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TÜRKİYE'DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2017, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 89 - 110, 31.03.2017

Öznur Özdamar Eleftherios Gıovanıs

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.303307

Abstract

Çalışma, Türkiye’deki
bireylerin sağlık düzeylerini belirleyen faktörleri ampirik olarak
incelemektedir. Çalışma ayrıca mikro veri seti kullanarak Türkiye’de kapalı
ortam hava kirliliğinin sağlık üzerindeki rolünü araştıran ilk makale olma
özelliği ile de önem arz etmektedir. İlgili analizler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu
(TUİK) Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi (2006-2012) yatay kesit verileri
kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Yaş kohortları temelinde oluşturulan pseudo panel
verileri kullanılarak uygulanan yöntemlerden birincisi olan Uyarlanmış Probit
Sabit Etkiler Modeli ile, zamandan bağımsız değişen bölgesel karakteristiklerin
kontrolü ve böylece tahminlerdeki yanlılığın önlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İkinci
yöntem olan Rassal Etkiler Sıralı Logit Modeli de, ilk yöntemle elde edilen
sonuçların bu yöntemle de geçerli olup olmadığını görmek için uygulanmıştır.
Sosyoekonomik statü gibi fertlere ve hanehalklarına ait pek çok değişken
analize dahil edilmiştir. Bunlardan eğitim ile gelirin ve onları takiben
istihdam durumu ve medeni halin bireylerin sağlıklı olma hallerini etkileyen en
önemli iki faktör olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Kapalı ortam hava kirliliğine
ilişkin olarak, elektrik ve doğal gaz kullanımının kömür ve odun kullanımının
tersine sağlığı pozitif yönde etkilediği bulunmuştur. Çalışmadaki nihai
bulgular, eğitimde yeniden yapılandırma politikalarının, gelir eşitliğini
sağlayıcı politikaların, temiz hava koşullarını sağlamaya yönelik girişimlerin
sağlıklı bireylerin gelişiminde ve toplumdaki sağlık düzeyi eşitsizliklerinin
en aza indirgenmesinde önemli adımlar olabileceğini göstermektedir. 








