Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 34 - 45, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1217345

Abstract

References

  • Akat,İ., Budak, G.C. ve Budak, G. (1997). İşletme Yönetimi. İzmir: Beta Publishing
  • Akçum, E. (2005). Examination of the effect of preschool education on the creativity and readiness for learning levels of 5-6 year old children. Master Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya.
  • Akçum, E. (2005). Examination of the effect of preschool education on the creativity and readiness for learning levels of 5-6 year old children. (PhD Thesis). Selcuk University, Institute of Social Sciences. Konya.
  • Aktamış, H. ve Ergin, Ö. (2007). Determining the relationship between scientific process skills and scientific creativity.Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education, 33(33), 11-23.
  • Altın, B. (2010). The relationship between organizational commitment and creativity of teachers working in primary education. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Maltepe University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating Creativity in Organizations: on Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do. California Manegement Review, 40(1), 39-58.
  • Aral, N., Gürsoy, F., & Köksal, A. (2001). Okul öncesi eğitimde oyun. İstanbul: Ya-Pa Publishing. Artut, K. (2004). Sanat Eğitimi Kurumları ve Yönetimleri. Ankara: Anı Publishing.
  • Cengiz, E., Acuner, T. ve Baki, B. (2006). Liderlerin Sahip Oldukları Duygusal Zekanın Örgütsel Yaratıcılık Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Model Önerisi. Journal of Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute, 7(1), 421-434.
  • Chang, W. C., ve Chiang, Z. H. (2008). A Study on How to Elevate Organizational Creativity in Taiwanese Design Organization. International Journal of Innovation Management, 12(4), 699-723.
  • Çakmak, A. (2005). Investigation of Six-Year-Old Village and Urban Children Attending Kindergarten According to Various Variables (Kırıkkale Case). (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
  • Davaslıgil, Ü. (2005). Erken Çocuklukta Üstün Zekâlı Çocuklara Uygulanacak Farklılaşmış Eğitim Programı. Müzeyyen Sevinç, (Ed.), New Approaches in Early Childhood Development and Education (p.120-150). İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications.
  • Dinç, H., & Göksoy, S. (2020). Technology leadership competencies of school principals. International Journal on Lifelong Education and Leadership, 6(1), 20-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijlel/issue/55906/714565
  • Emir, S. , Erdoğan, T. & Kuyumcu, A. (13-15 Eylül 2006). The Relationship Between Creative Thinking Levels and Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Turkish Language Teaching Students. 15th National Educational Sciences Congress, Muğla University Faculty of Education Muğla.
  • Eren, E. ve Gündüz, H. (2002). İş Çevresinin Yaratıcılık Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Bir Araştırma. Doğuş University Magazine, 5, 65-84.
  • Ersoy, L. (2021) “Relationships between creativity and entrepreneurship in visual arts students (Unpublished master's thesis). Nişantaşı University, Graduate School of Education, İstanbul.
  • Fidan, M. (2018). Examination of teachers' views on organizational creativity and managerial innovation in schools (Thesis No.518608)[PhD thesis, Hacettepe University]. National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education.
  • Gardner. H. (2004). Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı Zihin Çevreleri.(1st Edition). İstanbul: Alfa Publishing. Genç, N. (2005). Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
  • Gök, Adıgüzel Z. (2019), Examining the relationship between perceived organizational climate and teachers' organizational creativity and organizational cynicism levels. (Thesis No.607921) [Master's thesis, Siirt University Institute of Social Sciences]. National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education.
  • Güleryüz, H. (2001). Eğitim Programlarının Dili ve Yaratıcı Düşünme. Ankara: Pegem A Publishing.
  • Güven, Y. ve Doğanay-Koç, E. (2020). Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların yaratıcılık düzeyleri ile benlik algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 3, 1397.
  • Güven, Y. ve Kavuncuoğlu, M. K. (2020). Okul öncesi dönem çocukların yaratıcılık düzeyleri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Journal of Education Faculty, 2(1), 37.
  • Haşit, G . (2015). İşletme Başarısında Yönetsel Yaratıcılığın Rolü. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (8), . Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/dpusbe/issue/4750/65251
  • Kara, A. (2007). Teachers' views on the factors affecting the creativity levels of 5-6 year old children in preschool period.Unpublished master's thesis. Selcuk University, Konya.
  • Kara, A. (2007). Teachers' Views on the Factors Affecting the Creativity Levels of 5–6 Age Group Children in Preschool Period. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Selcuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya.
  • Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2018). ‘Are Mass and Weight the Same?’ Activity Developed based on Quantum Learning Model and Teachers’ Opinions.
  • Kılınç, K. (2019). Investigation of creative personality traits and emotional intelligence levels of preschool teacher candidates in terms of various variables.Master Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Koç, H. (2021). The effect of parent and teacher attitudes on creativity self-efficacy perceptions of primary school students (Unpublished master's thesis). Amasya University Institute of Social Sciences, Amasya.
  • Koşar, D. & Ceylan, Ö. Ö. (2015). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel yaratıcılığa ilişkin görüşleri, Uşak University Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 25-38.
  • Kwasniewska, J. ve Necka, E. (2004). Perception of The Climate For Creativity in The Workplace: The Role of The Level in The Organization and Gender. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(3), 187-196.
  • Meador, K.S.(1992).Emergin grain bows:areview of the literatüre on creativity. Journal for the Education of theGifted, 15(2). 163–81.
  • Oğuzkan, S., Demiral, Ö., ve Tür, G. (2001). Okul öncesinde yaratici çocuk etkinlikleri. İstanbul: Yapa Publications.
  • Okutan, M. (2012). Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetiminde Örnek Olaylar. Ankara, Pegem Yayınları.
  • Ömeroğlu, E., ve Turla, A. (2001). Okulöncesi dönemde yaratıcılık eğitimi ve desteklenmesi. Journal of National Education, 151, 49-53.
  • Özen, Y. (2012). Yaratıcı öğrenme. Gümüşhane University Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 231-256 Özerbaş, M. A. (2011). The effect of creative thinking learning environment on academic achievement and retention of knowledge. Journal of Gazi University Gazi Education Faculty, 31(3), 675-705.
  • Peters,T. J. ve Waterman, R. H. (1987). Yönetme ve Yükseltme Sanatı, Mükemmeli Arayış. (Translated by Elhuseyni, N.). Istanbul: Turkish Metal Industrialists' Union Publications.
  • Rıza, E.T. (1999), Yaratıcılığı Geliştirme Teknikleri. İzmir, Anadolu Printing press.
  • Runco, M. A. (1996). Personal creativity: Definition and development a lissues. New Directionsfor Child and Adolescent Development, 72, 3-30.
  • Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Wallas’ four-stage model of the creative process: More than meets the eye? Creativity Research Journal, 27 (4), 342-352.
  • San, İ. ve Güleryüz, H. (2004). Yaratıcı Eğitim ve Çoklu Zekâ Uygulamaları. Ankara: Artım Publicatons.67-105.
  • Sipahioğlu, O. (2020). Examining the phenomenon of creativity in graphic design and the factors affecting creativity (Unpublished master's thesis). Istanbul Arel University Graduate Education Institute, Istanbul.
  • Sungur, N. (1992). Yaratıcı düşünce. Ankara: Özgür Publishing.
  • Sungur, N. (1997). Yaratıcı Düşünce (2nd Edition). İstanbul: Evrim Publishing.
  • Şahin, F. (2014). Yaratıcılık Zekâ İlişkisi: Yeni Deliller. İlköğretim Online, 13, (4), 1516-1530.
  • Şahin, F., ve Danışman, Ş. (2017). Yaratıcı kişilik özellikleri ölçeği: Güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Karabuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7(2), 747-760.
  • Şimşek, M. Ş. (1996). Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Konya: Damla Printing House.
  • Tekin, M. (2008). Investigation of Creativity and Multiple Intelligence Fields among Secondary Education Students who do sports and those who do not.Master Thesis. Gazi University, Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Ankara.
  • Temizkalp, G. (2010). Creativity levels of teacher candidates. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Institute of Social Sciences, Burdur.
  • Torrance, E. P. (2002), The Manifesto: A Guide to Developing A Creative Career (FirstPublished). USA: Ablex Publishing.
  • Turla, A. (2004). Çocuk ve yaratıcılık (2. bs.), İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Tarihçesi. http://www.tfk.org.tr/tr/yayinlar.
  • Turla, A. (2004). Çocuk ve yaratıcılık (2. bs.), İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Tarihçesi. http://www.tfk.org.tr/tr/yayinlar.
  • Uğurlu, C. T. ve Ceylan, N. (2014). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Yaratıcılık ve Etik Liderlik Algılarının İncelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 96-112.
  • Ülgen, G. (1995). Eğitim Psikolojisi Birey ve Öğrenme. İstanbul: Bilim Publications.
  • Vural, T. C. (2008). Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitiminde Yaratıcı Düşünme: Yeni İlköğretim Programı Beşinci Sınıf Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretiminde Kullanılan Etkinliklerin Yaratıcılığı
  • Yalçın, B. (2013). Yaratıcı ve yenilik odaklı kültürel stratejinin iş dünyası açısından önemi ve yaratıcı birey teorisi. Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 2, 13.
  • Yasavur, H. (2013). Creative thinking skills in primary school 3rd grade life studies lesson, Frequency of use by teachers of activities suggested to teach students: Malatya Case (Unpublished master's thesis). İnönü University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Malatya.
  • Yıldırım, R. (1998). Yaratıcılık ve Yenilik. Sistem Publishing.

