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Akışkan Gazetecilik: Belirsiz Dijital Medya Ekonomisinde Profesyonel Foto Muhabirliği Kimliğinin Dönüşümü

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 865 - 886, 22.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1085178

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Zygmunt Bauman’ın akışkan modernite yaklaşımı çerçevesinde foto muhabirliği kimliğinin dönüşümü incelenmiştir. Sürekli “değişimin” ve “belirsizliğin” baskın olduğu akışkan modernite, gazetecilik kurumunu derin bir biçimde etkilemektedir. Çalışmada, Mark Deuze’un Bauman’ın akışkan modernite yaklaşımından uyarladığı “akışkan gazetecilik” kavramı “akışkan foto muhabirliği” olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, gazeteciliğin belirsizlikle tanışmasına neden olan güçler incelenmektedir. Çalışmada, yeni medyaya geçişle birlikte geleneksel iş modelinin çöküşünün, foto muhabirliği emeğini nasıl etkilediği ele alınmaktadır. Aynı zamanda çalışmada, iş yaşamının bireyselleşmesinin yansıması olarak serbest çalışma modelinin foto muhabirliği kimliğini nasıl etkilediği incelenmektedir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmada “akışkan foto muhabirliği kimliği” teknolojik yöndeşme ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgu bilimin kullanıldığı çalışmada, geleneksel medyadan dijital medyaya geçişle birlikte, foto muhabirliği kimliğinin köklü bir dönüşümden geçtiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, dijitalleşmenin ekonomik sonuçları foto muhabirliği emeğinin dışsallaştırılmasına neden olmuştur. Serbest çalışma modeli, preker çalışma modelinin bir parçası olarak foto muhabirliği emeğinin bireyselleşmesine neden olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, teknolojik yöndeşmenin çalışma pratiklerini köklü bir biçimde değiştirmesi, profesyonel kimliği oluşturan sınırların silikleşmesine neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak foto muhabirliği kimliği, müphemleşmektedir.