Keywords

Sağlık düzeyi Pseudo-Panel sosyo-ekonomik statü kapalı ortam hava kirliliği

References

  • Achia, T.N.O., A. Wangombe, N. Khadioli (2010), “A Logistic Regression Model to identify key determinants of poverty using demographic and health survey data”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1), 38-46.
  • Adams, P., D.M. Hurd, L.D., A. McFaddenMerrill, T. Ribeiro (2003), “Healthy, Wealthy and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths Between Health and Socioeconomic Status”, Journal of Econometrics, 112(1), 3-56.
  • Aldwin, C, E. Greenberger (1987), “Cultural Differences in the Predictors of Depression”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(6), 789-813.
  • Auster, R., I. Leveson, D. Sarachek (1969), “The Production of Health: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Human Resources, 4(4), 411-436.
  • Barro, R., X. Sala-I-Martin (1995), Economic Growth, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Benzeval, M., J. Taylor, K. Judge (2000), “Evidence on the Relationship Between Low Income and Poor Health: Is the Government Doing Enough?”, Fiscal Studies, 21(3), 375-399.
  • Bloom, D.E., D. Canning, J. Sevilla (2004), “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach”, World Development, 32(1), 1-13.
  • Brooks-Gunn, J., G.J. Duncan (1997), “The Effects of Poverty on Children”, Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones, N. Rice (2004), “The Dynamics of Health in the British Household Panel Survey”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(4), 473-503.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones (2004), “Socioeconomic Status, Health and Lifestyle”, Journal of Health Economics, 23(5), 965-995.
  • Currie, J., R. Walker (2011), “Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E-ZPass”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 65-90.
  • Deaton, A. (1985), “Panel Data from Time Series of Cross-Sections”, Journal of Econometrics, 30(1), 109-126.
  • Deaton, S.A., H.C. Paxson (1998), “Ageing and Inequality in Income and Health”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 88(2), 248-253.
  • Deaton, A. (2001), “Inequalities in Income and Inequalities in Health” in F. Welch (ed.), The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 285–313.
  • Deaton, A. (2002), “Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth”, Health Affairs, 21(2), 13–30.
  • Doornbos, M.M. (2001), “Professional Support for Family Caregivers of People with Serious and Persistent Mental Illnesses”, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Service, 39(12), 38-45.
  • Etiler, N. (2016). “Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health and their Determinants in Turkey: A Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”, Turkish Journal of Public Health, 14(3), 152-166
  • Ettner, L.S. (1996), “New Evidence on the Relationship Between Income and Health”, Journal of Health Economics, 15(1), 67-85.
  • Fogel, R.W. (1994), “The Relevance of Malthus for the Study of Mortality Today: Long Run Influences on Health, Mortality, Labor Force Participation and Population Growth”, NBER Historical Working Paper No: 54, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. http://www.nber.org/papers/h0054.pdf
  • Frijters, P., J.P. Haisken-DeNew, M.A. Shields (2005), “The Causal Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from German Reunification”, Journal of Health Economics, 24(5), 997-1017.
  • Giovanis, E. (2014), “Relationship between Well-Being and Recycling Rates: Evidence from Life Satisfaction Approach in Britain”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 3(2), 201-214.
  • Grossman, M. (1972), The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, New York: NBER Books.
  • Grossman, M., R. Kaestner (1997), “Effects of Education on Health”, in J.R. Berhman, N. Stacey (ed.), The Social Benefits of Education, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 69-124.
  • Grossman, M., (2000), “Chapter 7: The Human Capital Model”, in A.J. Culyer, J.P. Newhouse (ed.), Handbook of Health Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1, 347-408.
  • Hajdu T., G. Hajdu (2015), “Reduction of Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being in Europe”, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 8(2014-35), 1-29.
  • Halliday, T.J., M. Park, (2009), “Household Size, Home Health Care and Medical Expenditures”, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics, Working Paper, No:200916.
  • Haveman, R., B. Wolfe, J. Spaulding (1991), “Child Events and Circumstances Influencing High School Completion”, Demography, 28(1), 133-158.
  • Herzer D., P. Nunnenkamp (2015), “Income Inequality and Health: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 9(2015-4), 1-57.
  • Husain M.J., (2010), “Contribution of Health to Economic Development: A Survey and Overview”, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 4(2010-14), 1-52.
  • Huston, A.C., V.C. McLoyd, C.T. Garcia Coll (1994), “Children and Poverty: Issues in Contemporary Research”, Child Development, 65(2), 275-282.
  • International Energy Agency (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2009 Review.
  • Janssen, N.A.H., J. Schwartz, A. Zanobetti, H.H. Suh (2002), “Air Conditioning and Source-Specific Particles as Modifiers of the Effect of PM10 on Hospital Admissions for Heart and Lung Disease”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 43–49.
  • Karaoglan, D., A. Tansel (2017), “Determinants of Obesity in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis from a Developing Country”, MPRA Paper No. 76250. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76250/
  • Kenkel, S.D. (1995), “Should You Eat Breakfast? Estimates form Health Production Functions”, Health Economics, 4(1), 15-29.
