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The Effect of Macroeconomic Performance Indicators on Corruption

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 2116 - 2137, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.736744

Abstract

Corruption, defined as “abuse of public power for private interests” is a concept with economic, political, legal and socio-cultural determinants. Measurement of corruption, which differs from country to country, is not possible, but perception of corruption can be measured. The purpose of the study is to test only the determinants of the economic determinants' relationship with corruption. In this context, the impact of macroeconomic performance indicators on corruption in APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) countries for the period of 2001-2017 was analyzed by the panel-ordered qualitative preference method. Macroeconomic performance indicators are determined as growth, inflation, unemployment, income inequality and openness, and the openness variable is defined by the commercial globalization index. Corruption perception index is dependent variable and the highest value of the index is 0 and the lowest value is 10. Since the corruption perception index used as a dependent variable is an ordered variable, ordered qualitative preference models are used. According to the findings obtained as a result of econometric analysis, as the per capita GDP and commercial globalization index increases, the corruption index also increases, in other words, the corruption decreases. As the inflation rate and Gini coefficient (income inequality) increase, the corruption index decreases and corruption increases. As the unemployment rate increases, the corruption index first increases (corruption decreases), then decreases (corruption increases). It is concluded that macroeconomic performance indicators are more effective at lower levels of corruption and is higher likely to effect the lower level of corruption. Therefore, it has been revealed that corruption will decrease in countries that can increase the income level and reduce the unemployment by ensuring its fair distribution, increase the degree of integration with the world economy and keep the inflation rate low.

