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COVID-19, SICK BUILDING SYNDROME and STRESS

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 357 - 382, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.932805

Abstract

Sick building syndrome, which expressed as a series of common symptoms that are seen more frequently than expected by the residents or employees of a building, which are associated with the building, such as skin, respiratory system complaints, headache, fatigue, and concentration impairment, which cause discomfort in the person. The emergence of sick building syndrome symptoms causes psycho-social risk factors such as anxiety and stress as well as ergonomic risk factors.
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between sick building syndrome symptoms and stress and to draw attention to the symptoms that may be seen in those who stay in closed area for a long time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, with the general quarantine declaration initiated by the World Health Organization with the slogan of "stay at home" due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of these symptoms, which may occur in those living in closed area for a long time, will increase the stress as well as the global fear and anxiety affecting all individuals. The results of the research conducted with 259 shopping mall employees; it is understood that employees have symptoms of dry throat, runny nose, shortness of breath, and general muscle-joint pain, which are indicators similar to Covid-19 symptoms. In addition, it has been found that the symptoms of sick building syndrome seen in shopping malls increase the stress levels of employees (F: 55.769, p: 0.00).

References

  • Afshari R. (2020) Indoor air quality and severity of COVID-19: where communicable and non-communicable preventive measures meet. Asia Pacific Journal of Med Toxicology; 9: 1:
  • Ağca B. (2005). “İç Hava Kalitesi ve Hasta Bina Sendromu”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Sayı XVI, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ic- hava-kalitesi-ve-hasta-bina-sendromu.tr.mfa .
  • Aytaç S, Tüfekçi U. (2018). “Hasta Bina Sendromunun Azaltılmasında Ergonomik Önlemlerin Önemi”. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6 (ÖS: Ergonomi2017), 137–142
  • Azuma K, Ikeda K, Kagi N, Yanagi U, Osawa H.(2015). “Prevalence and risk factors associated with nonspecific building-related symptoms in office employees in Japan: relationships between work environment, indoor air quality, and occupational stress. Indoor Air. 25: 499–511
  • Barmark M. (2015). “Social Determinants of the Sick Building Syndrome: Exploring the Interrelated Effects of Social Position and Psychosocial Situation”. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol 25, No 5, 490-507.
  • Covid-19&Ergonomics:Wait, What?.(2020) Erişim adresi: https://www.assp.org/docs/default-source/psj-articles/cpjunkin_1220.pdf?sfvrsn=412a8c47_2 .Erişim tarihi: 10.04. 2021.
  • Covid-19 Dünyasında Kapalı Alanlar, Türk Toraks Derneği, webinar, https://www.toraks.org.tr/site/community/downloads/H_sRatkQOxEu7Zut (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021)
  • Demirarslan K.O, Başak S. (2018). “Hasta Bina Sendromu Kavramı Literatür Araştırması ve Çeşitli Mekânların İç Hava Kalitelerinin Karşılaştırılması”, Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 6(2), 190-201.
  • Dhungana P, Chalise M. (2020), “Prevelence of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms and its Associated Factors among Benk Employees in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal” International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12635 Epub 2020 Jan 22.
  • EPA, (1991), “Indoor Air Facts No.4, Sick Building Syndrome”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development (MD-56).
  • Ergonomics Tips for Working at Home|School of Education. (2020) media/ergonomics-tips-working-home. https://www.education.pitt.edu/news-and Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2021.
  • Ersoy A. (2010), “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Binasında Çalışma Ortam Koşullarının ve Hasta Bina Sendromu Öğelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
  • Gomzi M, Bobic, J. (2009), “Sick Building Syndrome: Do We Live And Work İn Unhealty Environment?”. Perıodicum Biologorum, Udc 57:61, Vol. 111, No 1, 79–84.
  • Gomzi M, Bobıc J, Radosevıc-Vıdacek B, Macan, J, Varnaı V. M, Mılkovıc-Kraus S, Kanceljak-Macan B. (2007), “Sick Building Syndrome: Psychological, Somatic, and Environmental Determinants”. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, Vol. 62, No. 3.
  • Gou, Z, Lau, S.S.Y. (2012), “A survey of sick building syndrome: Workplace design elements and perceived indoor environmental quality”, Journal of Facilities Management, 10(4): 256-265.
  • Günaydın M. (2013), “Hasta Hastaneler”, 28.Ankem Antibiyotik Ve Kemoterapi Kongresi, Antalya, 22-26 Mayıs, ANKEM Dergisi;27(Ek 2):64-68
  • Hocaoğlu Ç, Erdoğan A. (2020), “COVID-19 ve intihar”. Coşar B, editör. Psikiyatri ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.ss.35- 42.
  • Hosseini M. R, Fouladi-Fard R. F, Aali R. (2020), COVID-19 pandemic and sick building syndrome, Indoor and Built Environment, Volume: 29 issue: 8, page(s): 1181-1183, doi/full/10.1177/1420326X20935644
  • Karataş Z. (2020), “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Toplumsal Etkileri, Değişim ve Güçlenme”. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 3-17 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tushad/issue/54680/722406