The Creativity Levels of Preschool Teachers

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 34 - 45, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1217345

Abstract

In this study, the creativity levels of preschool instructors employed in Denizli's central districts' public schools and institutions throughout the 2022–2023 academic year were examined. The study used a scanning model and was quantitatively conducted. Data from 324 preschool teachers were gathered using a convenience sampling technique. Preschool teachers have medium levels of creativity in terms of academic creativity, artistic creativity, and artistic performance. They were discovered to have a high level of creativity in the originality area but a low level in the scientific/mechanical area. In preschool teachers' ratings of creativity, boys considerably outperformed girls on the dimension of scientific/mechanical inventiveness. In the area of artistic performance, creativity perceptions revealed a strong and significant difference in favor of women. Whether they were young, middle-aged, or old, teachers' assessments of creativity had comparable traits.
There was a difference between preschool teachers with less seniority and those with more seniority when the artistic performance dimension of their judgments of creativity was explored, favoring those with less seniority. A difference was observed among the participants with 1–10 years of seniority and those with 11–20 years in terms of artistic inventiveness, favoring those with less seniority. When the preschool teachers' opinions of their own creativity were matched to their educational backgrounds, it was found that the graduate-degree holding teachers had greater perceptions of academic, scientific/mechanical, originality, and general creativity than the undergraduate teachers. It was determined that teachers with project experience have greater perceptions of creativity than those without project experience in the areas of academic, artistic performance, artistic inventiveness, and general creativity.
Keywords: Creativity, teacher, preschool, school.

