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MILITARY ADVISORY MISSIONS AND THE TURKISH PROFESSIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION: AN UNEASY RELATIONSHIP

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 15 - 35, 02.08.2022

Abstract

This article explores the foundation and evolution of Turkey's modern professional military education (PME) system within the context of foreign military assistance missions. The outcomes of these missions were primarily determined by the country's general situation and the degree to which the officer corps embraced the innovation. In this regard, the Germans, who started to work in the late 19th century, encountered an officer corps open to innovation due to military defeats. On the other hand, the Americans operating after the Second World War came into contact with the officers of a victorious army that established a country, firmly committed to the status quo and resistant to change. Thus, the disparate working conditions of the military aid missions of the two countries directly affected the change of the military education system. Additionally, this research shows that the Turks adopted the less beneficial aspects of each model, namely German elitism and American teaching principles based on fact-based learning. These findings are corroborated by archival sources, officer memoirs, and even institutional practices. Another common feature of the PME modifications is that they were all adopted in response to a crisis, yet each could only alter some components of the prior system without totally eliminating it. However, after the 2016 coup attempt, for the first time, Turks created a model tailored to the needs of the country and, more importantly, developed by their own experts.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Project Number

Yoktur

Thanks

-

References

  • Akademileri, Harp. (1991). Harp Akademileri Tarihçesi 1848-1991. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • Akkor, F. (1967, December 6). Çıkarma Savaşları. Cumhuriyet.
  • Akmeşe, H. N. (2005). Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. IB Tauris.
  • Akyaz, D. (2009). Askeri Müdahalelerin Orduya Etkisi: Hiyerarşi Dışı Örgütlenmeden Emir Komuta Zincirine (3rd ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Alvermann, D. E. (1989). Teacher-student mediation of content area texts. Theory into Practice, 28(2), 142–147.
  • Ambrose, S. E. (1999). Duty, honor, country: A history of West Point. JHU Press.
  • Barnett, C. (1967). The education of military elites. Journal of Contemporary History, 2(3), 15–35.
  • Berkes, N. (2012). Türkiye’de çağdaşlaşma (18th ed.). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bölügiray, N. (2009). Geçmişten Geleceğe. İstanbul: Tekin Yayınevi.
  • BwCSC. (2021). Https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/organization/further-fmod-departments/bundeswehr-command-and-staff-college.
  • Çelikoğlu, A. (2010). Bir darbeci subayın anıları: 27 mayıs öncesi ve sonrası. YKY.
  • CGSC. (2016). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Catalog Year 2015-2016, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2016. Kansas: Fort Leavenworth.
  • Çıracıoğlu, V. (2019). Milli Birlik Komitesi Üyesi 14’lerden Kurmay Yarbay Mustafa Kaplan’ın Devrim Anıları. İstanbul: SCALA Yayıncılık.
  • Defense, U. S. D. of. (2015). 2015 Demographics: Profile of the Military Community. Office of the Deputy Assistant of Defense for Military Community and Family.
  • Demeter, K. (1965). The German officer-corps in society and state, 1650-1945. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Demirhan, P. (1953). Goltz Paşa’nın Hatırası ve Hal Tercümesi. İstanbul: KK Basımevi.
  • Ergin, O. (1977). Türk maarif tarihi Vol 2. İstanbul: Eser Matbaası.
  • Erickson, E. J. (2007). Ottoman army effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. Routledge.
  • Girardet, R. (1998). La société militaire de 1815 à nos jours. Perrin Paris.
  • Gök, H., & Uyar, M. (1999). Yeni Bulunan İki Belgenin Işığında Mustafa Kemal’in Harp Akademisi Öğrencilik Dönemi. Toplumsal Tarih, 71, 8–15.
  • Güvenç, S. (2010). ABD Askeri Yardımı ve Türk Ordusunun Dönüşümü: 1942-1960, Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti (Der. Evren Balta Paker, İsmet Akça). Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Guvenc, S., & Uyar, M. (2021). Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60. Cold War History, 1–19.
  • Harris, G. S. (1972). Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American problems in historical perspective, 1945-1971 (Vol. 2). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington, DC.
  • Hittle, J. D. (1952). The military staff: Its history and development. Military service publishing Company.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil–military relations. Vintage Books.
  • IISS. (2012). The Military Balance 2012 (Vol. 112).
  • İskora, M. M. (1966). Harp akademileri tarihçesi: 1846-1965. Gnkur. Basımevi.
  • JAMMATa. (1948, February 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report January 1948. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATb. (1948, June 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report May 1948. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATc. (1948, October 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report September 1948, 12 October 1948, Adjutant General Section Central Files Unit Monthly Progress Reports 1947-51, 1948, RG 334 Entry 251A, Box 13-15, US NA. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATd. (1950, November 14). Non-Commissioned officer corps for Turkey, 14 November 1950, Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs) Office of Military Assistance Project Decimal File Apr 1949-May 1953. US NA (330/18/79).
  • JAMMATe. (1952, January 28). Analysis of Military Aid Program to Turkey (22 May 1947-31 December 1951) Annual Report JAMMAT, 28 January 1952, 330/18/79, US NA, p.17. US NA (330/18/79).
