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A Quantitative Approach: Hope Labor Among Turkish Female Bloggers

Year 2021, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 631 - 654, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.743774

Abstract

This study investigates the blogosphere in Turkey from a gendered perspective, focusing on how blogging reshapes women’s cultural and social environment. Based on a quantitative approach, a snowballing survey method is conducted, to explore the spaces within which women seek “self-realization,” “self-formation” and “publicity” in the digital world, particularly, through the practice of blogging. There are two main questions that undergird this project: “Do women, performing in social media, unintentionally become subjugated to a form of exploitation and alienation, as the literature on digital labor suggests?” “Is hope labor is influential in female bloggers’ blog usage and content writing? Research findings demonstrate that these women, while constructing their identities as bloggers, incorporate to the neoliberal restructuring of Turkey via articulation of blogging with the global market system. Although blogs provide employment opportunities and economic gains, main motivation behind women’s blogging practices remain to be self-realization and self-fulfillment, leaving hope labor less influential in blog writing. Traditional views like unemployed women participate to public sphere via blogging activities wriggling out of their inherited gender roles also remain to be an over determination since employed women feel more emancipated through blogging.

References

  • Alacovska, A. (2018). Hope labour revisited: Post-socialist creative workers and their methods of hope. In S. Taylor & S. Luckman (Eds.), The new normal of working lives: Critical studies in contemporary work and employment (pp. 41–63). London, UK: Palgrave.
  • Andrejevic, M. (2011). Surveillance and Alienation in the Online Economy. Surveillance&Society, 8(3), 278-87.
  • Allan, K. (2019). Volunteering as hope labour: the potential value of unpaid work experience for the un- and under-employed. Culture, Theory and Critique, 60(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1548300
  • Arcy, J. (2016). “Emotion work: considering gender in digital labor”. Feminist Media Studies 16(2):365-368.
  • Arıkan, A., & Bakla, A. (2011). Learner autonomy online: Stories from a blogging experience. Pp.240. In D. Gardner (Ed.), Fostering Autonomy in Language Learning. Gaziantep: Zirve University. Retrieved from http://ilac2010.zirve.edu.tr
  • Arvidsson, A. (2008). The ethical economy of customer coproduction. Journal of Macromarketing, 28 (4), 326-338.
  • Atikkan, Z. and Tunç, A. (2011). Blogdan al haberi: Haber blogları demokrasi ve gazeteciliğin geleceği üzerine. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Banet-Weiser, S. (2011). Branding the post-feminist self: Girls’ video production and YouTube forthcoming. In Mary Celeste Kearney (Ed.), Mediated girlhoods: New explorations of girls' media culture. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Bayraktutan-Sütçü, G. (2010). Blog ortamı ve Türkiye’de blogosferdeki akademik entelektüeller örneği. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing: A model for problem-solving. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 75-90.
  • Binkley, S. (2011). Psychological life as enterprise: Social practice and the government of neoliberal interiority. History of the Human Sciences, 24(3): 83–102.
  • Butler, J. (1997). The psychic life of power: Theories in subjection. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Cantek, F. (2011). Mutfakta Pişer, İnternete de düşer, Yemek blogları kadınlara neler vaad Ediyor? Kültür ve İletişim, 14(1): 9-36.
  • Chaffey, D. (2016). Global Social Media Research Summary 2016. Smart Insights (Marketing Intelligence) Ltd. Yorkshire, UK. Retrieved April 25, 2016. (http://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/newglobal-social-media-research/)
  • Chittenden, T. (2010). Digital dressing up: modelling female teen identity in the discursive spaces of the fashion blogosphere. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(4), 505-520.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2012). Women workers in Turkey: Global industrial production in Istanbul. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
  • Depeli, G. (2015). Kadın bloggerlar: Yeni dil, yeni kadınlık, yeni tartışmalar. Folklor/Edebiyat, 21(83).
  • Deuze, M. (2007). Media work. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
  • Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love: gender, social media, and aspirational work. Yale University Press.
  • Duffy, B. E. (2018). “Interview with Brooke Erin Duffy: love and aspirational labor in the creative industries” by Ergin Bulut. Journal of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Communication, Hacettepe University, 5(2), 302-309.
  • Eltantawy, N. (2013). From veiling to blogging: Women and media in the Middle East. Feminist Media Studies, 13(5), 765-769. 
  • Federici, S. (2012). Revolution at point zero: Housework, reproduction, and feminist struggle. Brooklyn: Common Notions.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Digital labour and Karl Marx. NY: Routledge.
  • Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Herring, S.C., I. Kouper, L.A. Scheidt and E.L. Wright (2004). Women and children last: the discursive construction of weblogs. Into the blogosphere: rhetoric, community and culture of weblogs, URL (consulted March 2016): http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/women_and_children.htm
  • Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated Content, Free Labor and the Cultural Industries. Ephemera 10(3/4), 267-284.
  • İlkkaracan, I. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Jarrett, K. (2016). Feminism, labour, and digital media: The digital housewife. New York: Routledge.
  • Jarrett, K. (2014). The relevance of ‘women’s work’: Social reproduction and immaterial labour in digital media. Television & New Media, 15(1), 14–29.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture. New York: NYU Press.
  • Jurkiewicz, S. (2018). Blogging in Beirut: An ethnography of a digital media practice. Bielefeld: Transcript-Verlag.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (Ed.). (1991). Women, Islam and the state. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.
  • Kasana, M. (2014). Feminisms and the social media sphere. WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly, 42 (3-4), 236-249.
  • Kılıç, A. (2008). The gender dimension of social policy reform in Turkey: Towards equal citizenship? Social Policy & Administration, 42, 487–503.
  • Kogacioglu, D. (2004). The tradition effect. Framing honor crimes in Turkey. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 15(2), 119-151.
  • Kuehn, K., & Corrigan, T.F. (2013). Hope labor: The role of employment prospects in online social production. The Political Economy of Communication, 1(1), 9-25.
  • Lazzarato, M. (1996). Immaterial labour. Trans. Paul Colilli & Ed Emory, in Paolo Virno & Michael Hardt (Eds.), Radical Thought in Italy (pp. 132-146). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Mackenzie, E. & McKinlay, A. (2020). Hope labour and the psychic life of cultural work. Human Relations. n/a, 1-23. DOI: 10.1177/0018726720940777
  • Marwick, A. E. (2013a). Status update: Celebrity, publicity, and branding in the social media age. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Marwick, A. E. (2013b). They’re really profound women, they’re entrepreneurs: Conceptions of authenticity in fashion blogging. Presented at the 7th International AIII Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM). Cambridge, MA.
  • Monaghan, G. & Tunney, S. (2010). Web journalism: A new form of citizenship? Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Nardi, B.A., D.J. Schiano, M. Gumbrecht and L. Swartz. (2004). Why we blog. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 47(12), 41–6.
  • Neff, G. (2012) Venture labour. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pahwa, S. (2014). At home in the network: Women’s digital and social mobility in Egypt on the Ground: New Directions in Middle East and North African Studies. (ed.) Edwards, Brian T. UK: Akkadia Press.
  • Parmaksiz, Yelsalı. P.M. (2012). Digital opportunities for social transition: Blogosphere and motherhood in Turkey. Fe Dergi 4(1), 123-134.
  • Pedersen, S. (2007). Women users' motivations for establishing and interacting with blogs (web logs). International journal of the book [online], 3(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v03i02/36502
  • Pedersen, S. & Macafee, C. (2007). Gender differences in British blogging. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communicaton, 12 (4), 1472-1492.
  • Pooley, J. D. (2010). The consuming self: From flappers to Facebook. In M. Aronczyk, & D. Powers, (Eds.), Blowing Up the Brand: Critical Perspectives on Promotional Culture (pp.71-89). NY: Peter Lang.
  • Rettberg, J. W. (2008). Blogging. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Saka, E. (2008, May). Blogging as a research tool for ethnographic fieldwork. Working paper presented to the EASA Media Anthropology Network e-seminar.19 May-1 June 2008. Retrieved from http://www.media-anthropology.net/ Sarıkaya, A. U. (2011). What is blogging: towards a definition? In A. Treske, U Önen, B. Büyüm, & I. A. Degim (Eds.), Theory on Demand #7: Image, Time and Motion New Media Critique from Turkey, Ankara (2003 – 2010) (pp.119-124). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Sifry, D. (2008). State of the Blogosphere, 2008, 22 September, URL (consulted March 2016): http://technorati.com/blogging/state-of-the-blogosphere.
  • Sim, M. A. (2017). Unveiling the secret stories: Conservative female blogosphere in Turkey. İleti-ş-im, Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, 26, 39-63.
  • Van Dijk, J & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The information Society, 19 (4), 315-326.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2006). “Writing the self: Of diaries and weblogs”. in S. Neef, J. van Dijk, E. Ketelaar (Eds.). Sign Here! Handwriting in the Age of New Media, (pp.116-133). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
  • Vaisman, C. L. (2016). Pretty in pink vs pretty in black: blogs as gendered avatars. Visual Communication, 15(3), 293–315.
  • Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2), 33-58.
  • Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. London: Pluto Press. We Are Social UK. Digital in 2018: World’s internet users pass the 4 billion mark. Accessed December 2, 2018. (https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018).
  • Yıldırım, A. (2015). Yeni medyanın okur-yazar kitlesi olarak blog yayıncılığı ve blogger'lar üzerine bir inceleme. Yeni Medya Çalışmaları II Ulusal Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. Kadir Has University. 513-533.
  • Zareie, A. (2013). From blog writing to self-consciousness: A study of Iranian bloggers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 66-71.