References

  • Ades, A. ve Di Tella, R. (1997). The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results. Political Studies, XLV, 496-515. Akça, H., Ata, A. Y. ve Karaca, C. (2012). Inflation and Corruption Relationship: Evidence from Panel Data in Developed and Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(3), 281-295. Akçay, S. (2000). Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15. Algan, N., Aktakas, B. G. ve Tekin, İ. (2014). Toplumsal Bir Mesele Olarak Yolsuzluk ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 1-10. Ata, A. Yılmaz ve Arvas, M. Akif (2011). Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Data Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 161-169. Bai, J., Jayachandran, S., Malesky, E.J. ve Olken, B.A. (2013). Does Economic Growth Reduce Corruption? Theory and Evidence from Vietnam. NBER Working Paper No. 19483, 1-56. Bayar, G. (2010). Türkiye’de Yolsuzluk-Ekonometrik Bir İnceleme. Erciyes Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 28, 105-131. Braun, M. ve Di Tella, R. (2004). Inflation, Inflation Variability, and Corruption. Economics & Politics, 16(1), 77-100. Broadman, Harry G. ve Recanatini, F. (2000). Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?. MOCT-MOST, 11, 359–392. Brown, Steven F. ve Shackman, J. (2007). Corruption and Related Socioeconomic Factors: A Time Series Study. Kyklos, 60(3), 319-347. Campante, Filipe R., Chor, D. ve Do, Quoch-Anh (2009). Instability and the Incentives for Corruption. Economics and Politics, 21(1), 42-92. Campbell, N. ve Saha, S. (2013). Corruption, Democracy and Asia-Pacific Countries. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18(2), 290-303. Chowdhury, S.K. (2004). The Effect of Democracy and Press Freedom on Corruption: An Empirical Test. Economics Letters, 85, 93–101. Damania, R., Fredriksson, Per G. ve Mani, M. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Regulatory Compliance Failures: Theory and Evidence. Public Choice, 12, 363–390. Dong, B. ve Torgler, B. (2011). Democracy, Property Rights, Income Equality and Corruption. Nota dı Lavoro, 1-23. Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus., J. ve Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth. International Political Science Review, 27(2), 121–136. Elbahnasavy, Nasr G. ve Revier, Charles F. (2012). The Determinants of Corruption: Cross-Country-Panel Data Analysis. The Developing Economies, 50(4), 311-33. Erkan, B. ve Kara, O. (2011). Yolsuzluk ve Yoksulluk Göstergeleri Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. 12th International Symposium on Econometrics Statistics and Operatıons Research, May 26-29 2011 Denizli-TURKEY. Evrensel, A. (2010). Institutional and Economic Determinants of Corruption: A Cross-Section Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 17, 551–554. Frechette, G. R. (2001). An Empirical Investigation of the Determinants of Corruption: Rent, Competition, and Income Revisited. Paper Presented at the 2001 Canadian Economic Association Meeting. Gatti, R. (2004). Explaining Corruption: Are Open Countries Less Corrupt?. Journal of International Development, 16(6), 851-861. Gerni, M., Emsen, Ö. S., Özdemir, D. ve Buzdağlı, Ö. (2012). Yolsuzluğun Belirleyicileri ve Büyüme ile İlişkileri. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 131-139. Getz, Kathleen A. ve Volkema, Roger J. (2001). Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes. Business and Society, 40(1), 7-30. Goel, Rajeev K., ve Nelson, Michael A. (2005). Economic Freedom Versus Political Freedom: Cross-Country Influences on Corruption. Australian Economic Papers, 44(2), 121-133. Goldsmith, Arthur A. (1999). Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of Political Corruption in Emerging Market. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 865-883. Graeff, P., ve Mehlkop, G. (2003). The Impacts of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 605-620. Güvel, E. Alper ve Ata, A. Yılmaz (2011). Yolsuzluğun Sosyo-Politik Dinamikleri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 44(1), 155-185. Husted, B.R. (1999). Wealth, Culture, and Corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339-359. Karluk, R.S. ve Ünal, U. (2017). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yoksulluk, Yolsuzluk Ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi. MPRA Paper No. 70118, 1-21. Knack, S. ve Azfar, O. (2003). Trade Intensity, Country Size and Corruption. Economics of Governance, 4(1), 1-18. KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2020). https://kof.ethz.ch/ Konu, A. ve Ata, A.Y. (2016). Yolsuzluk ve Ekonomik Özgürlük İlişkisi: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Yatay Kesit Analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 195-207. Kolstad, I. ve Wiig, A. (2015). Does Democracy Reduce Corruption?. Democratization, 23(7), 1198–1215. Kotera, G., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Government Size, Democracy, and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation. Economic Modelling, 29, 2340–2348. Lederman, D., Loayza N. ve Soares Rodrigo R. (2005). Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter. Economics and Politics, 17(1), 1-35. Maajed, Muhammad T. (2014). Corruption and Trade. Journal of Economic Integration, 29(4), 759-782. Miguelez, J.L. (2017). Corruption, Inflation, And Income Distribution in Transition Economies: The Balkan Religion. Master Thesis, University of Macedonia. Montinola, Gabriella R. ve Jackman, Robert W. (2002). Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study. British Journal of Political Science, 32(1), 147-170. Özcan, B. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluğun Ekonomik Belirleyenleri: Panel Veri Analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 253-282. Paldam, M. (2001). Journal of Economics Library. KYKLOS, 54, 383-414. Paldam, M. (2002). The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and The Seesaw Dynamics. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2), 215-240. Pellegrini, L., ve Gerlah, R. (2008). Causes of Corruption: A Survey of Cross-Country Analyses and Extended Results. Economics of Governance, 9(3), 245-263. Persson, T., Tabellini, G. ve Trebbi, F. (2001). Electoral Rules and Corruption. NBER Working Paper, No.8154. Peyton, K. ve Belasen, A. R. (2012). Corruption in Emerging and Developing Economies: Evidence from a Pooled Cross-Section. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(2), 29-43. Rehman, Hafeez U. ve Naveed, A. (2007). Determinants of Corruption and its Relation to GDP (A Panel Study). Journal of Political Studies, 12, 27‐59. Rock, M. T. (2007). Corruption and Democracy. DESA Working paper, 55, 1-18. Rock, Michael T. (2009). Corruption and Democracy. Journal of Development Studies, 45(1), 55-75. Saha, S. ve Su, Jen-Je (2012). Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis. Economic Analysis & Policy, 42(3), 389-396. Saha, S. (2008). Democracy and Corruption: An Empirical Analysis in a Cross-Country Framework. New Zealand Association of Economist Annual Conference, Wellington, 9-11 July 2008. Saha, S., Gounder, R. ve Su, Jen-Je (2009). The Interaction Effect of Economic Freedom and Democracy on Corruption: A panel Cross-Country Analysis. Economics Letters, 105(2), 173- 176. Sandholtz, W. ve Koetzle, W. (2000). Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade. International Studies Quarterly, 44, 31–50. Sarvar, S. ve Pervaiz, K. M. (2013). An Empirical Investigation Between Trade Liberalization And Corruption: A Panel Data Approach. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(3), 179-189. Serra, D. (2006). Empirical Determinants of Corruption: A Sensitivity Analysis. Public Choice, 126(1), 225–256. Sung, H. E. (2004). Democracy and Political Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison. Crime, Law & Social Change, 41, 179-194. Şahin, D. (2017). Gelişmiş Ülkelerde Yolsuzluk ve Ekonomik Özgürlük İlişkisinin Analizi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(3), 112-121. Tavares, A. (2004). The Socio-Culturel and Political-Economic Causes of Corruption: A Cross-Country Analysis. Documentos de Trabalho em Economia Working Papers in Economics, 19, 1-21 The Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID). (2020). https://fsolt.org/swiid/ Transperency International. (2020). https://www.transparency.org/ Topal, M.H. (2016). Yolsuzluğun Belirleyicileri: Kırılgan Ekonomiler İçin Panel Eş-bütünleşme Analizi. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 58-68. Tosun, M.U. (2003). Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 5, 125-146. Touati, K. (2014), Determinants of Economic Corruption in the Arab Countries: Dangers and Remedies. Journal of Economics Studies and Research, 1-15. Türedi, S. ve Altıner, A. (2016). Economic And Political Factors Affecting Corruption in Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Research, 7(1), 120 – 136. Ünver, M. ve Koyuncu, J. (2016). The Impact of Poverty on Corruption. Journal of Economics Library, 3(4), 632-642. World Bank, World Development Indicator (WDI). (2020). https://databank.worldbank.org/data/ Yakışık, H. ve Çetin, A. (2014). Yolsuzlukların Sosyoekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(3), 205-224.

