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Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular

Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 7 - 30, 31.07.2018

Abstract

Yenilenebilir enerji, ülkelerde çevre bilincinin uyanmaya başlamasıyla birlikte yaygınlığı giderek artmaktadır. Özellikle bilgi

ekonomisine geçiş yapan ülkelerde çevreye duyarlılık bilincinin arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu enerji türünün kullanılması

için ciddi alt yapı yatırımlarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Dahası ülkelerde sağlam bir ekonomik gücün olması gerekmektedir.

Dolayısıyla, enerjiyi yoğun olarak kullanan AB ülkelerinde bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin ortaya çıkarılması hem

ülkeler hem de dünyanın geleceği için önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada kısa dönemde değişkenler arasında herhangi

bir nedensellik bulunmamasına rağmen, uzun dönemde çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak,

politika yapıcılara yenilenebilir enerji ile ilgili planlarının uzun soluklu olması gerektiği önerilmektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4‒13.
  • Akinlo, A. E. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from 11 Sub-Sahara African countries. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2391‒2400.
  • Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 209‒222.
  • Alam, M. J., Begum, I. A., Buysse, J. & Rahman, S. (2011). Dynamic modeling of causal relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3243‒3251.
  • Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953‒959.
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255‒2260.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392‒1397.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656‒660.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343‒347.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733‒738.
  • Asafu-Adjaye, J., Byrne, D. & Alvarez, M. (2017). Dataset for analysing the relationships among economic growth, fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel consumption. Data in Brief, 10, 17‒19.
  • Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102, 277‒287.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I. & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162, 733‒741.
  • Bildirici, M. E. & Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of oil production on economic growth in Eurasian countries: Panel ARDL approach. Energy, 49, 156‒161.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO 2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838‒845.
  • Chang, C. C. & Carballo, C. F. S. (2011). Energy conservation and sustainable economic growth: The case of Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy Policy, 39(7), 4215‒4221.
  • Chang, T., Deale, D., Gupta, R., Hefer, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R. & Simo-Kengne, B. (2017). The causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in the BRICS countries: Evidence from panel-Granger causality tests. Energy Sources, 12(2), 138‒146.
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D. & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405‒1412.
  • Ciarreta, A. & Zarraga, A. (2009, May). Economic growth and electricity consumption in 12 European countries: a causality analysis using panel data. In Energy Market, 2009. EEM 2009. 6th International Conference on the European (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  • Ciarreta, A. & Zarraga, A. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Spain. Applied Economics Letters, 17(14), 1417‒1421.
  • Çağlar, A. & Mert, M. (2017). Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis and the impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emmissions in Turkey: Cointegration with structural breaks approach. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21‒38. https://dx.doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307485
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: Evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95, 478‒484.
  • Dogan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: A study of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 534‒546.
  • Dogan, E. & Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074‒1085.
  • Furuoka, F. (2016). Renewable electricity consumption and economic development: New findings from the Baltic countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53‒74.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824‒831.
  • Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. B. & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy, 116, 102‒115.
  • Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. B. & Lanouar, C. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy useeconomic growth nexus: The case of MENA net oil importing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 127‒140.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1‒44.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Key Figures on Europe. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51‒57.
  • Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2005). Structural breaks, energy consumption, and economic growth revisited: evidence from Taiwan. Energy Economics, 27(6), 857‒872.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631‒652.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257‒263.
  • Menegaki, A. N. & Tiwari, A. K. (2017). The index of sustainable economic welfare in the energygrowth nexus for American countries. Ecological Indicators, 72, 494‒509.
  • Menegaki, A. N. & Tugcu, C. T. (2017). Energy consumption and Sustainable Economic Welfare in G7 countries; A comparison with the conventional nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 892‒901.
  • Mert, M. & Bölük, G. (2016). Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21669‒21681.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Smyth, R. (2009). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 229‒236.
  • Nelson, C. R. & Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconmic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139‒162.
  • Ocal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494‒499.
  • Omri, A. (2014). An international literature survey on energy-economic growth nexus: Evidence from country-specific studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 951‒959.
  • Osman, M., Gachino, G. & Hoque, A. (2016). Electricity consumption and economic growth in the GCC countries: Panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 98, 318‒327.
  • Owen, A. D. (2006). Renewable energy: Externality costs as market barriers. Energy Policy, 34(5), 632‒642.
  • Ozturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340‒349.
  • Ozturk, I. (2017). Measuring the impact of alternative and nuclear energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and oil rents on specific growth factors in the panel of Latin American countries. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 100, 71‒81.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653‒670.
  • P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597‒625.
  • Pesaran M. H. & Smith R (1995) Estimating long-run relationship from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross–section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265‒312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289‒326.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621‒634.
  • Rodríguez-Caballero, C. V. & Ventosa-Santaulària, D. (2017). Energy-growth long-term relationship under structural breaks. Evidence from Canada, 17 Latin American economies and the USA. Energy Economics, 61, 121‒134.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021‒4028.
  • Sen, S. & Uzunoz, M. (2017). Is Economic growth sensitive to oil consumption shocks in Turkey? Energy Sources, 12(1), 70‒76.
  • Shafiei, S. & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547‒556.
  • Shahbaz, M., ve Feridun, M. (2012). Electricity consumption and economic growth empirical evidence from Pakistan. Quality and Quantity, 46, 1583-1599.
  • Shahbaz, M., ve Lean, H. H. (2012). The dynamics of electricity consumption and economic growth: A revisit study of their causality in Pakistan. Energy, 39(1), 146-153.
  • SG, 2015. Smarter, greener, more inclusive?, Erişim adresi: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Solarin, S. A. & Ozturk, I. (2015). On the causal dynamics between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in Latin America countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1857‒1868.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Sustainable development in the European Union. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk, I. & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942‒1950.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated industrial energy consumption and GDP: the case of Shanghai, 1952–1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 69‒75.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34(10), 1106‒1114.
  • Yoo, S. H. (2006). The causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN countries. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3573‒3582.