  • Kubo T, Mızoue T, Ide R, Tokuı N, Fujıno Y, Mınh P. T, Shırane K, Matsumoto T, Yoshımura T. (2006), “Visual Display Terminal Work and Sick Building Syndrome – The Role of Psychosocial -Distress in the Relationship”. Journal of Occupational Health, 107-112.
  • Kiremit Y. B. (2018), Hasta Bina Sendromu Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerine Etkileri, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 11, Sayı 1, Haziran; 709-722
  • Kukec A, Dovjak M. (2014), “Prevention and Control of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)”. International Journal of Sanitary Engineering Research, Vol 8, No. 1, 16-40.
  • Lahtinen M, Huuhtanen P, Reijula K. (1998), “Sick Building Syndrome and Psychosocial Factors- A Literature Review”. Indoor Air, 4:71-80.
  • Lu H, Stratton CW,Tang YW. (2020), Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol; 92: 401–402.
  • McLellan RK, McCunney RJ. (1994), ‘Indoor air pollution’, in R.J. McCunney (ed.), A Practical Approach to Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Boston: Little Brown & Co.
  • Mendelson MB, Catano VM, Kelloway K. (2000), “The Role of Stress and Social Support in Sick Building Syndrome”. Work & Stress, Vol. 14, No. 2, 137-155.
  • Miskulin M, Matıc M, Benes M, Vlahovıc J. (2014), “The Significance of Pyshosocial Factors of the Working Environment in the Development of Sick Building Syndrome”. Journal of Health Sciences, 4(3), 136-142.
  • Morin CM, Carrier J, Bastien C, Godbout R. (2020), “Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(5), 654–657).
  • Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Matt GE.(2020), “Second hand and thirdhand smoke as potential sources of COVID-19”. Environ. Science Technology. 54: 3730–3732.
  • Nordström K, Norbäck D, Akselsson R. (1995),” Influence of indoor air quality and personal factors on the sick building syndrome (SBS) in Swedish geriatric hospitals”. Occup Environ Medicine. 52 (3):170-176. doi: 10.1136/oem.52.3.170.
  • Oodıth D, Parumasur SB. (2012), “The Impact of Sick Building Syndrome on Call Centre Agents Effectiveness”. Journal Economics and Behavioral Studies, Vol. 4, No. 9, 532-547.
  • Ooi PL, Goh, KT, Phoon MH, Foo SC, Yap HM. (1998), “Epidemiology of Sick Building Syndrome and its Associated Risk Factors in Singapore”, Occupation Environment Med., 55, 188-193.
  • Otlu M. (2012), “Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi Çalışanlarında Hasta Bina Sendromu Görülme Sıklığı Ve Etkileyen Faktörler”, Yayımlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Özyaral O, Keskin Y, Erkan F, Hayran O. (2006), “Nedeni Bilinmeyen Semptomların Ardındaki Hasta Bina Sendromu Olguları”.
  • TAF. Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 5 (5), 352-363.
  • Pauley SM. (2004), “Lighting fort he human circadian clock:recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue”, Medical Hypotheses 63, 588-596.
  • Rashid M, Zımrıng C. (2008), A review of the emprirical literatüre on the relationsships between indoor enviroment and stres in health care and Office settings: Problems and prospects of sharing evidence”. Enviroment and Behavior, 40,151-162.
  • Ricks DT. (1982), Sick houses, sick offices, Respir Ther 1982;12:59:62-6
  • Runeson-Broberg R, Norb€ack D. (2013), “Sick building syndrome (SBS) and sick house syndrome (SHS) in relation to psychosocial stress at work in the Swedish workforce”. International Arch Occup Environ Health, 86: 915–922.
  • Ryan CM, Morrow LA. (1992), ‘Dysfunctional buildings or dysfunctional people: an examination of the sick building syndrome and allied disorders’. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60: 2, 220–224
  • Sipahioğlu A, Dik B. (2020), “Çalışma Hayatında Yeni Düzen Evden Çalışma Modeline Yönelik Ergonomik Risk Analizi”. 2. Uluslararası Endüstriyel ve Çevresel Toksikoloji Kongresi, 18-25 Kasım 2020, Özet Bildiri Kitabı, http://www.etok.org/upload/Node/43351/files/IETOX_2020_Abstract_Book.pdf
  • Sarı O, Hoşbul T, Şahiner F. (2020), “Basic Epidemiological Parameters at the end of the 5th month of the COVID-19 Outbreak”. J Mol Virol Immunoloji 2020; 1(1): 67-80. doi: 10.46683/jmvi.2020.6
  • Sayın V, Bozkurt V. (2020), “Pandemide Küresel Kentte Yaşamak- İstanbul'un Covid-19 Deneyimi”, içinde, Covıd-19 Pandemisinin Ekonomik, Toplumsal Ve Siyasal Etkileri (editör: Demirbaş D., Bozkurt V., Yorgun S.)İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi, E-ISBN: 978-605-07-0729-8 DOI: 10.26650/B/SS46.2020.005
  • Smedbold Ht, Ahlen C, Unimed S, Nilsen AM, Norback D, Hilt B. (2002), “Relationships between Indoor Environments and Nasal Inflammation in Nursing Personnel”. Archives of Environmental Health, Vol:57(2):155-161.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics , Boston, Pearson.
  • Tarcan E. Varol Es. Ateş M. (2000), “Bina Kalitesi ve Sağlık İşletmelerinin Performansları Üzerine Etkileri”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt:5(4):95-121.
  • Thakur M, Boudewijns EA, Babu GR, van Schayck OC.(2020). “Biomass use and COVID-19: a novel concern”. Environ Res; 54: 5309–5310.
  • Tuncay EF, Koyuncu E, Özel Ş.(2020),” Pandemilerde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Psikososyal Sağlığını Etkileyen Koruyucu Ve Risk Faktörlerine İlişkin Bir Derleme”. Ankara Medical Journal, 2 :488-501
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COVİD-19, HASTA BİNA SENDROMU ve STRES