Makroekonomik Performans Göstergelerinin Yolsuzluğa Etkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 2116 - 2137, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.736744

Abstract

“Kamu gücünün özel çıkarlar için kötüye kullanılması” olarak tanımlanan yolsuzluk ekonomik, politik, hukuki ve sosyo-kültürel belirleyicileri olan bir kavramdır. Ülkeden ülkeye farklılık gösteren yolsuzluğun ölçümü ise pek mümkün olmamakla birlikte yolsuzluk algı ölçümü yapılabilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı söz konusu belirleyicilerden yalnızca ekonomik belirleyicilerin yolsuzluk ile ilişkisini test etmektir. Bu kapsamda 2001-2017 dönemi için APEC (Asya Pasifik Ekonomik İşbirliği) ülkelerinde makroekonomik performans göstergelerinin yolsuzluğa etkisi panel sıralı nitel tercih yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Makroekonomik performans göstergeleri büyüme, enflasyon, işsizlik, gelir eşitsizliği ve dışa açıklık olarak belirlenmiş, dışa açıklık değişkeni ticari küreselleşme endeksi ile tanımlanmıştır. Yolsuzluk algı endeksi bağımlı değişkendir ve endeksin en yüksek değeri 0, en düşük değeri 10’dur. Bağımlı değişken olarak kullanılan yolsuzluk algılama endeksi sıralı bir değişken olduğu için sıralı nitel tercih modelleri kullanılmıştır. Ekonometrik analizler sonucu elde edilen bulgulara göre kişi başına GSYH ve ticari küreselleşme endeksi arttıkça yolsuzluk endeks değeri de artmakta, diğer bir ifadeyle yolsuzluk azalmaktadır. Enflasyon oranı ve Gini katsayısı (gelir eşitsizliği) arttıkça yolsuzluk endeks değeri azalmakta, yolsuzluk artmaktadır. İşsizlik oranı arttıkça yolsuzluk endeks değeri önce artmakta (yolsuzluk azalmakta), sonra azalmaktadır (yolsuzluk artmakta). Çalışmada makroekonomik performans göstergelerinin yolsuzluğun düşük düzeylerinde daha etkili ve düşük yolsuzluk düzeyini etkileme olasılığının ise daha yüksek olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla gelir seviyesini artırabilen ve bunun adil dağıtımını sağlayarak işsizliği azaltan, dünya ekonomisi ile entegrasyon derecesini yükselten ve enflasyon oranını düşük tutabilen ülkelerde yolsuzluğun da düşeceği ortaya koyulmuştur. 