  • JAMMATf. (1951, February 12). Analysis of Military Aid Program to Turkey, State Department, 782.5-MAP/2-1651, 12 Feb 1951, p.24 and 28, US NA. US NA (782.5-MAP/2-1651).
  • JAMMATg. (1954, September 9). JAMMAT Monthly Activities Report-August 1954. US NA (334/252/22). JAMMATh. (1949, January 13). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report December 1948. US NA (334/251A/14).
  • JAMMATi. (1949, July 13). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report June 1949. US NA (334/251A/16).
  • JAMMATj. (1950, May 18). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report April 1950. US NA (334/251A/20).
  • JAMMATk. (1952, May 28). Letter from Chief JAMMAT Major General W.H.Arnold to the Commandant of US National War College Lt.Gen. Harold Bull. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATl. (1952, April 15). Memorandum to Chief JAMMAT: Turkish National War College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATm. (1952, March 3). Status of Proposed POI for National War College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATn. (1952, January 16). Turk National War College, JAMMAT Air Force Group Decimal File 1947-53. US NA (334/MLR263/164). JAMMATo. (1952, July 24). Instructors at the Staff College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATp. (1951). Staff College Prerequisites and Curriculum, JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report January 1951. US NA (334/251A/21). JAMMATr. (1950, June 30). Letter from General Horace McBride to General Nuri YAMUT, 30 June 1950, JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report June 1950. US NA (334/251A/20).
  • Jazet, P. (1893). Histoire de l’École speciale militaie de Saint-Cyr. Ch. Delagrave.
  • Kurtcephe, İ., & Balcıoğlu, M. (1992). Kara Harp Okulu Tarihi. Kara Harp Okulu.
  • Millotat, C. (1992). Understanding the Prussian-German General Staff System. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.
  • Moreau, O. (2010). Reformlar Çağında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Askeri “Yeni Düzen” in İnsanları ve Fikirleri 1826-1914. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Moseley Jr, Col. L. S. (1951). Col. Lawson S.Moseley Jr., Study of the School System in the Turkish Air Force. US NA (334/MLR263/167).
  • Munson IV, H. A. (2012). The joint American military mission to aid Turkey: Implementing the Truman Doctrine and transforming US foreign policy, 1947–1954. Washington State University.
  • Muth, J. (2011). Command culture: Officer education in the US army and the German armed forces, 1901-1940, and the consequences for World War II. University of North Texas Press.
  • Özcan, G. (2010). Türkiye’de cumhuriyet dönemi ordusunda prusya etkisi. Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti (Der. Evren Balta Paker, İsmet Akça). Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul. 175–221.
  • Rosen, S. P. (1991). Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military (Ithaca. NY: Cornell University.
  • Schifferle, P. J. (2010). America’s School for War: Fort Leavenworth, Officer Education, and Victory in World War II. University Press of Kansas.
  • Shaw, S. J., & Shaw, E. K. (2012). History of the Ottoman empire and modern Turkey. Vol. II: reform, revolution, and republic: The rise of modern Turkey, 1808–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stodolsky, S. S., Ferguson, T. L., & Wimpelberg, K. (1981). The recitation persists, but what does it look like? Journal of Curriculum Studies, 13(2), 121–130. Tanç, S. (2017). Bir cumhuriyet askerinin anıları. Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • TBMM (1950). Subaylar Heyetine Mahsus Terfi Kanununun bazı maddelerinin değiştirilmesine ve bu kanuna geçici maddeler eklenmesine dair Kanun tasarısı ve Millî Savunma ve Bütçe Komisyonları raporları. Tutanak Dergisi, Dönem VIII, Cilt 25, 1/693.
  • Türkeli, G. (2004). Harbiye’den Babıali’ye: Bir İhtilalcinin Anıları. İstanbul: İleri Yayınları.
  • Türsan, N. (1983). Generalfeldmarschall Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz’un Türkiye Yaşamı ve Hizmetleri. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • UK Gov. (2017). Https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-monthly-service-personnel-statistics-2017.
  • US NA. (1947, April 7). Records of Subcommittee on Extension of Aid to Turkey, Study of US Assistance to Turkey. (353/166/9).
  • Uyar, M., & Erickson, E. J. (2009). A military history of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International/ABC-CLIO.
  • Uyar, M., & Varoğlu, A. K. (2008). In Search of Modernity and Rationality: The Evolution of Turkish Military Academy Curricula in a Historical Perspective. Armed Forces & Society, 35(1), 180–202.
  • Van Creveld, M. (1990). The training of officers: From military professionalism to irrelevance. Free Press New York, NY.
  • Wallach, J. L. (1985). Bir askeri yardımın anatomisi. Çev. Fahri Çeliker, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayını, Ankara.
  • Whitton, F. E. (1921). Moltke. London: Constable and Company.
  • Yamak, K. (2006). Gölgede kalan izler ve gölgeleşen bizler. Doğan Kitap.
  • Yapp, M. E. (1975). The modernization of Middle Eastern armies in the nineteenth century: A comparative view. War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, 330–366.
  • Yasamee, F. A. (1998). Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz and the Rebirth of the Ottoman Empire. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 9(2), 91–128.
  • Yeşil, F. (2017). Kara Kuvvetlerinde Avrupalı Danışmanlar. In Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi (1792-1918) (pp. 113–139). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Yıldız, G. (2017). Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yılmaz (Hazırlayan), F. (2012). 20. Yüzyıl başlarında Osmanlı-Alman ilişkileri:" Golç Paşa’nın hâtırâtı". İz Yayıncılık.
  • Yurdabak, T. (1979). Harp Akademileri Tarihsel Zaman Dizini 1848-1978. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • Zahorik, J. A. (1991). Teaching style and textbooks. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(2), 185–196.