Türk Kadın Blog Yazarlarında Umut Emeği: Kantitatif Bir Bakış

Year 2021, Volume: 38 Issue: 2, 631 - 654, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.743774

Abstract

Bu çalışma Türkiye’deki blog dünyasını, blog yazmanın kadınların kültürel ve sosyal çevrelerini yeniden şekillendirme biçimlerine odaklanarak, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden inceliyor. Kartopu anket çalışması yöntemine dayanan çalışma, blog yazma pratiği doğrultusunda kadınların dijital dünyadaki “kendini gerçekleştirme”, “kendini bulma” ve “kamusallık” arayışlarına ışık tutuyor. Çalışmanın iki ana sorusu var: “Sosyal medyada özgürleşme (ekonomik veya sosyal) arayışı içerisinde olan kadınlar, dijital emek literatürünün iddia ettiği gibi sömürü ve yabancılaşmaya maruz kalıyorlar mı?” ve “Kadınların blog yazma ve kullanmalarında umut emeği etkili mi?” Bulgulara göre, kadınlar blog yazarı kimliklerini kurarken aynı zamanda blog yazma sayesinde girdikleri global pazar sistemiyle, Türkiye’nin neoliberal yeniden şekillenmesine de entegre oluyorlar. Bloglar ekonomik kazanç ve iş imkanları sağlasa da kadınların blog yazmasının ardındaki ana motivasyon, umut emeğini geride bırakarak kendini gerçekleştirme ve kendini tatmin etme dürtüsü olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. İşsiz kadınların blog yazma aktiviteleri ile içselleştirilmiş toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinden sıyrıldıklarını ve kamusal alana katıldıklarını öngören geleneksel düşünce de iş sahibi kadınların blog yazma sayesinde daha özgür hissettiklerinin ortaya çıkmasıyla bir genellemeden öte gidemiyor.