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 357 - 382, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.932805

Abstract

Bir binada yaşayanların ya da çalışanların beklenenden daha sık karşılaştığı, bina ile ilişkili olarak görülen solunum sistemi şikayetleri, halsizlik, baş ağrısı ve konsantrasyon bozukluğu, cilt hastalığı gibi kişide rahatsızlık veren bir dizi ortak belirti olarak ifade edilen hasta bina sendromu, günümüzde hemen her kapalı alanda kendini göstermektedir. Hasta bina sendromu semptomlarının ortaya çıkması, ergonomik risk faktörlerinin yanısıra, anksiyete ve stres gibi psiko-sosyal risk faktörlerine de neden olmaktadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, hasta bina sendromu semptomları ile stres ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve COVİD-19 pandemisi nedeniyle uzun süre kapalı alanlarda kalanlarda görülebilecek semptomlara dikkat çekmektir. Bu çalışmada, COVİD-19 pandemisi nedeniyle Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün “evde kal” sloganıyla başlattığı genel karantina ilanı ile kapalı alanlarda uzun süre yaşayanlarda ortaya çıkabilecek bu semptomların, tüm bireyleri etkileyen küresel korku ve endişenin yanısıra stresi daha da arttıracağının önemi de vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. 259 AVM mağaza çalışanı ile gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonuçları; çalışanlarda boğaz kuruluğu, burun akıntısı, nefes darlığı ve genel kas-eklem ağrısı semptomlarının görüldüğü, bunun da Covid-19 belirtilerine benzer göstergeler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca alışveriş merkezlerinde görülen hasta bina sendromu belirtilerinin çalışanların stres seviyelerini yükselttiği tespit edilmiştir (F: 55.769, p: 0.00).