The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from the European Union

Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 28, 7 - 30, 31.07.2018

Abstract

Renewable energy is becoming more widespread due to a dawning of environmental consciousness in Europe, especially

in countries that have transitioned to the information economy. However, the same transition requires serious infrastructure

investment. These countries need sound economic potential. Therefore, in the European Union (EU) countries with

intensive energy demand, determining the relationship between those two variables carries considerable importance for

both the countries and the world. Even though the study found no clear causality between them in the short term, over

the long term, we encountered a two-sided causality. Based on that, we suggest that policymakers make long-term plans

about renewable resources.

References

  • Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4‒13.
  • Akinlo, A. E. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from 11 Sub-Sahara African countries. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2391‒2400.
  • Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y. & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 209‒222.
  • Alam, M. J., Begum, I. A., Buysse, J. & Rahman, S. (2011). Dynamic modeling of causal relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3243‒3251.
  • Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953‒959.
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255‒2260.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392‒1397.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656‒660.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343‒347.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733‒738.
  • Asafu-Adjaye, J., Byrne, D. & Alvarez, M. (2017). Dataset for analysing the relationships among economic growth, fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel consumption. Data in Brief, 10, 17‒19.
  • Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102, 277‒287.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I. & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162, 733‒741.
  • Bildirici, M. E. & Kayıkçı, F. (2013). Effects of oil production on economic growth in Eurasian countries: Panel ARDL approach. Energy, 49, 156‒161.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO 2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838‒845.
  • Chang, C. C. & Carballo, C. F. S. (2011). Energy conservation and sustainable economic growth: The case of Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy Policy, 39(7), 4215‒4221.
  • Chang, T., Deale, D., Gupta, R., Hefer, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R. & Simo-Kengne, B. (2017). The causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in the BRICS countries: Evidence from panel-Granger causality tests. Energy Sources, 12(2), 138‒146.
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D. & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405‒1412.
  • Ciarreta, A. & Zarraga, A. (2009, May). Economic growth and electricity consumption in 12 European countries: a causality analysis using panel data. In Energy Market, 2009. EEM 2009. 6th International Conference on the European (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  • Ciarreta, A. & Zarraga, A. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Spain. Applied Economics Letters, 17(14), 1417‒1421.
  • Çağlar, A. & Mert, M. (2017). Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis and the impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emmissions in Turkey: Cointegration with structural breaks approach. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21‒38. https://dx.doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307485
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: Evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95, 478‒484.
  • Dogan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: A study of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 534‒546.
  • Dogan, E. & Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074‒1085.
  • Furuoka, F. (2016). Renewable electricity consumption and economic development: New findings from the Baltic countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53‒74.
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. & Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824‒831.
  • Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. B. & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy, 116, 102‒115.
  • Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. B. & Lanouar, C. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy useeconomic growth nexus: The case of MENA net oil importing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 127‒140.
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1‒44.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Key Figures on Europe. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51‒57.
  • Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2005). Structural breaks, energy consumption, and economic growth revisited: evidence from Taiwan. Energy Economics, 27(6), 857‒872.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631‒652.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257‒263.
