Research Article
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Fear, Sense of Unresponsiveness and Oppositional Reading: Terror in Media through the Eyes of Victims of Terrorism

Year 2020, Issue: 62, 47 - 63, 25.12.2020

Tuba Gün Çıngı Nadir Suğur

https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0024

Abstract

Acts of crime and violence spread to a wide range of people through the mainstream media and can affect those who are not direct victims of crime and violence. Unlike these actions, terrorist acts have emerged as a threat in a much broader social field, especially in recent years, in terms of their occurrence, frequency, and extent of spread. Various studies have argued that the coverage of these terrorist acts in media has given rise to the fear of terror attacks. This study examines the perception of individuals who were directly exposed to terrorism regarding the presentation of terrorism in the media. Research data was collected in 2018, in Ankara, which experienced multiple terrorist attacks. The findings of this research draw on in-depth interviews conducted with 20 people who were directly exposed to at least one terrorist attack in Ankara. The sample group was reached with the snowball sampling technique. The results of the research show that the frequency and the way news of terrorism was presented in the media led to a sense of unresponsiveness and normalization against terrorism, but this also triggers and reproduces fear of terror.

Keywords

Terrorism victimization fear of terror sense of responsiveness media

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2015). “The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness.” Criminology & Criminal Justice15 (5), 545—560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815572161
  • Altheide D. L., & Michalowski, R. S. (1999). Fear in the news: A discourse of control. The Sociological Quarterly. 40(3), 475—503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb01730.x
  • Altheide, D. L. (2003). Mass media, crime, and the discourse of fear. Hedgehog Review, 5(3), 9—25.
  • Aly, A., & Green L. (2010). “Fear, anxiety and the state of terror.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, 268—281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903555796
  • Attride-Sterling, J. (2001). “Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research.” Qualitative Research1 (3), 385—405.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A hobhouse memorial public lecture given on wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and Society, 35(3), 329 —345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140600844902
  • Beck, U. (2002a). “The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society.” Logos 1(4), 1—18. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f0d/2d183c96838f3108290fc2586d062ed713b2.pdf
  • Beck, U. (2002b). “The terrorist threat: World risk society revisited.” Theory, Culture & Society19 (4), 39—55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004003
  • Bracken-Roche, D., Bell, E., Macdonald, M. E., & Racine, E. (2017). The concept of ‘vulnerability’in research ethics: an in-depth analysis of policies and guidelines. Health Research Policy and Systems, 15(1), 1—18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0164-6
  • Chadee, D., & Ditton, J. (2005). Fear of crime and the media: Assessing the lack of relationship. Crime, Media, Culture, 1(3), 322 —332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659005057644
  • Collogan, L. K., Tuma, F., Dolan-Sewell, R., Borja, S., & Fleischman, A. R. (2004). Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 363—372.
  • Er, T., Elmas, A. ve Sayar, G. H. (2018). Suç ve medya.Üsküdar Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi Etkileşim, (2), 56—68. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/710649
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime, interpreting victimization risk. New York: SUNY.Fleischman, A. R., & Wood, E. B. (2002). Ethical issues in research involving victims of terror. Journal of Urban Health, 79(3), 315—321. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1093/jurban/79.3.315.pdf
  • Friedman, B. H. (2011). Managing fear: The politics of homeland security. Political Science Quarterly, 126(1), 77 —106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23056915
  • Gerbner, G. (1992). Violence and terror in and by media. The Annenberg School for Comunication University of Pennsylvania. 1—21. http://web.asc.upenn.edu/gerbner/Asset.aspx?assetID=411
  • Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172 —199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process.Perspectives on Media Effects, 1986, 17—40. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d376/313acb16fcfa8160434ac01a23a8e44cb2dc.pdf
  • Hall, S. (2005). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.),Culture, media, language, (pp.117- 127).New York: Taylor & Francis.Heath, L., & Gilbert, K. (1996). Mass media and fear of crime. American Behavioral Scientist, 39(4), 379 —386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039004003
  • Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research QueenslandUniversity of Technology. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3493/1/3493.pdf
  • Irmak, F. ve Kâhya, Y. (2014). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde terörizm ve terörizm korkusu: 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının öncesi ve sonrasına ilişkin bir analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 315— 324. http://sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt7/sayi33_pdf/2tarih_uluslararasiiliskiler_siyaset/irmak_fatih_yavuzkahya.pdf
  • Ketefian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 33(1), 164—172
  • Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.Matsaganis, M. D., & Payne, J. G. (2005). Agenda setting in a culture of fear: The lasting effects of September 11 on American politics and journalism. AmericanBehavioral Scientist, 49(3), 379—392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764205282049
  • Mestrovic, S. (1996). Postemotional society. London: Sage.Mythen, G., & Walklate, S. (2006). Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear?. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(2), 123—142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006065399
  • Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105—126. http://129.70.43.120/index.php/ijcv/article/view/10/10
  • Nellis, A. M., & Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748 —768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712452961
  • Öztürk, M. (2015). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Social Science, (36),251—263.http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894
  • Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 466 — 486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508104994
  • Pain, R., & Smith, S. (2008). Fear: Critical geopolitics and everyday life. InS. J. Smith (Ed.), Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (pp. 1- 24).Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Pyszczynski, T. (2004). What are we so afraid of?: A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71(4), 827 —848.
  • Renard, T. (2016). Fear not: a critical perspective on the terrorist threat in Europe. Egmont Security Policy Brief No. 77. http://aei.pitt.edu/86893/1/SPB77.pdf
  • Şahin Kaya, Ş. (2012). Sahibinden satılık korkular: Kadının korkutulan özne olarak inşasında medyanın rolü. University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 191—211. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f7c/3cb416f721d740f9db71d9551e96acc9ba56.pdf
  • Spencer, A. (2012). Lessons learnt. Terrorism and the media. Wiltshire: Arts and Humanities Research Council Polaris Publishing House.
  • Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, C. E. (2004). Breaking news: How local TV news and real world conditions affect fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 21(3), 497—520. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095881
  • Yumrukuz, Ö. (2017). Şiddete karşı duyarsızlaşma ve sosyal medya ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (28), 89—106. https://doi.org/10.17829/20172833779

Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör

Year 2020, Issue: 62, 47 - 63, 25.12.2020

Tuba Gün Çıngı Nadir Suğur

https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0024

Abstract

Suç ve şiddet eylemleri, medya aracılığı ile çok geniş kitlelere ulaşmakta ve bu eylemler doğrudan mağduru olmayan kesimleri etkileyebilmektedir. Bu suç ve şiddet eylemlerinden farklı olarak terör eylemleri, özellikle son yıllarda tüm dünyada ortaya çıkış biçimi, sıklığı ve yayılma sahası itibari ile çok daha geniş bir toplumsal sahada tehdit unsuru olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu terör eylemlerinin medya içeriklerinde yer bulmasının yaşanan terör saldırılarına ilişkin korkuyu daha fazla artırdığı ve yaygınlaştırdığı çeşitli çalışmalarla desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, teröre doğrudan maruz kalmış olan bireylerin terörle ilişkili medya içeriklerine ilişkin değerlendirmelerine yer verilmektedir. Araştırma verileri, birden çok bombalı terör saldırısının yaşandığı Ankara’da, 2018 yılında toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, daha önce en az bir bombalı terör saldırısına doğrudan maruz kalmış olan 20 kişi ile derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Söz konusu örneklem grubuna kartopu örnekleme tekniği ile ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, teröre ilişkin haberlerin anaakım medyada verilme sıklık ve üslubunun söz konusu örneklem nezdinde, terör olaylarını normalleştirdiğini ve bireyleri terör olaylarına karşı duyarsızlaştığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Aynı zamanda teröre ilişkin haber ve içeriklerin anaakım medya organlarında ve haber içeriklerinde sıklıkla işlenmesinin bireylerde duyarsızlaşma duygusundan farklı olarak terör korkusunu tetiklediğini ve bu korkuyu yeniden ürettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Terör mağduriyeti terör korkusu duyarsızlaşma medya

