathryn Marie. 2015. “Spatial and Temporal Imaginaries in the Securitisation of Terrorism 1.” In Critical Perspectives on Counter-terrorism, editör Lee Jarvis and Michael Lister, 55-76. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Goffman, Erving. 2009. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Idendity. New York: Touchstone.
  • Gunning, Jeroen. 2007. “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Goverment and Opposition 42 (3): 363-393. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00228.x
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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science, International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ömer Çona 0000-0001-8277-105X

Early Pub Date May 17, 2023
Publication Date June 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Çona, Ömer. “Bir Güvenlikleştirme Pratiği Olarak Terörizm Söylemi Ve Etiketi: Eleştirel Terörizm Çalışmaları Perspektifinden Kavramsal Bir Analitik Çerçeve”. Diplomasi Ve Strateji Dergisi, no. 1 (June 2023): 96-146. https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1252666.

DSJ is the corporate publication of the Association for Diplomacy and Strategy Studies.