  • Menegaki, A. N. & Tiwari, A. K. (2017). The index of sustainable economic welfare in the energygrowth nexus for American countries. Ecological Indicators, 72, 494‒509.
  • Menegaki, A. N. & Tugcu, C. T. (2017). Energy consumption and Sustainable Economic Welfare in G7 countries; A comparison with the conventional nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 892‒901.
  • Mert, M. & Bölük, G. (2016). Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21669‒21681.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Smyth, R. (2009). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 229‒236.
  • Nelson, C. R. & Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconmic time series: Some evidence and implications. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(2), 139‒162.
  • Ocal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494‒499.
  • Omri, A. (2014). An international literature survey on energy-economic growth nexus: Evidence from country-specific studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 951‒959.
  • Osman, M., Gachino, G. & Hoque, A. (2016). Electricity consumption and economic growth in the GCC countries: Panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 98, 318‒327.
  • Owen, A. D. (2006). Renewable energy: Externality costs as market barriers. Energy Policy, 34(5), 632‒642.
  • Ozturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340‒349.
  • Ozturk, I. (2017). Measuring the impact of alternative and nuclear energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and oil rents on specific growth factors in the panel of Latin American countries. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 100, 71‒81.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653‒670.
  • P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597‒625.
  • Pesaran M. H. & Smith R (1995) Estimating long-run relationship from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross–section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265‒312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289‒326.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621‒634.
  • Rodríguez-Caballero, C. V. & Ventosa-Santaulària, D. (2017). Energy-growth long-term relationship under structural breaks. Evidence from Canada, 17 Latin American economies and the USA. Energy Economics, 61, 121‒134.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021‒4028.
  • Sen, S. & Uzunoz, M. (2017). Is Economic growth sensitive to oil consumption shocks in Turkey? Energy Sources, 12(1), 70‒76.
  • Shafiei, S. & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547‒556.
  • Shahbaz, M., ve Feridun, M. (2012). Electricity consumption and economic growth empirical evidence from Pakistan. Quality and Quantity, 46, 1583-1599.
  • Shahbaz, M., ve Lean, H. H. (2012). The dynamics of electricity consumption and economic growth: A revisit study of their causality in Pakistan. Energy, 39(1), 146-153.
  • SG, 2015. Smarter, greener, more inclusive?, Erişim adresi: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Solarin, S. A. & Ozturk, I. (2015). On the causal dynamics between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in Latin America countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1857‒1868.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Sustainable development in the European Union. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/
  • Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk, I. & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942‒1950.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated industrial energy consumption and GDP: the case of Shanghai, 1952–1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 69‒75.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34(10), 1106‒1114.
  • Yoo, S. H. (2006). The causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN countries. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3573‒3582.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Abdullah Emre Çağlar

Çiğdem Demir

Publication Date July 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 14 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Çağlar, A. E., & Demir, Ç. (2018). Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal, 14(28), 7-30.
AMA Çağlar AE, Demir Ç. Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. July 2018;14(28):7-30.
Chicago Çağlar, Abdullah Emre, and Çiğdem Demir. “Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal 14, no. 28 (July 2018): 7-30.
EndNote Çağlar AE, Demir Ç (July 1, 2018) Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal 14 28 7–30.
IEEE A. E. Çağlar and Ç. Demir, “Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular”, Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal, vol. 14, no. 28, pp. 7–30, 2018.
ISNAD Çağlar, Abdullah Emre - Demir, Çiğdem. “Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal 14/28 (July 2018), 7-30.
JAMA Çağlar AE, Demir Ç. Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. 2018;14:7–30.
MLA Çağlar, Abdullah Emre and Çiğdem Demir. “Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular”. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics E-Journal, vol. 14, no. 28, 2018, pp. 7-30.
Vancouver Çağlar AE, Demir Ç. Yenilenebilir Kaynaklı Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Avrupa Birliğine Ait Yeni Bulgular. Istanbul University Econometrics and Statistics e-Journal. 2018;14(28):7-30.