References

  • Ades, A. ve Di Tella, R. (1997). The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results. Political Studies, XLV, 496-515. Akça, H., Ata, A. Y. ve Karaca, C. (2012). Inflation and Corruption Relationship: Evidence from Panel Data in Developed and Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(3), 281-295. Akçay, S. (2000). Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15. Algan, N., Aktakas, B. G. ve Tekin, İ. (2014). Toplumsal Bir Mesele Olarak Yolsuzluk ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 1-10. Ata, A. Yılmaz ve Arvas, M. Akif (2011). Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Data Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 161-169. Bai, J., Jayachandran, S., Malesky, E.J. ve Olken, B.A. (2013). Does Economic Growth Reduce Corruption? Theory and Evidence from Vietnam. NBER Working Paper No. 19483, 1-56. Bayar, G. (2010). Türkiye’de Yolsuzluk-Ekonometrik Bir İnceleme. Erciyes Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 28, 105-131. Braun, M. ve Di Tella, R. (2004). Inflation, Inflation Variability, and Corruption. Economics & Politics, 16(1), 77-100. Broadman, Harry G. ve Recanatini, F. (2000). Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?. MOCT-MOST, 11, 359–392. Brown, Steven F. ve Shackman, J. (2007). Corruption and Related Socioeconomic Factors: A Time Series Study. Kyklos, 60(3), 319-347. Campante, Filipe R., Chor, D. ve Do, Quoch-Anh (2009). Instability and the Incentives for Corruption. Economics and Politics, 21(1), 42-92. Campbell, N. ve Saha, S. (2013). Corruption, Democracy and Asia-Pacific Countries. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18(2), 290-303. Chowdhury, S.K. (2004). The Effect of Democracy and Press Freedom on Corruption: An Empirical Test. Economics Letters, 85, 93–101. Damania, R., Fredriksson, Per G. ve Mani, M. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Regulatory Compliance Failures: Theory and Evidence. Public Choice, 12, 363–390. Dong, B. ve Torgler, B. (2011). Democracy, Property Rights, Income Equality and Corruption. Nota dı Lavoro, 1-23. Drury, A. C., Krieckhaus., J. ve Lusztig, M. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Economic Growth. International Political Science Review, 27(2), 121–136. Elbahnasavy, Nasr G. ve Revier, Charles F. (2012). The Determinants of Corruption: Cross-Country-Panel Data Analysis. The Developing Economies, 50(4), 311-33. Erkan, B. ve Kara, O. (2011). Yolsuzluk ve Yoksulluk Göstergeleri Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. 12th International Symposium on Econometrics Statistics and Operatıons Research, May 26-29 2011 Denizli-TURKEY. Evrensel, A. (2010). Institutional and Economic Determinants of Corruption: A Cross-Section Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 17, 551–554. Frechette, G. R. (2001). An Empirical Investigation of the Determinants of Corruption: Rent, Competition, and Income Revisited. Paper Presented at the 2001 Canadian Economic Association Meeting. Gatti, R. (2004). Explaining Corruption: Are Open Countries Less Corrupt?. Journal of International Development, 16(6), 851-861. Gerni, M., Emsen, Ö. S., Özdemir, D. ve Buzdağlı, Ö. (2012). Yolsuzluğun Belirleyicileri ve Büyüme ile İlişkileri. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 131-139. Getz, Kathleen A. ve Volkema, Roger J. (2001). Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes. Business and Society, 40(1), 7-30. Goel, Rajeev K., ve Nelson, Michael A. (2005). Economic Freedom Versus Political Freedom: Cross-Country Influences on Corruption. Australian Economic Papers, 44(2), 121-133. Goldsmith, Arthur A. (1999). Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of Political Corruption in Emerging Market. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), 865-883. Graeff, P., ve Mehlkop, G. (2003). The Impacts of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 605-620. Güvel, E. Alper ve Ata, A. Yılmaz (2011). Yolsuzluğun Sosyo-Politik Dinamikleri: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 44(1), 155-185. Husted, B.R. (1999). Wealth, Culture, and Corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339-359. Karluk, R.S. ve Ünal, U. (2017). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yoksulluk, Yolsuzluk Ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi. MPRA Paper No. 70118, 1-21. Knack, S. ve Azfar, O. (2003). Trade Intensity, Country Size and Corruption. Economics of Governance, 4(1), 1-18. KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2020). https://kof.ethz.ch/ Konu, A. ve Ata, A.Y. (2016). Yolsuzluk ve Ekonomik Özgürlük İlişkisi: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Yatay Kesit Analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 195-207. Kolstad, I. ve Wiig, A. (2015). Does Democracy Reduce Corruption?. Democratization, 23(7), 1198–1215. Kotera, G., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Government Size, Democracy, and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation. Economic Modelling, 29, 2340–2348. Lederman, D., Loayza N. ve Soares Rodrigo R. (2005). Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter. Economics and Politics, 17(1), 1-35. Maajed, Muhammad T. (2014). Corruption and Trade. Journal of Economic Integration, 29(4), 759-782. Miguelez, J.L. (2017). Corruption, Inflation, And Income Distribution in Transition Economies: The Balkan Religion. Master Thesis, University of Macedonia. Montinola, Gabriella R. ve Jackman, Robert W. (2002). Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study. British Journal of Political Science, 32(1), 147-170. Özcan, B. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluğun Ekonomik Belirleyenleri: Panel Veri Analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 253-282. Paldam, M. (2001). Journal of Economics Library. KYKLOS, 54, 383-414. Paldam, M. (2002). The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and The Seesaw Dynamics. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(2), 215-240. Pellegrini, L., ve Gerlah, R. (2008). Causes of Corruption: A Survey of Cross-Country Analyses and Extended Results. Economics of Governance, 9(3), 245-263. Persson, T., Tabellini, G. ve Trebbi, F. (2001). Electoral Rules and Corruption. NBER Working Paper, No.8154. Peyton, K. ve Belasen, A. R. (2012). Corruption in Emerging and Developing Economies: Evidence from a Pooled Cross-Section. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 48(2), 29-43. Rehman, Hafeez U. ve Naveed, A. (2007). Determinants of Corruption and its Relation to GDP (A Panel Study). Journal of Political Studies, 12, 27‐59. Rock, M. T. (2007). Corruption and Democracy. DESA Working paper, 55, 1-18. Rock, Michael T. (2009). Corruption and Democracy. Journal of Development Studies, 45(1), 55-75. Saha, S. ve Su, Jen-Je (2012). Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis. Economic Analysis & Policy, 42(3), 389-396. Saha, S. (2008). Democracy and Corruption: An Empirical Analysis in a Cross-Country Framework. New Zealand Association of Economist Annual Conference, Wellington, 9-11 July 2008. Saha, S., Gounder, R. ve Su, Jen-Je (2009). The Interaction Effect of Economic Freedom and Democracy on Corruption: A panel Cross-Country Analysis. Economics Letters, 105(2), 173- 176. Sandholtz, W. ve Koetzle, W. (2000). Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade. International Studies Quarterly, 44, 31–50. Sarvar, S. ve Pervaiz, K. M. (2013). An Empirical Investigation Between Trade Liberalization And Corruption: A Panel Data Approach. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(3), 179-189. Serra, D. (2006). Empirical Determinants of Corruption: A Sensitivity Analysis. Public Choice, 126(1), 225–256. Sung, H. E. (2004). Democracy and Political Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison. Crime, Law & Social Change, 41, 179-194. Şahin, D. (2017). Gelişmiş Ülkelerde Yolsuzluk ve Ekonomik Özgürlük İlişkisinin Analizi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(3), 112-121. Tavares, A. (2004). The Socio-Culturel and Political-Economic Causes of Corruption: A Cross-Country Analysis. Documentos de Trabalho em Economia Working Papers in Economics, 19, 1-21 The Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID). (2020). https://fsolt.org/swiid/ Transperency International. (2020). https://www.transparency.org/ Topal, M.H. (2016). Yolsuzluğun Belirleyicileri: Kırılgan Ekonomiler İçin Panel Eş-bütünleşme Analizi. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 58-68. Tosun, M.U. (2003). Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 5, 125-146. Touati, K. (2014), Determinants of Economic Corruption in the Arab Countries: Dangers and Remedies. Journal of Economics Studies and Research, 1-15. Türedi, S. ve Altıner, A. (2016). Economic And Political Factors Affecting Corruption in Developing Countries. International Journal of Economics and Research, 7(1), 120 – 136. Ünver, M. ve Koyuncu, J. (2016). The Impact of Poverty on Corruption. Journal of Economics Library, 3(4), 632-642. World Bank, World Development Indicator (WDI). (2020). https://databank.worldbank.org/data/ Yakışık, H. ve Çetin, A. (2014). Yolsuzlukların Sosyoekonomik Belirleyicileri: Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(3), 205-224.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rabia Efeoğlu 0000-0003-2515-1553

Sabri Azgün 0000-0002-3349-2158

Ömer Selçuk Emsen 0000-0002-1809-0513

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Efeoğlu, R., Azgün, S., & Emsen, Ö. S. (2020). Makroekonomik Performans Göstergelerinin Yolsuzluğa Etkisi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2116-2137. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.736744

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