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2015). “The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness.” Criminology & Criminal Justice15 (5), 545—560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815572161
  • Altheide D. L., & Michalowski, R. S. (1999). Fear in the news: A discourse of control. The Sociological Quarterly. 40(3), 475—503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb01730.x
  • Altheide, D. L. (2003). Mass media, crime, and the discourse of fear. Hedgehog Review, 5(3), 9—25.
  • Aly, A., & Green L. (2010). “Fear, anxiety and the state of terror.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, 268—281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903555796
  • Attride-Sterling, J. (2001). “Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research.” Qualitative Research1 (3), 385—405.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A hobhouse memorial public lecture given on wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and Society, 35(3), 329 —345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140600844902
  • Beck, U. (2002a). “The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society.” Logos 1(4), 1—18. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f0d/2d183c96838f3108290fc2586d062ed713b2.pdf
  • Beck, U. (2002b). “The terrorist threat: World risk society revisited.” Theory, Culture & Society19 (4), 39—55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004003
  • Bracken-Roche, D., Bell, E., Macdonald, M. E., & Racine, E. (2017). The concept of ‘vulnerability’in research ethics: an in-depth analysis of policies and guidelines. Health Research Policy and Systems, 15(1), 1—18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0164-6
  • Chadee, D., & Ditton, J. (2005). Fear of crime and the media: Assessing the lack of relationship. Crime, Media, Culture, 1(3), 322 —332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659005057644
  • Collogan, L. K., Tuma, F., Dolan-Sewell, R., Borja, S., & Fleischman, A. R. (2004). Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 363—372.
  • Er, T., Elmas, A. ve Sayar, G. H. (2018). Suç ve medya.Üsküdar Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi Etkileşim, (2), 56—68. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/710649
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime, interpreting victimization risk. New York: SUNY.Fleischman, A. R., & Wood, E. B. (2002). Ethical issues in research involving victims of terror. Journal of Urban Health, 79(3), 315—321. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1093/jurban/79.3.315.pdf
  • Friedman, B. H. (2011). Managing fear: The politics of homeland security. Political Science Quarterly, 126(1), 77 —106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23056915
  • Gerbner, G. (1992). Violence and terror in and by media. The Annenberg School for Comunication University of Pennsylvania. 1—21. http://web.asc.upenn.edu/gerbner/Asset.aspx?assetID=411
  • Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172 —199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process.Perspectives on Media Effects, 1986, 17—40. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d376/313acb16fcfa8160434ac01a23a8e44cb2dc.pdf
  • Hall, S. (2005). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.),Culture, media, language, (pp.117- 127).New York: Taylor & Francis.Heath, L., & Gilbert, K. (1996). Mass media and fear of crime. American Behavioral Scientist, 39(4), 379 —386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039004003
  • Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research QueenslandUniversity of Technology. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3493/1/3493.pdf
  • Irmak, F. ve Kâhya, Y. (2014). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde terörizm ve terörizm korkusu: 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının öncesi ve sonrasına ilişkin bir analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 315— 324. http://sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt7/sayi33_pdf/2tarih_uluslararasiiliskiler_siyaset/irmak_fatih_yavuzkahya.pdf
  • Ketefian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 33(1), 164—172
  • Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.Matsaganis, M. D., & Payne, J. G. (2005). Agenda setting in a culture of fear: The lasting effects of September 11 on American politics and journalism. AmericanBehavioral Scientist, 49(3), 379—392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764205282049
  • Mestrovic, S. (1996). Postemotional society. London: Sage.Mythen, G., & Walklate, S. (2006). Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear?. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(2), 123—142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006065399
  • Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105—126. http://129.70.43.120/index.php/ijcv/article/view/10/10
  • Nellis, A. M., & Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748 —768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712452961
  • Öztürk, M. (2015). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Social Science, (36),251—263.http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894
  • Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 466 — 486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508104994
  • Pain, R., & Smith, S. (2008). Fear: Critical geopolitics and everyday life. InS. J. Smith (Ed.), Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (pp. 1- 24).Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Pyszczynski, T. (2004). What are we so afraid of?: A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71(4), 827 —848.
  • Renard, T. (2016). Fear not: a critical perspective on the terrorist threat in Europe. Egmont Security Policy Brief No. 77. http://aei.pitt.edu/86893/1/SPB77.pdf
  • Şahin Kaya, Ş. (2012). Sahibinden satılık korkular: Kadının korkutulan özne olarak inşasında medyanın rolü. University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 191—211. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f7c/3cb416f721d740f9db71d9551e96acc9ba56.pdf
  • Spencer, A. (2012). Lessons learnt. Terrorism and the media. Wiltshire: Arts and Humanities Research Council Polaris Publishing House.
  • Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, C. E. (2004). Breaking news: How local TV news and real world conditions affect fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 21(3), 497—520. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095881
  • Yumrukuz, Ö. (2017). Şiddete karşı duyarsızlaşma ve sosyal medya ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (28), 89—106. https://doi.org/10.17829/20172833779
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tuba Gün Çıngı This is me 0000-0001-8412-7364

Nadir Suğur 0000-0002-3855-7555

Publication Date December 25, 2020
Submission Date October 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 62

Cite

APA Gün Çıngı, T., & Suğur, N. (2020). Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(62), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0024
AMA Gün Çıngı T, Suğur N. Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. December 2020;(62):47-63. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0024
Chicago Gün Çıngı, Tuba, and Nadir Suğur. “Korku, Duyarsızlaşma Ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62 (December 2020): 47-63. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0024.
EndNote Gün Çıngı T, Suğur N (December 1, 2020) Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 47–63.
IEEE T. Gün Çıngı and N. Suğur, “Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62, pp. 47–63, December 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0024.
ISNAD Gün Çıngı, Tuba - Suğur, Nadir. “Korku, Duyarsızlaşma Ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 (December 2020), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0024.
JAMA Gün Çıngı T, Suğur N. Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:47–63.
MLA Gün Çıngı, Tuba and Nadir Suğur. “Korku, Duyarsızlaşma Ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, no. 62, 2020, pp. 47-63, doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0024.
Vancouver Gün Çıngı T, Suğur N. Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(62):47-63.
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