  • Kessler, R.C., J.B. Turner, J.S. House (1988), “Effects of Unemployment on Health in a Community Survey: Main, Modifying, and Mediating Effects”, Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 69-85.
  • Lercher P, G.W. Evans, M. Meis, W. Kofler (2002), “Ambient Neighborhood Noise and Children’s Mental Health”, Occupational Environment Medicine, 59(6), 380–386.
  • McConnell, R., K. Berhane, L.Yao, M. Jerrett, E.A. Gauderman, D. Thomas, J. Peters (2006), “Traffic, Susceptibility, and Childhood Asthma. Archives of Environmental Health 114(5), 766–772.
  • Oksuzyan, A., E. Crimmins, Y. Saito, A. O’Rand, J.W. Vaupel, K. Christensen (2010), “Cross-national comparison of sex differences in health and mortality in Denmark, Japan and the US”, European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 471-480
  • O’Neill, M.S., D. Loomis, V.H. Borja-Aburto (2004), “Ozone, Area Social Conditions, and Mortality in Mexico City”, Environmental Research, 94(3), 234–242.
  • Oosterlee, A., M. Drijver, E. Lebret, B. Brunekreef (1996), “Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children and Adults Living Along Streets with High Traffic Density”, Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 53(4), 241–247.
  • Or, Z. (2000), Determinants of Health Outcomes in Industrialised Countries: A Pooled, Cross-country, Time Series Analysis, OECD Economic Studies No. 30, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.
  • Ostro, B., R. Broadwin, S. Green, W.Y. Feng, M. Lipsett (2006), “Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in Nine California Counties: Results from CALFINE”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(1), 29-33.
  • Ozdamar, O., E. Giovanis (2014), Valuing the Effects of Air and Noise Pollution on Health Status in Turkey, SSRN Working Paper No: 2525824.
  • Pampel, F.C. (2003). “Declining Sex Differences in Mortality from lung Cancer in High-Income Nations”, Demography, 40, 45-65
  • Rieker, P.P., C.E. Bird (2005). “Rethinking Gender Differences in health: Why we need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives”, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(Special Issue II), 40-47
  • Rodriguez, E. (2001), “Keeping the Unemployed Healthy: The Effect of Means-tested and Entitlement Benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States”, American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), 1403–1411.
  • Rosenzweig, M. R., T.P. Schultz (1982), “Child Mortality and Fertility in Colombia: Individual and Community Effects”, Health Policy and Education, 2(3), 305-348.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1983), “Estimating a Household Production Function: Heterogeneity, the Demand for Health Inputs, and Their Effects on Birth Weight”, The Journal of Political Economy, 91(5), 723-746.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1991), “Who Receives Medical Care? Income, Implicit Prices, and the Distribution of Medical Services among Pregnant Women in the United States”, Journal of Human Resources, 26(3), 473-508.
  • Ross, C.E., J. Mirovsky (1995), “Does Unemployment Affect Health?”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(3), 230–243.
  • Salas, C. (2002), “On the Empirical Association between Poor Health and Low Socioeconomic Status at Old Age”, Health Economics, 11(3), 207-220
  • Schultz, T.P. (1984), “Studying the Impact of Household Economic and Community Variables on Child Mortality”, Population and Development Review, 10, 215–235.
  • Sen A. (1999), “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure”, The Economic Journal, 108 (446), 1–25.
  • Shima, M., Y. Nitta, M. Ando, M. Adachi (2002), “Effects of Air Pollution on the Prevalence and Incidence of Asthma in Children”, Archives of Environmental Health, 57(6), 529-535.
  • Sözmen, K., H. Baydur, H. Simsek, B. Ünal (2012), “Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Self Assessed Health in Turkey”, International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 73.
  • Strauss, J., Thomas, D. (1998), ‘Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 36(2), 766-817.
  • Suresh, Y., M.M. Sailaja Devi, V. Manjari, U.N. Das (2000), “Oxidant Stress, Antioxidants, and Nitric Oxide in Traffic Police of Hyderabad, India”, Environmental Pollution, 109(2), 321-325.
  • Thomas, D., J. Strauss (1997), “Health and Wages: Evidence on Men and Women in Urban Brazil”, Journal of Econometrics, 77(1), 159-185.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2012), Income and Living Conditions Survey Micro Data Set (Cross-Sectional), TURKSTAT, Ankara.
  • Van Praag, B., A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004), Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Van Vliet, P., M. Knape, J. De Hartog, N. Janssen, H. Hassema, B. Brunekreef (1997), “Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children Living Near Freeways”, Environmental Research, 74(2), 122-132.
  • Verbrugge, L.M. (1985), “Gender and health: an update on hypotheses and evidence”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26(3), 156-182.
  • Verbrugge, L.M., D.L. Wingard (1987), “Sex Differentials in Health and Mortality”, Women & Health, 12(2), 103-145.
  • Wilkinson, R.G. (1996), Unhealthy societies: The Afflictions of Inequality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Wilson, S.H., G.M. Walker (1993), “Unemployment and Health: A Review”, Public Health, 107(3), 153–162.
  • Wingard, D.L. (1984), “The Sex Differential in Morbidity, Mortality, and Lifestyle”, Annual Review of Public Health, 5, 433-458.
  • Waldron, I. (1985), “What do we Know About Causes of Sex Differences in Mortality? A review of the literature”, Population Bulletin of the United Nations, 18, 59-76.