References

  • Akat,İ., Budak, G.C. ve Budak, G. (1997). İşletme Yönetimi. İzmir: Beta Publishing
  • Akçum, E. (2005). Examination of the effect of preschool education on the creativity and readiness for learning levels of 5-6 year old children. Master Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya.
  • Akçum, E. (2005). Examination of the effect of preschool education on the creativity and readiness for learning levels of 5-6 year old children. (PhD Thesis). Selcuk University, Institute of Social Sciences. Konya.
  • Aktamış, H. ve Ergin, Ö. (2007). Determining the relationship between scientific process skills and scientific creativity.Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Education, 33(33), 11-23.
  • Altın, B. (2010). The relationship between organizational commitment and creativity of teachers working in primary education. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Maltepe University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating Creativity in Organizations: on Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do. California Manegement Review, 40(1), 39-58.
  • Aral, N., Gürsoy, F., & Köksal, A. (2001). Okul öncesi eğitimde oyun. İstanbul: Ya-Pa Publishing. Artut, K. (2004). Sanat Eğitimi Kurumları ve Yönetimleri. Ankara: Anı Publishing.
  • Cengiz, E., Acuner, T. ve Baki, B. (2006). Liderlerin Sahip Oldukları Duygusal Zekanın Örgütsel Yaratıcılık Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Model Önerisi. Journal of Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute, 7(1), 421-434.
  • Chang, W. C., ve Chiang, Z. H. (2008). A Study on How to Elevate Organizational Creativity in Taiwanese Design Organization. International Journal of Innovation Management, 12(4), 699-723.
  • Çakmak, A. (2005). Investigation of Six-Year-Old Village and Urban Children Attending Kindergarten According to Various Variables (Kırıkkale Case). (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
  • Davaslıgil, Ü. (2005). Erken Çocuklukta Üstün Zekâlı Çocuklara Uygulanacak Farklılaşmış Eğitim Programı. Müzeyyen Sevinç, (Ed.), New Approaches in Early Childhood Development and Education (p.120-150). İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications.
  • Dinç, H., & Göksoy, S. (2020). Technology leadership competencies of school principals. International Journal on Lifelong Education and Leadership, 6(1), 20-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijlel/issue/55906/714565
  • Emir, S. , Erdoğan, T. & Kuyumcu, A. (13-15 Eylül 2006). The Relationship Between Creative Thinking Levels and Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Turkish Language Teaching Students. 15th National Educational Sciences Congress, Muğla University Faculty of Education Muğla.
  • Eren, E. ve Gündüz, H. (2002). İş Çevresinin Yaratıcılık Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Bir Araştırma. Doğuş University Magazine, 5, 65-84.
  • Ersoy, L. (2021) “Relationships between creativity and entrepreneurship in visual arts students (Unpublished master's thesis). Nişantaşı University, Graduate School of Education, İstanbul.
  • Fidan, M. (2018). Examination of teachers' views on organizational creativity and managerial innovation in schools (Thesis No.518608)[PhD thesis, Hacettepe University]. National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education.
  • Gardner. H. (2004). Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı Zihin Çevreleri.(1st Edition). İstanbul: Alfa Publishing. Genç, N. (2005). Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
  • Gök, Adıgüzel Z. (2019), Examining the relationship between perceived organizational climate and teachers' organizational creativity and organizational cynicism levels. (Thesis No.607921) [Master's thesis, Siirt University Institute of Social Sciences]. National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education.
  • Güleryüz, H. (2001). Eğitim Programlarının Dili ve Yaratıcı Düşünme. Ankara: Pegem A Publishing.
  • Güven, Y. ve Doğanay-Koç, E. (2020). Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların yaratıcılık düzeyleri ile benlik algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 3, 1397.
  • Güven, Y. ve Kavuncuoğlu, M. K. (2020). Okul öncesi dönem çocukların yaratıcılık düzeyleri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Journal of Education Faculty, 2(1), 37.
  • Haşit, G . (2015). İşletme Başarısında Yönetsel Yaratıcılığın Rolü. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, (8), . Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/dpusbe/issue/4750/65251
  • Kara, A. (2007). Teachers' views on the factors affecting the creativity levels of 5-6 year old children in preschool period.Unpublished master's thesis. Selcuk University, Konya.
  • Kara, A. (2007). Teachers' Views on the Factors Affecting the Creativity Levels of 5–6 Age Group Children in Preschool Period. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Selcuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya.
  • Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2018). ‘Are Mass and Weight the Same?’ Activity Developed based on Quantum Learning Model and Teachers’ Opinions.
  • Kılınç, K. (2019). Investigation of creative personality traits and emotional intelligence levels of preschool teacher candidates in terms of various variables.Master Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Koç, H. (2021). The effect of parent and teacher attitudes on creativity self-efficacy perceptions of primary school students (Unpublished master's thesis). Amasya University Institute of Social Sciences, Amasya.