References

  • Afshari R. (2020) Indoor air quality and severity of COVID-19: where communicable and non-communicable preventive measures meet. Asia Pacific Journal of Med Toxicology; 9: 1:
  • Ağca B. (2005). “İç Hava Kalitesi ve Hasta Bina Sendromu”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Sayı XVI, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ic- hava-kalitesi-ve-hasta-bina-sendromu.tr.mfa .
  • Aytaç S, Tüfekçi U. (2018). “Hasta Bina Sendromunun Azaltılmasında Ergonomik Önlemlerin Önemi”. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6 (ÖS: Ergonomi2017), 137–142
  • Azuma K, Ikeda K, Kagi N, Yanagi U, Osawa H.(2015). “Prevalence and risk factors associated with nonspecific building-related symptoms in office employees in Japan: relationships between work environment, indoor air quality, and occupational stress. Indoor Air. 25: 499–511
  • Barmark M. (2015). “Social Determinants of the Sick Building Syndrome: Exploring the Interrelated Effects of Social Position and Psychosocial Situation”. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol 25, No 5, 490-507.
  • Covid-19&Ergonomics:Wait, What?.(2020) Erişim adresi: https://www.assp.org/docs/default-source/psj-articles/cpjunkin_1220.pdf?sfvrsn=412a8c47_2 .Erişim tarihi: 10.04. 2021.
  • Covid-19 Dünyasında Kapalı Alanlar, Türk Toraks Derneği, webinar, https://www.toraks.org.tr/site/community/downloads/H_sRatkQOxEu7Zut (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021)
  • Demirarslan K.O, Başak S. (2018). “Hasta Bina Sendromu Kavramı Literatür Araştırması ve Çeşitli Mekânların İç Hava Kalitelerinin Karşılaştırılması”, Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 6(2), 190-201.
  • Dhungana P, Chalise M. (2020), “Prevelence of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms and its Associated Factors among Benk Employees in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal” International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12635 Epub 2020 Jan 22.
  • EPA, (1991), “Indoor Air Facts No.4, Sick Building Syndrome”, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development (MD-56).
  • Ergonomics Tips for Working at Home|School of Education. (2020) media/ergonomics-tips-working-home. https://www.education.pitt.edu/news-and Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2021.
  • Ersoy A. (2010), “Hacettepe Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Binasında Çalışma Ortam Koşullarının ve Hasta Bina Sendromu Öğelerinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
  • Gomzi M, Bobic, J. (2009), “Sick Building Syndrome: Do We Live And Work İn Unhealty Environment?”. Perıodicum Biologorum, Udc 57:61, Vol. 111, No 1, 79–84.
  • Gomzi M, Bobıc J, Radosevıc-Vıdacek B, Macan, J, Varnaı V. M, Mılkovıc-Kraus S, Kanceljak-Macan B. (2007), “Sick Building Syndrome: Psychological, Somatic, and Environmental Determinants”. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, Vol. 62, No. 3.
  • Gou, Z, Lau, S.S.Y. (2012), “A survey of sick building syndrome: Workplace design elements and perceived indoor environmental quality”, Journal of Facilities Management, 10(4): 256-265.
  • Günaydın M. (2013), “Hasta Hastaneler”, 28.Ankem Antibiyotik Ve Kemoterapi Kongresi, Antalya, 22-26 Mayıs, ANKEM Dergisi;27(Ek 2):64-68
  • Hocaoğlu Ç, Erdoğan A. (2020), “COVID-19 ve intihar”. Coşar B, editör. Psikiyatri ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.ss.35- 42.
  • Hosseini M. R, Fouladi-Fard R. F, Aali R. (2020), COVID-19 pandemic and sick building syndrome, Indoor and Built Environment, Volume: 29 issue: 8, page(s): 1181-1183, doi/full/10.1177/1420326X20935644
  • Karataş Z. (2020), “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Toplumsal Etkileri, Değişim ve Güçlenme”. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 3-17 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tushad/issue/54680/722406
  • Kubo T, Mızoue T, Ide R, Tokuı N, Fujıno Y, Mınh P. T, Shırane K, Matsumoto T, Yoshımura T. (2006), “Visual Display Terminal Work and Sick Building Syndrome – The Role of Psychosocial -Distress in the Relationship”. Journal of Occupational Health, 107-112.
  • Kiremit Y. B. (2018), Hasta Bina Sendromu Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerine Etkileri, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 11, Sayı 1, Haziran; 709-722
  • Kukec A, Dovjak M. (2014), “Prevention and Control of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)”. International Journal of Sanitary Engineering Research, Vol 8, No. 1, 16-40.
  • Lahtinen M, Huuhtanen P, Reijula K. (1998), “Sick Building Syndrome and Psychosocial Factors- A Literature Review”. Indoor Air, 4:71-80.
  • Lu H, Stratton CW,Tang YW. (2020), Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol; 92: 401–402.