BEING HEALTHY IN TURKEY: A PSEUDO-PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Year 2017, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 89 - 110, 31.03.2017

Öznur Özdamar Eleftherios Gıovanıs

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.303307

Abstract
















This study examines the
determinants of health status in Turkey. Moreover, this is the first study up
to date that explores the indoor air pollution as an additional factor of
health. The analysis relies on detailed micro-level data derived by the Turkish
Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) Cross Sectional Income and Living Conditions
Survey over the years 2006-2012. Using Pseudo-Panel Data, an Adapted Probit
Fixed Effects Model is applied to control for time invariant characteristics of
the regions, thereby eliminating potentially large sources of bias.
Furthermore, the Random-Effects Ordered Logit Model is applied for robustness
check. Various determinants, including individual and household characteristics,
such as socio-economic status, are examined. The findings show that income and
education are the most important socio-economic determinants of health followed
by the marital and employment status. Furthermore, estimations for the type of
fuel used for heating in dwelling as a proxy for indoor air pollution show that
individuals that use natural gas and electricity report higher levels of health
outcomes compared to those who use wood and coal. Overall, the findings point
out the importance of policies on the education reconstruction, income
distribution, clean environment, improvement of health status and reduction of
health inequalities.    

Keywords

Health status pseudo-panel socio-economic status indoor air pollution

References

  • Achia, T.N.O., A. Wangombe, N. Khadioli (2010), “A Logistic Regression Model to identify key determinants of poverty using demographic and health survey data”, European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1), 38-46.
  • Adams, P., D.M. Hurd, L.D., A. McFaddenMerrill, T. Ribeiro (2003), “Healthy, Wealthy and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths Between Health and Socioeconomic Status”, Journal of Econometrics, 112(1), 3-56.
  • Aldwin, C, E. Greenberger (1987), “Cultural Differences in the Predictors of Depression”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(6), 789-813.
  • Auster, R., I. Leveson, D. Sarachek (1969), “The Production of Health: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of Human Resources, 4(4), 411-436.
  • Barro, R., X. Sala-I-Martin (1995), Economic Growth, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Benzeval, M., J. Taylor, K. Judge (2000), “Evidence on the Relationship Between Low Income and Poor Health: Is the Government Doing Enough?”, Fiscal Studies, 21(3), 375-399.
  • Bloom, D.E., D. Canning, J. Sevilla (2004), “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach”, World Development, 32(1), 1-13.
  • Brooks-Gunn, J., G.J. Duncan (1997), “The Effects of Poverty on Children”, Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones, N. Rice (2004), “The Dynamics of Health in the British Household Panel Survey”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(4), 473-503.
  • Contoyannis, P., M.A. Jones (2004), “Socioeconomic Status, Health and Lifestyle”, Journal of Health Economics, 23(5), 965-995.
  • Currie, J., R. Walker (2011), “Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E-ZPass”, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 65-90.
  • Deaton, A. (1985), “Panel Data from Time Series of Cross-Sections”, Journal of Econometrics, 30(1), 109-126.
  • Deaton, S.A., H.C. Paxson (1998), “Ageing and Inequality in Income and Health”, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 88(2), 248-253.
  • Deaton, A. (2001), “Inequalities in Income and Inequalities in Health” in F. Welch (ed.), The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 285–313.
  • Deaton, A. (2002), “Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth”, Health Affairs, 21(2), 13–30.
  • Doornbos, M.M. (2001), “Professional Support for Family Caregivers of People with Serious and Persistent Mental Illnesses”, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Service, 39(12), 38-45.
  • Etiler, N. (2016). “Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health and their Determinants in Turkey: A Further Analysis of Turkish Health Survey”, Turkish Journal of Public Health, 14(3), 152-166
  • Ettner, L.S. (1996), “New Evidence on the Relationship Between Income and Health”, Journal of Health Economics, 15(1), 67-85.
  • Fogel, R.W. (1994), “The Relevance of Malthus for the Study of Mortality Today: Long Run Influences on Health, Mortality, Labor Force Participation and Population Growth”, NBER Historical Working Paper No: 54, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. http://www.nber.org/papers/h0054.pdf