References

  • Allan, S. (2007). Citizen journalism and the rise of “Mass Self-Communication”: Reporting the London bombings. Global Media Journal, 1(1), 1-20.
  • Bauman, Z. (2005). Liquid life. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2011). Akışkan Modern Dünyadan 44 Mektup (1 b.). (P. Siral, Çev.) İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017a). Akışkan Modernite. (S. O. Çavuş, Çev.) İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017b). Modernlik ve Müphemlik (3 b.). (İ. Türkmen, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018a). Akışkan Hayat. (A. E. Pilgir, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018b). Parçalanmış Hayat, Postmodern Ahlak Denemeleri (3 b.). (İ. Türkmen, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınlar.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018c). Bireyselleşmiş Toplum (4 b.). (Y. Alogan, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Risk Toplumu, Başka Bir Modernliğe Doğru. (B. Doğan, Çev.) İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2014). The brave new world of work. (P. Camiller, Çev.) Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
  • Boczkowski, P. (2005). Digitizing the news: Innovation in online newspapers. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Castells, M. (2004). The information city, the new economy, and the network society. F. Webster içinde, The information society reader (s. 150-155). London: Routledge.
  • Christensen, L. B., Turner, L. A., & Johnson, R. B. (2015). Araştırma Yöntemleri Desen ve Analiz. (A. Aypay, Çev.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Creech, B. & Mendelson, A. L. (2015). Imagining the journalist of the future: Technological visions of journalism education and newswork. The Communication Review, 18(2), 142-165.
  • Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Third Edition b.). Los Angeles: SAGE.
  • David, M. & Sutton, C. D. (2011). Social Research, An Introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Deuze, M. (2004). What is multimedia journalism? Journalism studies, 5(2), 139-152.
  • Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
  • Deuze, M. (2007). Media Work (Cilt E-book). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Deuze, M. (2008). The changing context of news work: Liquid journalism for a monitorial citizenry. International Journal of Communication, 2, 848-865.
  • Deuze, M. (2009a). Journalism, citizenship and digital culture. Z. Papacharissi içinde, Journalism and citizenship: new agendas in communication (s. 15-28). New York: Routledge.
  • Deuze, M., & Fortunati, L. (2011). Atypical newswork, atypical media management. M. Deuze içinde, Managing media work (s. 111-120). California: Sage.
  • Deuze, M. & Marjoribanks, T. (2009). Newswork. Journalism, 10(5), 555–561.
  • Glesne, C. (2013). Nitel Araştırmaya Giriş. (A. Ersoy, & P. Yalçınoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Hartley, J. (1996). Popular reality: Journalism, modernity, popular culture. London: Arnold.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heinrich, A. (2008). Network journalism: Moving towards a global journalism culture. In RIPE Conference: Public Service Media for Communication and Partnership.
  • Humprecht, E. & Esser, F. (2018). Mapping digital journalism: comparing 48 news websites from six countries. Journalism, 19(4), 500-518.
  • Jean Amar, P. (2009). Basın Fotoğrafçılığı (1 b.). (İ. Çınarlı, Çev.) İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Kantola, A. (2013). From gardeners to revolutionaries: The rise of the liquid ethos in political journalism. Journalism, 14(5), 606-626.
  • Koljonen, K. (2013). The shift from high to liquid ideals: Making sense of journalism and its change through a multidimensional model. NORDICOM Review: Nordic Research on Media and Communication, 34, 141-154.
  • Marín, G. S., Sanz, J.-L., & Vázquez, S. J. (2017). Journalistic Multi-Skilling in the News Agencies AFP, EFE, ANSA, and ACN. Blanquerna School of Communication and International Relations, 41, 157-172.
  • Maxwell, R. (2015). The Routledge companion to labor and media. New York: Routledge.
  • McKercher, C. (2002). Newsworkers unite: Labor, convergence, and North American newspapers. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Meijer, I. C. (2001). The public quality of popular journalism: Developing a normative framework. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 189-205.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendime Yöntemleri. (M. Bütün, & S. B. Demir, Çev.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Price, A. T. (2005). Digital Still Photography. S. Quinn, & V. F. Filak içinde, Convergent journalism an introduction: Writing and producing across media (s. 99-115). Oxford: Focal Press.
  • Rintala, N. & Suoalenen, S. (2005). The implications of digitalization for job descriptions, competencies and the quality of working life. Nordicom Review, 26(2), 53-67.
  • Romenesko, J. (2013). Georgia newspaper chain closes its photo department, tells reporters to take pictures. http://jimromenesko.com/2013/07/12/georgia-newspaper-chain-closes-its-photo-department-tells-reporters-to-take-pictures/ (Erişim tarihi: 30.03.2018).
  • Rublescki, A. (2011). ournalistic metamorphoses: readers and news sources as co-producers of contents in the liquid Journalism. Estudos em Comunicação, 10, 337-354.
  • Rublescki, A. & Da Silva, A. (2012). Liquid journalism: trends in amplification of the field. Brazilian Journalism Research, 8(11), 114-127.
  • Salmons, J. (2014). Qualitative online interviews: Strategies, design, and skills. California: Sage Publications.
  • Singer, J. B. (2003). “Who are These Guys? The online challenge to the notion of journalistic professionalism.”. Journalism, 4(2), 139-164.
  • Snape, D. & Spencer, L. (2003). The Foundations of Qualitative Research. J. Ritchie, & J. Lewis içinde, Qualitative Research Practice, A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers (s. 2-24). London: SAGE.
  • Venegas, K. M. & Huerta, A. H. (2010). Urban ethnography: Approaches, perspectives and challenges. M. Savin-Baden, & C. H. Major içinde, New approaches to qualitative research: Wisdom and Uncerainty (s. 154-161).
  • Waisbord, S. (2016). Crisis? What crisis? C. Peters, & M. Broersma içinde, Rethinking Journalism Again: Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Age (s. 205-215). London: Routledge.
  • Walker, D. (2007). Multimedia Revolution. Photo District News, 27(8).
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (13 b.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zelizer, B. (2011). Journalism in the service of communication. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 1-21.
  • Zelizer, B. (2015). Terms of choice: Uncertainty, journalism, and crisis. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 888-908.