Askeri Yardım Misyonları ve Türk Profesyonel Askeri Eğitimi: Huzursuz Bir İlişki

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 15 - 35, 02.08.2022

Abstract

Bu makale Türk modern askeri eğitim sisteminin kuruluş ve gelişimini askeri yardım misyonları çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Söz konusu misyonlar hem dönemin genel şartları hem de subay sınıfının yeniliği kabullenme derecesinden etkilenmiştir. Bu anlamda 19. yüzyılın son döneminde göreve başlayan Alman Askeri Yardım Heyeti, askeri yenilgiler dolayısıyla yeniliğe açık bir subay sınıfı ile karşılaşmıştır. Buna karşın 2.Dünya Savaşı sonrasında faaliyet gösteren Amerikalılar ise ülke kurmuş muzaffer bir ordunun statükoya sıkı sıkıya bağlı ve değişime dirençli subayları ile muhatap olmuşlardır. İki ülke askeri yardım misyonlarının içinde bulundukları farklı durumlar askeri eğitim-öğretim sisteminin değişimine de doğrudan etki etmiştir. Ayrıca bu araştırma, Türklerin her modelin daha az avantajlı yönlerini, yani Alman elitizmini ve ezbere dayalı Amerikan öğretim ilkelerini benimsediklerini göstermektedir. Arşiv kaynakları, subay anıları ve hatta kurumsal uygulamalar bu bulguları doğrulamaktadır. Modern askeri eğitim sisteminin genellikle kriz durumları ile birlikte değiştiği, ancak bu değişimin eski sistemi tamamen ortadan kaldıramadan sadece bazı yönlerini etkileyebildiği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte 2016 darbe girişiminden sonra ilk defa ülkeye özgü bir modelin geliştirilebildiğini söylemek mümkündür.