  • Frijters, P., J.P. Haisken-DeNew, M.A. Shields (2005), “The Causal Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from German Reunification”, Journal of Health Economics, 24(5), 997-1017.
  • Giovanis, E. (2014), “Relationship between Well-Being and Recycling Rates: Evidence from Life Satisfaction Approach in Britain”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 3(2), 201-214.
  • Grossman, M. (1972), The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, New York: NBER Books.
  • Grossman, M., R. Kaestner (1997), “Effects of Education on Health”, in J.R. Berhman, N. Stacey (ed.), The Social Benefits of Education, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 69-124.
  • Grossman, M., (2000), “Chapter 7: The Human Capital Model”, in A.J. Culyer, J.P. Newhouse (ed.), Handbook of Health Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1, 347-408.
  • Hajdu T., G. Hajdu (2015), “Reduction of Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being in Europe”, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 8(2014-35), 1-29.
  • Halliday, T.J., M. Park, (2009), “Household Size, Home Health Care and Medical Expenditures”, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics, Working Paper, No:200916.
  • Haveman, R., B. Wolfe, J. Spaulding (1991), “Child Events and Circumstances Influencing High School Completion”, Demography, 28(1), 133-158.
  • Herzer D., P. Nunnenkamp (2015), “Income Inequality and Health: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 9(2015-4), 1-57.
  • Husain M.J., (2010), “Contribution of Health to Economic Development: A Survey and Overview”, Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 4(2010-14), 1-52.
  • Huston, A.C., V.C. McLoyd, C.T. Garcia Coll (1994), “Children and Poverty: Issues in Contemporary Research”, Child Development, 65(2), 275-282.
  • International Energy Agency (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Turkey 2009 Review.
  • Janssen, N.A.H., J. Schwartz, A. Zanobetti, H.H. Suh (2002), “Air Conditioning and Source-Specific Particles as Modifiers of the Effect of PM10 on Hospital Admissions for Heart and Lung Disease”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 43–49.
  • Karaoglan, D., A. Tansel (2017), “Determinants of Obesity in Turkey: A Quantile Regression Analysis from a Developing Country”, MPRA Paper No. 76250. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76250/
  • Kenkel, S.D. (1995), “Should You Eat Breakfast? Estimates form Health Production Functions”, Health Economics, 4(1), 15-29.
  • Kessler, R.C., J.B. Turner, J.S. House (1988), “Effects of Unemployment on Health in a Community Survey: Main, Modifying, and Mediating Effects”, Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 69-85.
  • Lercher P, G.W. Evans, M. Meis, W. Kofler (2002), “Ambient Neighborhood Noise and Children’s Mental Health”, Occupational Environment Medicine, 59(6), 380–386.
  • McConnell, R., K. Berhane, L.Yao, M. Jerrett, E.A. Gauderman, D. Thomas, J. Peters (2006), “Traffic, Susceptibility, and Childhood Asthma. Archives of Environmental Health 114(5), 766–772.
  • Oksuzyan, A., E. Crimmins, Y. Saito, A. O’Rand, J.W. Vaupel, K. Christensen (2010), “Cross-national comparison of sex differences in health and mortality in Denmark, Japan and the US”, European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 471-480
  • O’Neill, M.S., D. Loomis, V.H. Borja-Aburto (2004), “Ozone, Area Social Conditions, and Mortality in Mexico City”, Environmental Research, 94(3), 234–242.
  • Oosterlee, A., M. Drijver, E. Lebret, B. Brunekreef (1996), “Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children and Adults Living Along Streets with High Traffic Density”, Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 53(4), 241–247.
  • Or, Z. (2000), Determinants of Health Outcomes in Industrialised Countries: A Pooled, Cross-country, Time Series Analysis, OECD Economic Studies No. 30, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.
  • Ostro, B., R. Broadwin, S. Green, W.Y. Feng, M. Lipsett (2006), “Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in Nine California Counties: Results from CALFINE”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(1), 29-33.
  • Ozdamar, O., E. Giovanis (2014), Valuing the Effects of Air and Noise Pollution on Health Status in Turkey, SSRN Working Paper No: 2525824.
  • Pampel, F.C. (2003). “Declining Sex Differences in Mortality from lung Cancer in High-Income Nations”, Demography, 40, 45-65
  • Rieker, P.P., C.E. Bird (2005). “Rethinking Gender Differences in health: Why we need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives”, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(Special Issue II), 40-47
  • Rodriguez, E. (2001), “Keeping the Unemployed Healthy: The Effect of Means-tested and Entitlement Benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States”, American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), 1403–1411.