Lıquıd Journalısm: The Transformatıon Of Professıonal Identıty Of Photojournalısm In The Uncertaın Dıgıtal Medıa Economy

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 865 - 886, 22.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1085178

Abstract

This study examines the transformation of photojournalistic identity within the framework of Zygmunt Bauman's liquid modernity approach. Liquid modernity, characterized by constant change and uncertainty, profoundly affects the journalistic institution. In the study, the concept of "liquid journalism", adapted by Mark Deuze from Bauman's “liquid modernity” approach, is conceptualized as "liquid photojournalism". In this context, the study digs into the forces that cause journalism to face uncertainty. Along with the transition to the new media, the study discusses how the collapse of the traditional business model affects photojournalistic labor. It also approaches how the freelance model -a reflection of the individualization of working life- affects the photojournalistic identity. In the study, using phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, it is concluded that the photojournalistic identity undergoes a radical transformation because of the transition from traditional media to digital media. According to the findings, the economic consequences of digitalization have led to the externalization of photojournalistic labor. The freelance model causes the individualization of photojournalism work as part of the precariat work model. However, technological convergence has radically changed working practices and blurred the boundaries of professional identity. As a result, the photojournalistic identity has become ambiguous.

References

  • Allan, S. (2007). Citizen journalism and the rise of “Mass Self-Communication”: Reporting the London bombings. Global Media Journal, 1(1), 1-20.
  • Bauman, Z. (2005). Liquid life. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2011). Akışkan Modern Dünyadan 44 Mektup (1 b.). (P. Siral, Çev.) İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017a). Akışkan Modernite. (S. O. Çavuş, Çev.) İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017b). Modernlik ve Müphemlik (3 b.). (İ. Türkmen, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018a). Akışkan Hayat. (A. E. Pilgir, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018b). Parçalanmış Hayat, Postmodern Ahlak Denemeleri (3 b.). (İ. Türkmen, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınlar.
  • Bauman, Z. (2018c). Bireyselleşmiş Toplum (4 b.). (Y. Alogan, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Risk Toplumu, Başka Bir Modernliğe Doğru. (B. Doğan, Çev.) İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2014). The brave new world of work. (P. Camiller, Çev.) Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
  • Boczkowski, P. (2005). Digitizing the news: Innovation in online newspapers. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Castells, M. (2004). The information city, the new economy, and the network society. F. Webster içinde, The information society reader (s. 150-155). London: Routledge.
  • Christensen, L. B., Turner, L. A., & Johnson, R. B. (2015). Araştırma Yöntemleri Desen ve Analiz. (A. Aypay, Çev.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Creech, B. & Mendelson, A. L. (2015). Imagining the journalist of the future: Technological visions of journalism education and newswork. The Communication Review, 18(2), 142-165.
  • Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Third Edition b.). Los Angeles: SAGE.
  • David, M. & Sutton, C. D. (2011). Social Research, An Introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Deuze, M. (2004). What is multimedia journalism? Journalism studies, 5(2), 139-152.
  • Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
  • Deuze, M. (2007). Media Work (Cilt E-book). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Deuze, M. (2008). The changing context of news work: Liquid journalism for a monitorial citizenry. International Journal of Communication, 2, 848-865.
  • Deuze, M. (2009a). Journalism, citizenship and digital culture. Z. Papacharissi içinde, Journalism and citizenship: new agendas in communication (s. 15-28). New York: Routledge.
  • Deuze, M., & Fortunati, L. (2011). Atypical newswork, atypical media management. M. Deuze içinde, Managing media work (s. 111-120). California: Sage.
  • Deuze, M. & Marjoribanks, T. (2009). Newswork. Journalism, 10(5), 555–561.
