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Çocuklarda Empati Gelişiminin Desteklenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 201 - 223, 15.12.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışmada empatinin tanımları ve önemi tarihsel gelişiminden başlayarak sunulmuştur. Empatinin bileşenleri ve teorileri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Empati ile karıştırılan benzer kavramların ayırt edici özellikleri belirtilmiştir. Okul öncesi çocuklarda empatinin gelişimi ve desteklenmesine ilişkin ilgili literatür gözden geçirilmiş ve çocuklarda empatiyi etkileyen faktörler aile, okul ve nörogelişimsel olmak üzere üç boyutta incelenmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda empatinin doğumdan itibaren gelişmeye başladığı ve yeterli bir destekle gelişmeye devam ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuç ışığında aileler ve okullar için ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

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Supporting Empathy Development in Children

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 201 - 223, 15.12.2020

Abstract

In this study, definitions and importance of empathy were presented starting from its historical development. The components of and theories on empathy were explained in detail. The distinctive features of similar concepts confused with empathy were specified. The relevant literature on the development and support of empathy in preschool children was reviewed, and the factors affecting empathy in children were examined under three aspects: family, school, and neurodevelopmental. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that empathy starts to develop from birth and continue developing with an adequate support. In light of this result, relevant suggestions were presented for families and schools.

References

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  • Arkonaç, O. (1999). Psikiyatri Sözlüğü. [Dictionary of the psychiatry ]. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Aydın, O. (2015) Empati Bağlamında Çoklu Zekaya Yeniden Bakmak, In Kabapınar, Y. (Ed), Empatiyle gelişmek empatiyi geliştirmek çocuk ve empati (pp. 21-43). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
  • Barnett, M. A., & McCoy, S. J. (1989). The relation of distressful childhood experiences and empathy in college undergraduates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150(4), 417-426. doi:10.1080/00221325.1989.9914607
  • Barnett, M. A. (1990). Empathy and related responses in children. In N, Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.). Empathy and its development. (pp.146-163). Cambridge University Press
  • Bryant, B. K. (1990). Mental health, temperament, family and friends: Perspectives on children’s empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 245-270). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Brems, C., & Sohl, M. A. (1995). The role of empathy in parenting strategy choices. Family Relations, 44(2), 189-194. doi:10.2307/584808
  • Bolt, L. V., & Tellegen, S. (1995). The Connection between the reading of books and the development of sympathy and empathy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 14(3), 247-260. doi:10.2190/p4r8-kpkg-0b0c-r4lt
  • Cale, C. (2010), A case study examining the impact of adventure-based counseling on high school adolescent self-esteem, empathy, and racism (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1585
  • Cotton, K. (2001). Developing Empathy in Children and Youth, Retrieved from http://www.nwrel.org/spcd
  • Dadds, M.R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D.J., Frost, A.D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., & El Masry, Y. (2008). A measure of cognitive and affective empathy in children using parent ratings. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0075-4
  • Davis M. (1980). A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology ,10, 85-86.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.44.1.113
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167-184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
  • Davis, M. (1996) Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, Co: Westview Press
  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187
  • Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008). From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account. Development and Psychopathology, 20(4), 1053-1080. doi:10.1017/s0954579408000503
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience, 6(3), 3-14. doi:10.1080/21507740.2015.1047055
  • Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
  • Derman, M. T. (2013). Determining the empathic skill levels of children by their domestic factors. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1365-1382. doi:10.9761/jasss_588
  • Ditkowsky, A. (2018). For educators: How to build empathy and strengthen your school community. Retrieved from https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/resources-for-educators/how-build-empathy-strengthen-school-community
  • Dökmen,Ü. (1995). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık
  • Endersen, I. M., Olweus, D. (2001). Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R. (1980). Altruism and the assessment of empathy in the preschool years. Child Development, 51(2), 552-557 doi:10.2307/1129290
  • Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (1990). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Murphy, B.C. & Sheapard. S. (1997). The development of empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 73-116). New York: The Guilford Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Empathy and sympathy. In M. Lewis &J.M. Havilland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed, pp. 677-691). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eslinger, P. J. (1998). Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, 39(4), 193-199. doi:10.1159/000007933
  • Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children’s reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655-663. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.655
  • Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in six- and seven-year-olds. Child Development, 39(1), 133-145. doi:10.2307/1127365
  • Feshbach, N., & Kuchenbecker, S.Y. (1974, September). A three component model of empathy. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Concept of Empathy: Bond Between Cognition and Social Behavior, New Orleans, Louisiana
  • Feshbach, N. (1978). Studies of empathic behavior in children. Progress in experimental personality research, 8, 1-47 .
  • Feshbach, N.D. (1997). Empathy: The formative years. Implications for clinical practice. In A.C. Bohart & L.S. Greenberg (Eds.), Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy (pp. 33-59). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Feshbach, N. D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500207
  • Freud, S. (1958). Civilization and its discontents. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Gizem Nur Şakar 0000-0001-5696-0674

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Submission Date October 21, 2020
Acceptance Date December 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şakar, G. N. (2020). Supporting Empathy Development in Children. Gelişim Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 201-223.

Journal of Development and Psychology (JODAP)