References

  • Alacovska, A. (2018). Hope labour revisited: Post-socialist creative workers and their methods of hope. In S. Taylor & S. Luckman (Eds.), The new normal of working lives: Critical studies in contemporary work and employment (pp. 41–63). London, UK: Palgrave.
  • Andrejevic, M. (2011). Surveillance and Alienation in the Online Economy. Surveillance&Society, 8(3), 278-87.
  • Allan, K. (2019). Volunteering as hope labour: the potential value of unpaid work experience for the un- and under-employed. Culture, Theory and Critique, 60(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2018.1548300
  • Arcy, J. (2016). “Emotion work: considering gender in digital labor”. Feminist Media Studies 16(2):365-368.
  • Arıkan, A., & Bakla, A. (2011). Learner autonomy online: Stories from a blogging experience. Pp.240. In D. Gardner (Ed.), Fostering Autonomy in Language Learning. Gaziantep: Zirve University. Retrieved from http://ilac2010.zirve.edu.tr
  • Arvidsson, A. (2008). The ethical economy of customer coproduction. Journal of Macromarketing, 28 (4), 326-338.
  • Atikkan, Z. and Tunç, A. (2011). Blogdan al haberi: Haber blogları demokrasi ve gazeteciliğin geleceği üzerine. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Banet-Weiser, S. (2011). Branding the post-feminist self: Girls’ video production and YouTube forthcoming. In Mary Celeste Kearney (Ed.), Mediated girlhoods: New explorations of girls' media culture. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Bayraktutan-Sütçü, G. (2010). Blog ortamı ve Türkiye’de blogosferdeki akademik entelektüeller örneği. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing: A model for problem-solving. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 75-90.
  • Binkley, S. (2011). Psychological life as enterprise: Social practice and the government of neoliberal interiority. History of the Human Sciences, 24(3): 83–102.
  • Butler, J. (1997). The psychic life of power: Theories in subjection. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Cantek, F. (2011). Mutfakta Pişer, İnternete de düşer, Yemek blogları kadınlara neler vaad Ediyor? Kültür ve İletişim, 14(1): 9-36.
  • Chaffey, D. (2016). Global Social Media Research Summary 2016. Smart Insights (Marketing Intelligence) Ltd. Yorkshire, UK. Retrieved April 25, 2016. (http://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/newglobal-social-media-research/)
  • Chittenden, T. (2010). Digital dressing up: modelling female teen identity in the discursive spaces of the fashion blogosphere. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(4), 505-520.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2012). Women workers in Turkey: Global industrial production in Istanbul. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
  • Depeli, G. (2015). Kadın bloggerlar: Yeni dil, yeni kadınlık, yeni tartışmalar. Folklor/Edebiyat, 21(83).
  • Deuze, M. (2007). Media work. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
  • Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love: gender, social media, and aspirational work. Yale University Press.
  • Duffy, B. E. (2018). “Interview with Brooke Erin Duffy: love and aspirational labor in the creative industries” by Ergin Bulut. Journal of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Communication, Hacettepe University, 5(2), 302-309.
  • Eltantawy, N. (2013). From veiling to blogging: Women and media in the Middle East. Feminist Media Studies, 13(5), 765-769. 
  • Federici, S. (2012). Revolution at point zero: Housework, reproduction, and feminist struggle. Brooklyn: Common Notions.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Digital labour and Karl Marx. NY: Routledge.
  • Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Herring, S.C., I. Kouper, L.A. Scheidt and E.L. Wright (2004). Women and children last: the discursive construction of weblogs. Into the blogosphere: rhetoric, community and culture of weblogs, URL (consulted March 2016): http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/women_and_children.htm
  • Hesmondhalgh, D. (2010). User-generated Content, Free Labor and the Cultural Industries. Ephemera 10(3/4), 267-284.
  • İlkkaracan, I. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
  • Jarrett, K. (2016). Feminism, labour, and digital media: The digital housewife. New York: Routledge.
  • Jarrett, K. (2014). The relevance of ‘women’s work’: Social reproduction and immaterial labour in digital media. Television & New Media, 15(1), 14–29.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture. New York: NYU Press.
  • Jurkiewicz, S. (2018). Blogging in Beirut: An ethnography of a digital media practice. Bielefeld: Transcript-Verlag.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (Ed.). (1991). Women, Islam and the state. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.
  • Kasana, M. (2014). Feminisms and the social media sphere. WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly, 42 (3-4), 236-249.
  • Kılıç, A. (2008). The gender dimension of social policy reform in Turkey: Towards equal citizenship? Social Policy & Administration, 42, 487–503.