Project Number

Yoktur

References

  • Akademileri, Harp. (1991). Harp Akademileri Tarihçesi 1848-1991. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • Akkor, F. (1967, December 6). Çıkarma Savaşları. Cumhuriyet.
  • Akmeşe, H. N. (2005). Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI. IB Tauris.
  • Akyaz, D. (2009). Askeri Müdahalelerin Orduya Etkisi: Hiyerarşi Dışı Örgütlenmeden Emir Komuta Zincirine (3rd ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Alvermann, D. E. (1989). Teacher-student mediation of content area texts. Theory into Practice, 28(2), 142–147.
  • Ambrose, S. E. (1999). Duty, honor, country: A history of West Point. JHU Press.
  • Barnett, C. (1967). The education of military elites. Journal of Contemporary History, 2(3), 15–35.
  • Berkes, N. (2012). Türkiye’de çağdaşlaşma (18th ed.). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bölügiray, N. (2009). Geçmişten Geleceğe. İstanbul: Tekin Yayınevi.
  • BwCSC. (2021). Https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/organization/further-fmod-departments/bundeswehr-command-and-staff-college.
  • Çelikoğlu, A. (2010). Bir darbeci subayın anıları: 27 mayıs öncesi ve sonrası. YKY.
  • CGSC. (2016). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Catalog Year 2015-2016, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2016. Kansas: Fort Leavenworth.
  • Çıracıoğlu, V. (2019). Milli Birlik Komitesi Üyesi 14’lerden Kurmay Yarbay Mustafa Kaplan’ın Devrim Anıları. İstanbul: SCALA Yayıncılık.
  • Defense, U. S. D. of. (2015). 2015 Demographics: Profile of the Military Community. Office of the Deputy Assistant of Defense for Military Community and Family.
  • Demeter, K. (1965). The German officer-corps in society and state, 1650-1945. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Demirhan, P. (1953). Goltz Paşa’nın Hatırası ve Hal Tercümesi. İstanbul: KK Basımevi.
  • Ergin, O. (1977). Türk maarif tarihi Vol 2. İstanbul: Eser Matbaası.
  • Erickson, E. J. (2007). Ottoman army effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. Routledge.
  • Girardet, R. (1998). La société militaire de 1815 à nos jours. Perrin Paris.
  • Gök, H., & Uyar, M. (1999). Yeni Bulunan İki Belgenin Işığında Mustafa Kemal’in Harp Akademisi Öğrencilik Dönemi. Toplumsal Tarih, 71, 8–15.
  • Güvenç, S. (2010). ABD Askeri Yardımı ve Türk Ordusunun Dönüşümü: 1942-1960, Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti (Der. Evren Balta Paker, İsmet Akça). Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Guvenc, S., & Uyar, M. (2021). Lost in translation or transformation? The impact of American aid on the Turkish military, 1947–60. Cold War History, 1–19.
  • Harris, G. S. (1972). Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American problems in historical perspective, 1945-1971 (Vol. 2). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington, DC.
  • Hittle, J. D. (1952). The military staff: Its history and development. Military service publishing Company.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the state: The theory and politics of civil–military relations. Vintage Books.
  • IISS. (2012). The Military Balance 2012 (Vol. 112).
  • İskora, M. M. (1966). Harp akademileri tarihçesi: 1846-1965. Gnkur. Basımevi.
  • JAMMATa. (1948, February 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report January 1948. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATb. (1948, June 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report May 1948. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATc. (1948, October 12). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report September 1948, 12 October 1948, Adjutant General Section Central Files Unit Monthly Progress Reports 1947-51, 1948, RG 334 Entry 251A, Box 13-15, US NA. US NA (334/251A/13-15).
  • JAMMATd. (1950, November 14). Non-Commissioned officer corps for Turkey, 14 November 1950, Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs) Office of Military Assistance Project Decimal File Apr 1949-May 1953. US NA (330/18/79).
  • JAMMATe. (1952, January 28). Analysis of Military Aid Program to Turkey (22 May 1947-31 December 1951) Annual Report JAMMAT, 28 January 1952, 330/18/79, US NA, p.17. US NA (330/18/79).
  • JAMMATf. (1951, February 12). Analysis of Military Aid Program to Turkey, State Department, 782.5-MAP/2-1651, 12 Feb 1951, p.24 and 28, US NA. US NA (782.5-MAP/2-1651).
  • JAMMATg. (1954, September 9). JAMMAT Monthly Activities Report-August 1954. US NA (334/252/22). JAMMATh. (1949, January 13). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report December 1948. US NA (334/251A/14).
  • JAMMATi. (1949, July 13). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report June 1949. US NA (334/251A/16).
  • JAMMATj. (1950, May 18). JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report April 1950. US NA (334/251A/20).
  • JAMMATk. (1952, May 28). Letter from Chief JAMMAT Major General W.H.Arnold to the Commandant of US National War College Lt.Gen. Harold Bull. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATl. (1952, April 15). Memorandum to Chief JAMMAT: Turkish National War College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATm. (1952, March 3). Status of Proposed POI for National War College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATn. (1952, January 16). Turk National War College, JAMMAT Air Force Group Decimal File 1947-53. US NA (334/MLR263/164). JAMMATo. (1952, July 24). Instructors at the Staff College. US NA (334/250/7).