  • Glesne, C. (2013). Nitel Araştırmaya Giriş. (A. Ersoy, & P. Yalçınoğlu, Çev.) Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Hartley, J. (1996). Popular reality: Journalism, modernity, popular culture. London: Arnold.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heinrich, A. (2008). Network journalism: Moving towards a global journalism culture. In RIPE Conference: Public Service Media for Communication and Partnership.
  • Humprecht, E. & Esser, F. (2018). Mapping digital journalism: comparing 48 news websites from six countries. Journalism, 19(4), 500-518.
  • Jean Amar, P. (2009). Basın Fotoğrafçılığı (1 b.). (İ. Çınarlı, Çev.) İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Kantola, A. (2013). From gardeners to revolutionaries: The rise of the liquid ethos in political journalism. Journalism, 14(5), 606-626.
  • Koljonen, K. (2013). The shift from high to liquid ideals: Making sense of journalism and its change through a multidimensional model. NORDICOM Review: Nordic Research on Media and Communication, 34, 141-154.
  • Marín, G. S., Sanz, J.-L., & Vázquez, S. J. (2017). Journalistic Multi-Skilling in the News Agencies AFP, EFE, ANSA, and ACN. Blanquerna School of Communication and International Relations, 41, 157-172.
  • Maxwell, R. (2015). The Routledge companion to labor and media. New York: Routledge.
  • McKercher, C. (2002). Newsworkers unite: Labor, convergence, and North American newspapers. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Meijer, I. C. (2001). The public quality of popular journalism: Developing a normative framework. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 189-205.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendime Yöntemleri. (M. Bütün, & S. B. Demir, Çev.) Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Price, A. T. (2005). Digital Still Photography. S. Quinn, & V. F. Filak içinde, Convergent journalism an introduction: Writing and producing across media (s. 99-115). Oxford: Focal Press.
  • Rintala, N. & Suoalenen, S. (2005). The implications of digitalization for job descriptions, competencies and the quality of working life. Nordicom Review, 26(2), 53-67.
  • Romenesko, J. (2013). Georgia newspaper chain closes its photo department, tells reporters to take pictures. http://jimromenesko.com/2013/07/12/georgia-newspaper-chain-closes-its-photo-department-tells-reporters-to-take-pictures/ (Erişim tarihi: 30.03.2018).
  • Rublescki, A. (2011). ournalistic metamorphoses: readers and news sources as co-producers of contents in the liquid Journalism. Estudos em Comunicação, 10, 337-354.
  • Rublescki, A. & Da Silva, A. (2012). Liquid journalism: trends in amplification of the field. Brazilian Journalism Research, 8(11), 114-127.
  • Salmons, J. (2014). Qualitative online interviews: Strategies, design, and skills. California: Sage Publications.
  • Singer, J. B. (2003). “Who are These Guys? The online challenge to the notion of journalistic professionalism.”. Journalism, 4(2), 139-164.
  • Snape, D. & Spencer, L. (2003). The Foundations of Qualitative Research. J. Ritchie, & J. Lewis içinde, Qualitative Research Practice, A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers (s. 2-24). London: SAGE.
  • Venegas, K. M. & Huerta, A. H. (2010). Urban ethnography: Approaches, perspectives and challenges. M. Savin-Baden, & C. H. Major içinde, New approaches to qualitative research: Wisdom and Uncerainty (s. 154-161).
  • Waisbord, S. (2016). Crisis? What crisis? C. Peters, & M. Broersma içinde, Rethinking Journalism Again: Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Age (s. 205-215). London: Routledge.
  • Walker, D. (2007). Multimedia Revolution. Photo District News, 27(8).
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (13 b.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zelizer, B. (2011). Journalism in the service of communication. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 1-21.
  • Zelizer, B. (2015). Terms of choice: Uncertainty, journalism, and crisis. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 888-908.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Türkçe Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Fırat Adıyaman 0000-0002-4933-4082

Sibel Onursoy 0000-0002-6414-0454

Publication Date July 22, 2022
Submission Date March 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Adıyaman, F., & Onursoy, S. (2022). Akışkan Gazetecilik: Belirsiz Dijital Medya Ekonomisinde Profesyonel Foto Muhabirliği Kimliğinin Dönüşümü. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9(2), 865-886. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1085178