  • McLellan RK, McCunney RJ. (1994), ‘Indoor air pollution’, in R.J. McCunney (ed.), A Practical Approach to Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Boston: Little Brown & Co.
  • Mendelson MB, Catano VM, Kelloway K. (2000), “The Role of Stress and Social Support in Sick Building Syndrome”. Work & Stress, Vol. 14, No. 2, 137-155.
  • Miskulin M, Matıc M, Benes M, Vlahovıc J. (2014), “The Significance of Pyshosocial Factors of the Working Environment in the Development of Sick Building Syndrome”. Journal of Health Sciences, 4(3), 136-142.
  • Morin CM, Carrier J, Bastien C, Godbout R. (2020), “Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(5), 654–657).
  • Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Matt GE.(2020), “Second hand and thirdhand smoke as potential sources of COVID-19”. Environ. Science Technology. 54: 3730–3732.
  • Nordström K, Norbäck D, Akselsson R. (1995),” Influence of indoor air quality and personal factors on the sick building syndrome (SBS) in Swedish geriatric hospitals”. Occup Environ Medicine. 52 (3):170-176. doi: 10.1136/oem.52.3.170.
  • Oodıth D, Parumasur SB. (2012), “The Impact of Sick Building Syndrome on Call Centre Agents Effectiveness”. Journal Economics and Behavioral Studies, Vol. 4, No. 9, 532-547.
  • Ooi PL, Goh, KT, Phoon MH, Foo SC, Yap HM. (1998), “Epidemiology of Sick Building Syndrome and its Associated Risk Factors in Singapore”, Occupation Environment Med., 55, 188-193.
  • Otlu M. (2012), “Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi Çalışanlarında Hasta Bina Sendromu Görülme Sıklığı Ve Etkileyen Faktörler”, Yayımlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Özyaral O, Keskin Y, Erkan F, Hayran O. (2006), “Nedeni Bilinmeyen Semptomların Ardındaki Hasta Bina Sendromu Olguları”.
  • TAF. Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 5 (5), 352-363.
  • Pauley SM. (2004), “Lighting fort he human circadian clock:recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue”, Medical Hypotheses 63, 588-596.
  • Rashid M, Zımrıng C. (2008), A review of the emprirical literatüre on the relationsships between indoor enviroment and stres in health care and Office settings: Problems and prospects of sharing evidence”. Enviroment and Behavior, 40,151-162.
  • Ricks DT. (1982), Sick houses, sick offices, Respir Ther 1982;12:59:62-6
  • Runeson-Broberg R, Norb€ack D. (2013), “Sick building syndrome (SBS) and sick house syndrome (SHS) in relation to psychosocial stress at work in the Swedish workforce”. International Arch Occup Environ Health, 86: 915–922.
  • Ryan CM, Morrow LA. (1992), ‘Dysfunctional buildings or dysfunctional people: an examination of the sick building syndrome and allied disorders’. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60: 2, 220–224
  • Sipahioğlu A, Dik B. (2020), “Çalışma Hayatında Yeni Düzen Evden Çalışma Modeline Yönelik Ergonomik Risk Analizi”. 2. Uluslararası Endüstriyel ve Çevresel Toksikoloji Kongresi, 18-25 Kasım 2020, Özet Bildiri Kitabı, http://www.etok.org/upload/Node/43351/files/IETOX_2020_Abstract_Book.pdf
  • Sarı O, Hoşbul T, Şahiner F. (2020), “Basic Epidemiological Parameters at the end of the 5th month of the COVID-19 Outbreak”. J Mol Virol Immunoloji 2020; 1(1): 67-80. doi: 10.46683/jmvi.2020.6
  • Sayın V, Bozkurt V. (2020), “Pandemide Küresel Kentte Yaşamak- İstanbul'un Covid-19 Deneyimi”, içinde, Covıd-19 Pandemisinin Ekonomik, Toplumsal Ve Siyasal Etkileri (editör: Demirbaş D., Bozkurt V., Yorgun S.)İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi, E-ISBN: 978-605-07-0729-8 DOI: 10.26650/B/SS46.2020.005
  • Smedbold Ht, Ahlen C, Unimed S, Nilsen AM, Norback D, Hilt B. (2002), “Relationships between Indoor Environments and Nasal Inflammation in Nursing Personnel”. Archives of Environmental Health, Vol:57(2):155-161.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics , Boston, Pearson.
  • Tarcan E. Varol Es. Ateş M. (2000), “Bina Kalitesi ve Sağlık İşletmelerinin Performansları Üzerine Etkileri”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt:5(4):95-121.
  • Thakur M, Boudewijns EA, Babu GR, van Schayck OC.(2020). “Biomass use and COVID-19: a novel concern”. Environ Res; 54: 5309–5310.
  • Tuncay EF, Koyuncu E, Özel Ş.(2020),” Pandemilerde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Psikososyal Sağlığını Etkileyen Koruyucu Ve Risk Faktörlerine İlişkin Bir Derleme”. Ankara Medical Journal, 2 :488-501
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gizem Akalp 0000-0001-7412-9112

Oğuz Başol 0000-0002-7523-4544

Serpil Aytaç 0000-0001-6659-4639

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date May 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akalp, G., Başol, O., & Aytaç, S. (2021). COVİD-19, HASTA BİNA SENDROMU ve STRES. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 14(2), 357-382. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.932805

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