  • JAMMATp. (1951). Staff College Prerequisites and Curriculum, JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report January 1951. US NA (334/251A/21). JAMMATr. (1950, June 30). Letter from General Horace McBride to General Nuri YAMUT, 30 June 1950, JAMMAT Monthly Progress Report June 1950. US NA (334/251A/20).
  • Jazet, P. (1893). Histoire de l’École speciale militaie de Saint-Cyr. Ch. Delagrave.
  • Kurtcephe, İ., & Balcıoğlu, M. (1992). Kara Harp Okulu Tarihi. Kara Harp Okulu.
  • Millotat, C. (1992). Understanding the Prussian-German General Staff System. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.
  • Moreau, O. (2010). Reformlar Çağında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Askeri “Yeni Düzen” in İnsanları ve Fikirleri 1826-1914. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Moseley Jr, Col. L. S. (1951). Col. Lawson S.Moseley Jr., Study of the School System in the Turkish Air Force. US NA (334/MLR263/167).
  • Munson IV, H. A. (2012). The joint American military mission to aid Turkey: Implementing the Truman Doctrine and transforming US foreign policy, 1947–1954. Washington State University.
  • Muth, J. (2011). Command culture: Officer education in the US army and the German armed forces, 1901-1940, and the consequences for World War II. University of North Texas Press.
  • Özcan, G. (2010). Türkiye’de cumhuriyet dönemi ordusunda prusya etkisi. Türkiye’de Ordu, Devlet ve Güvenlik Siyaseti (Der. Evren Balta Paker, İsmet Akça). Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul. 175–221.
  • Rosen, S. P. (1991). Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military (Ithaca. NY: Cornell University.
  • Schifferle, P. J. (2010). America’s School for War: Fort Leavenworth, Officer Education, and Victory in World War II. University Press of Kansas.
  • Shaw, S. J., & Shaw, E. K. (2012). History of the Ottoman empire and modern Turkey. Vol. II: reform, revolution, and republic: The rise of modern Turkey, 1808–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stodolsky, S. S., Ferguson, T. L., & Wimpelberg, K. (1981). The recitation persists, but what does it look like? Journal of Curriculum Studies, 13(2), 121–130. Tanç, S. (2017). Bir cumhuriyet askerinin anıları. Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • TBMM (1950). Subaylar Heyetine Mahsus Terfi Kanununun bazı maddelerinin değiştirilmesine ve bu kanuna geçici maddeler eklenmesine dair Kanun tasarısı ve Millî Savunma ve Bütçe Komisyonları raporları. Tutanak Dergisi, Dönem VIII, Cilt 25, 1/693.
  • Türkeli, G. (2004). Harbiye’den Babıali’ye: Bir İhtilalcinin Anıları. İstanbul: İleri Yayınları.
  • Türsan, N. (1983). Generalfeldmarschall Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz’un Türkiye Yaşamı ve Hizmetleri. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • UK Gov. (2017). Https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-monthly-service-personnel-statistics-2017.
  • US NA. (1947, April 7). Records of Subcommittee on Extension of Aid to Turkey, Study of US Assistance to Turkey. (353/166/9).
  • Uyar, M., & Erickson, E. J. (2009). A military history of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International/ABC-CLIO.
  • Uyar, M., & Varoğlu, A. K. (2008). In Search of Modernity and Rationality: The Evolution of Turkish Military Academy Curricula in a Historical Perspective. Armed Forces & Society, 35(1), 180–202.
  • Van Creveld, M. (1990). The training of officers: From military professionalism to irrelevance. Free Press New York, NY.
  • Wallach, J. L. (1985). Bir askeri yardımın anatomisi. Çev. Fahri Çeliker, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayını, Ankara.
  • Whitton, F. E. (1921). Moltke. London: Constable and Company.
  • Yamak, K. (2006). Gölgede kalan izler ve gölgeleşen bizler. Doğan Kitap.
  • Yapp, M. E. (1975). The modernization of Middle Eastern armies in the nineteenth century: A comparative view. War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, 330–366.
  • Yasamee, F. A. (1998). Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz and the Rebirth of the Ottoman Empire. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 9(2), 91–128.
  • Yeşil, F. (2017). Kara Kuvvetlerinde Avrupalı Danışmanlar. In Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi (1792-1918) (pp. 113–139). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Yıldız, G. (2017). Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yılmaz (Hazırlayan), F. (2012). 20. Yüzyıl başlarında Osmanlı-Alman ilişkileri:" Golç Paşa’nın hâtırâtı". İz Yayıncılık.
  • Yurdabak, T. (1979). Harp Akademileri Tarihsel Zaman Dizini 1848-1978. İstanbul: Harp Akd. Yayınları.
  • Zahorik, J. A. (1991). Teaching style and textbooks. Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(2), 185–196.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Barış Ateş 0000-0001-8548-6924

Project Number Yoktur
Publication Date August 2, 2022
Submission Date February 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ateş, B. (2022). MILITARY ADVISORY MISSIONS AND THE TURKISH PROFESSIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION: AN UNEASY RELATIONSHIP. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 15-35.