  • Rosenzweig, M. R., T.P. Schultz (1982), “Child Mortality and Fertility in Colombia: Individual and Community Effects”, Health Policy and Education, 2(3), 305-348.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1983), “Estimating a Household Production Function: Heterogeneity, the Demand for Health Inputs, and Their Effects on Birth Weight”, The Journal of Political Economy, 91(5), 723-746.
  • Rosenzweig, M.R., T.P. Schultz (1991), “Who Receives Medical Care? Income, Implicit Prices, and the Distribution of Medical Services among Pregnant Women in the United States”, Journal of Human Resources, 26(3), 473-508.
  • Ross, C.E., J. Mirovsky (1995), “Does Unemployment Affect Health?”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(3), 230–243.
  • Salas, C. (2002), “On the Empirical Association between Poor Health and Low Socioeconomic Status at Old Age”, Health Economics, 11(3), 207-220
  • Schultz, T.P. (1984), “Studying the Impact of Household Economic and Community Variables on Child Mortality”, Population and Development Review, 10, 215–235.
  • Sen A. (1999), “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure”, The Economic Journal, 108 (446), 1–25.
  • Shima, M., Y. Nitta, M. Ando, M. Adachi (2002), “Effects of Air Pollution on the Prevalence and Incidence of Asthma in Children”, Archives of Environmental Health, 57(6), 529-535.
  • Sözmen, K., H. Baydur, H. Simsek, B. Ünal (2012), “Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Self Assessed Health in Turkey”, International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 73.
  • Strauss, J., Thomas, D. (1998), ‘Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 36(2), 766-817.
  • Suresh, Y., M.M. Sailaja Devi, V. Manjari, U.N. Das (2000), “Oxidant Stress, Antioxidants, and Nitric Oxide in Traffic Police of Hyderabad, India”, Environmental Pollution, 109(2), 321-325.
  • Thomas, D., J. Strauss (1997), “Health and Wages: Evidence on Men and Women in Urban Brazil”, Journal of Econometrics, 77(1), 159-185.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2012), Income and Living Conditions Survey Micro Data Set (Cross-Sectional), TURKSTAT, Ankara.
  • Van Praag, B., A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2004), Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Van Vliet, P., M. Knape, J. De Hartog, N. Janssen, H. Hassema, B. Brunekreef (1997), “Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Chronic Respiratory Symptoms in Children Living Near Freeways”, Environmental Research, 74(2), 122-132.
  • Verbrugge, L.M. (1985), “Gender and health: an update on hypotheses and evidence”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26(3), 156-182.
  • Verbrugge, L.M., D.L. Wingard (1987), “Sex Differentials in Health and Mortality”, Women & Health, 12(2), 103-145.
  • Wilkinson, R.G. (1996), Unhealthy societies: The Afflictions of Inequality, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Wilson, S.H., G.M. Walker (1993), “Unemployment and Health: A Review”, Public Health, 107(3), 153–162.
  • Wingard, D.L. (1984), “The Sex Differential in Morbidity, Mortality, and Lifestyle”, Annual Review of Public Health, 5, 433-458.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Öznur Özdamar

Eleftherios Gıovanıs This is me

Publication Date March 31, 2017
Submission Date March 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 35 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdamar, Ö., & Gıovanıs, E. (2017). TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.303307
AMA Özdamar Ö, Gıovanıs E. TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. March 2017;35(1):89-110. doi:10.17065/huniibf.303307
Chicago Özdamar, Öznur, and Eleftherios Gıovanıs. “TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 35, no. 1 (March 2017): 89-110. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.303307.
EndNote Özdamar Ö, Gıovanıs E (March 1, 2017) TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 35 1 89–110.
IEEE Ö. Özdamar and E. Gıovanıs, “TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 89–110, 2017, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.303307.
ISNAD Özdamar, Öznur - Gıovanıs, Eleftherios. “TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 35/1 (March 2017), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.303307.
JAMA Özdamar Ö, Gıovanıs E. TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;35:89–110.
MLA Özdamar, Öznur and Eleftherios Gıovanıs. “TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 1, 2017, pp. 89-110, doi:10.17065/huniibf.303307.
Vancouver Özdamar Ö, Gıovanıs E. TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIKLILIK HALİ: BİR PSEUDO-PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;35(1):89-110.

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