  • Koşar, D. & Ceylan, Ö. Ö. (2015). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel yaratıcılığa ilişkin görüşleri, Uşak University Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 25-38.
  • Kwasniewska, J. ve Necka, E. (2004). Perception of The Climate For Creativity in The Workplace: The Role of The Level in The Organization and Gender. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(3), 187-196.
  • Meador, K.S.(1992).Emergin grain bows:areview of the literatüre on creativity. Journal for the Education of theGifted, 15(2). 163–81.
  • Oğuzkan, S., Demiral, Ö., ve Tür, G. (2001). Okul öncesinde yaratici çocuk etkinlikleri. İstanbul: Yapa Publications.
  • Okutan, M. (2012). Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetiminde Örnek Olaylar. Ankara, Pegem Yayınları.
  • Ömeroğlu, E., ve Turla, A. (2001). Okulöncesi dönemde yaratıcılık eğitimi ve desteklenmesi. Journal of National Education, 151, 49-53.
  • Özen, Y. (2012). Yaratıcı öğrenme. Gümüşhane University Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 231-256 Özerbaş, M. A. (2011). The effect of creative thinking learning environment on academic achievement and retention of knowledge. Journal of Gazi University Gazi Education Faculty, 31(3), 675-705.
  • Peters,T. J. ve Waterman, R. H. (1987). Yönetme ve Yükseltme Sanatı, Mükemmeli Arayış. (Translated by Elhuseyni, N.). Istanbul: Turkish Metal Industrialists' Union Publications.
  • Rıza, E.T. (1999), Yaratıcılığı Geliştirme Teknikleri. İzmir, Anadolu Printing press.
  • Runco, M. A. (1996). Personal creativity: Definition and development a lissues. New Directionsfor Child and Adolescent Development, 72, 3-30.
  • Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Wallas’ four-stage model of the creative process: More than meets the eye? Creativity Research Journal, 27 (4), 342-352.
  • San, İ. ve Güleryüz, H. (2004). Yaratıcı Eğitim ve Çoklu Zekâ Uygulamaları. Ankara: Artım Publicatons.67-105.
  • Sipahioğlu, O. (2020). Examining the phenomenon of creativity in graphic design and the factors affecting creativity (Unpublished master's thesis). Istanbul Arel University Graduate Education Institute, Istanbul.
  • Sungur, N. (1992). Yaratıcı düşünce. Ankara: Özgür Publishing.
  • Sungur, N. (1997). Yaratıcı Düşünce (2nd Edition). İstanbul: Evrim Publishing.
  • Şahin, F. (2014). Yaratıcılık Zekâ İlişkisi: Yeni Deliller. İlköğretim Online, 13, (4), 1516-1530.
  • Şahin, F., ve Danışman, Ş. (2017). Yaratıcı kişilik özellikleri ölçeği: Güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Karabuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7(2), 747-760.
  • Şimşek, M. Ş. (1996). Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Konya: Damla Printing House.
  • Tekin, M. (2008). Investigation of Creativity and Multiple Intelligence Fields among Secondary Education Students who do sports and those who do not.Master Thesis. Gazi University, Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Ankara.
  • Temizkalp, G. (2010). Creativity levels of teacher candidates. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Institute of Social Sciences, Burdur.
  • Torrance, E. P. (2002), The Manifesto: A Guide to Developing A Creative Career (FirstPublished). USA: Ablex Publishing.
  • Turla, A. (2004). Çocuk ve yaratıcılık (2. bs.), İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Tarihçesi. http://www.tfk.org.tr/tr/yayinlar.
  • Turla, A. (2004). Çocuk ve yaratıcılık (2. bs.), İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Publications. Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Tarihçesi. http://www.tfk.org.tr/tr/yayinlar.
  • Uğurlu, C. T. ve Ceylan, N. (2014). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Yaratıcılık ve Etik Liderlik Algılarının İncelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 96-112.
  • Ülgen, G. (1995). Eğitim Psikolojisi Birey ve Öğrenme. İstanbul: Bilim Publications.
  • Vural, T. C. (2008). Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitiminde Yaratıcı Düşünme: Yeni İlköğretim Programı Beşinci Sınıf Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretiminde Kullanılan Etkinliklerin Yaratıcılığı
  • Yalçın, B. (2013). Yaratıcı ve yenilik odaklı kültürel stratejinin iş dünyası açısından önemi ve yaratıcı birey teorisi. Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 2, 13.
  • Yasavur, H. (2013). Creative thinking skills in primary school 3rd grade life studies lesson, Frequency of use by teachers of activities suggested to teach students: Malatya Case (Unpublished master's thesis). İnönü University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Malatya.
  • Yıldırım, R. (1998). Yaratıcılık ve Yenilik. Sistem Publishing.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Osman Titrek 0000-0001-8176-4958

Nihal Yılmaz 0000-0001-8772-7736

Özgür Özgüray 0000-0001-8772-7736

Early Pub Date December 31, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date December 11, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Titrek, O., Yılmaz, N., & Özgüray, Ö. (2023). The Creativity Levels of Preschool Teachers. International Journal on Lifelong Education and Leadership, 9(2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.25233/ijlel.1217345