  • Kogacioglu, D. (2004). The tradition effect. Framing honor crimes in Turkey. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 15(2), 119-151.
  • Kuehn, K., & Corrigan, T.F. (2013). Hope labor: The role of employment prospects in online social production. The Political Economy of Communication, 1(1), 9-25.
  • Lazzarato, M. (1996). Immaterial labour. Trans. Paul Colilli & Ed Emory, in Paolo Virno & Michael Hardt (Eds.), Radical Thought in Italy (pp. 132-146). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Mackenzie, E. & McKinlay, A. (2020). Hope labour and the psychic life of cultural work. Human Relations. n/a, 1-23. DOI: 10.1177/0018726720940777
  • Marwick, A. E. (2013a). Status update: Celebrity, publicity, and branding in the social media age. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Marwick, A. E. (2013b). They’re really profound women, they’re entrepreneurs: Conceptions of authenticity in fashion blogging. Presented at the 7th International AIII Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM). Cambridge, MA.
  • Monaghan, G. & Tunney, S. (2010). Web journalism: A new form of citizenship? Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Nardi, B.A., D.J. Schiano, M. Gumbrecht and L. Swartz. (2004). Why we blog. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 47(12), 41–6.
  • Neff, G. (2012) Venture labour. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pahwa, S. (2014). At home in the network: Women’s digital and social mobility in Egypt on the Ground: New Directions in Middle East and North African Studies. (ed.) Edwards, Brian T. UK: Akkadia Press.
  • Parmaksiz, Yelsalı. P.M. (2012). Digital opportunities for social transition: Blogosphere and motherhood in Turkey. Fe Dergi 4(1), 123-134.
  • Pedersen, S. (2007). Women users' motivations for establishing and interacting with blogs (web logs). International journal of the book [online], 3(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v03i02/36502
  • Pedersen, S. & Macafee, C. (2007). Gender differences in British blogging. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communicaton, 12 (4), 1472-1492.
  • Pooley, J. D. (2010). The consuming self: From flappers to Facebook. In M. Aronczyk, & D. Powers, (Eds.), Blowing Up the Brand: Critical Perspectives on Promotional Culture (pp.71-89). NY: Peter Lang.
  • Rettberg, J. W. (2008). Blogging. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Saka, E. (2008, May). Blogging as a research tool for ethnographic fieldwork. Working paper presented to the EASA Media Anthropology Network e-seminar.19 May-1 June 2008. Retrieved from http://www.media-anthropology.net/ Sarıkaya, A. U. (2011). What is blogging: towards a definition? In A. Treske, U Önen, B. Büyüm, & I. A. Degim (Eds.), Theory on Demand #7: Image, Time and Motion New Media Critique from Turkey, Ankara (2003 – 2010) (pp.119-124). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Sifry, D. (2008). State of the Blogosphere, 2008, 22 September, URL (consulted March 2016): http://technorati.com/blogging/state-of-the-blogosphere.
  • Sim, M. A. (2017). Unveiling the secret stories: Conservative female blogosphere in Turkey. İleti-ş-im, Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, 26, 39-63.
  • Van Dijk, J & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The information Society, 19 (4), 315-326.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2006). “Writing the self: Of diaries and weblogs”. in S. Neef, J. van Dijk, E. Ketelaar (Eds.). Sign Here! Handwriting in the Age of New Media, (pp.116-133). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
  • Vaisman, C. L. (2016). Pretty in pink vs pretty in black: blogs as gendered avatars. Visual Communication, 15(3), 293–315.
  • Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2), 33-58.
  • Terranova, T. (2004). Network culture: Politics for the information age. London: Pluto Press. We Are Social UK. Digital in 2018: World’s internet users pass the 4 billion mark. Accessed December 2, 2018. (https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018).
  • Yıldırım, A. (2015). Yeni medyanın okur-yazar kitlesi olarak blog yayıncılığı ve blogger'lar üzerine bir inceleme. Yeni Medya Çalışmaları II Ulusal Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. Kadir Has University. 513-533.
  • Zareie, A. (2013). From blog writing to self-consciousness: A study of Iranian bloggers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 66-71.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Melike Aslı Sim 0000-0001-5951-547X

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Submission Date May 28, 2020
Acceptance Date August 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 38 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sim, M. A. (2021). A Quantitative Approach: Hope Labor Among Turkish Female Bloggers. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(2), 631-654. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.743774


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