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Bireysel Düzeyde Faktörlerin ve Girişimcilik Desteklerinin Kadın Girişimciliğine Etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: Özel Sayı, 102 - 110, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı kadın girişimciliğini arttıracak öneriler sunmaktır. Bu amaçla belirlenen bireysel faktörler ve devlet desteği faktörünün belirlenen hipotezlerle kadın girişimciliği üzerine etkisi test edilecektir. Çalışmada, bireysel faktörlerden; yaş, özgüven, başarısızlık korkusunun olmaması, girişimcilik tecrübesi, girişim fırsatı algısı, tanıdık girişimcinin bulunması, eğitim düzeyi gibi faktörler ile devletin girişimcilere sağladığı devlet desteği faktörünün test edilmesi için Küresel Girişimcilik Monitörü veri tabanına ait 80 ülkeyi kapsayan 2010-2016 yılları arası girişimcilik verilerinden istifade edilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları beklenenle paralel olarak bireysel faktörlerin kadın girişimciliği üzerine olumlu etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ülke düzeyinde kadın girişimcilere sağlanan girişimcilik teşvikleri faktörünün de beklendiği gibi girişimcilikte bulunma problemlerini ortadan kaldırmada etkili olduğu ve dolayısıyla kadınların girişimcilik başlatma eğilimini arttırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma, güncel yönetim konularından biri girişimciliğe farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmış ve ekonomik kalkınmanın öncüsü girişimcilik faaliyetlerine eğilimi arttırmaya yönelik önemli sonuçlara ulaşmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, kadınların girişimcilik faaliyeti başlatmaları üzerinde ilgili sektörde tecrübe edinmenin, iş yeteneklerini arttırıcı aktivitelerde bulunmanın ve ülke düzeyinde sağlanan finansal ve ekonomik boyutta devlet desteğinin oldukça olumlu katkısının olduğu gözlenmiştir.

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Desai, S., & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small business economics, 31(3), 219-234.
  • Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(5), 595-621.
  • Ahl, H., & Nelson, T. (2015). How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 273-291.
  • Aldrich, Dutta, D. K., & Crossan, M. M. (2005). The nature of entrepreneurial opportunities: understanding the process using the 4I organizational learning framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 425-449.
  • Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of management, 27(6), 755-775.
  • Autio, E. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2005 Report on high-expectation entrepreneurship, 13-16.
  • Bager, T., & Schott, T. (2004). Growth expectations by entrepreneurs in nascent firms, baby businesses and mature firms: Analysis of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in Denmark 2000-2003. In 1st GEM Research Conference, Berlin, Germany.
  • Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American psychologist, 56(10), 781.
  • Baron, R. A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 221-239.
  • Baughn, C. C., Chua, B. L., & Neupert, K. E. (2006). The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneurship: A multicountry study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 687-708.
  • Bettencourt, L. A., Ostrom, A. L., Brown, S. W., & Roundtree, R. I. (2002). Client co-production in knowledge-intensive business services. California management review, 44(4), 100-128.
  • Beugelsdijk, S., & Noorderhaven, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth: A cross-section of 54 regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 38(2), 199-218.
  • Bjerke, B., & Hultman, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial marketing: The growth of small firms in the new economic era. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
  • Casson, M. 1982. Theentrepreneur. Totowa, NJ: Barnes&NobleBooks.
  • Cohen, B., & Winn, M. I. (2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29-49.
  • Companys, Y. E., & McMullen, J. S. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurs at work: The nature, discovery, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 301-322.
  • Fan, W., & White, M. J. (2003). Personal bankruptcy and the level of entrepreneurial activity. The Journal of Law and Economics, 46(2), 543-567.
  • Fisch, J. E. (1998). Can Internet offerings bridge the small business capital barrier. J. Small & Emerging Bus. L., 2, 57.
  • Gartner, W.B.(2001). Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? BlindAssumptions in Theory Development. EntrepreneurshipTheoryandPractice.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J., & Kew, P. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Retrieved March, 28, 2015.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J., Kew, P., & Monitor, G. E. (2010). Tracking entrepreneurship in South Africa: A GEM perspective (pp. 1-174). South Africa: Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town.
  • Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of business venturing, 18(2), 165-187.
  • Jamali, D. (2009), "Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective", Gender in Management, 24 (4), 232-251.
  • Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
  • Kariv, D., & Coleman, S. (2015). Toward a theory of financial bricolage: the impact of small loans on new businesses. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(2), 196-224.
  • Kirzner, I. M. (2015). Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press.
  • Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 341-364.
  • Langowitz, Nan S. Minniti, M.Arenius, P. (2009). Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship
  • Laure Humbert, A., & Drew, E. (2010). Gender, entrepreneurship and motivational factors in an Irish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 173-196.
  • Manolova, T. S., Carter, N. M., Manev, I. M., & Gyoshev, B. S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 407-426.
  • Mathew, V. (2010). Women entrepreneurship in Middle East: Understanding barriers and use of ICT for entrepreneurship development. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(2), 163-181.
  • McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management review, 31(1), 132-152.
  • Morales-Gualdrón, S. T., & Roig, S. (2005). The new venture decision: An analysis based on the GEM project database. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(4), 479-499.
  • Pines, A. M. Lerner, M. Schwartz, D. (2010). "Gender differences in entrepreneurship: Equality, diversity and inclusion in times of global crisis", Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(2), 186-198, https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151011024493
  • Rantanen, T., Pawlak, A., & Toikko, T. (2015). The Significance of Social Welfare Attitudes in Young People's Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(1), 43.
  • Sarason, Y., Dean, T., & Dillard, J. F. (2006). Entrepreneurship as the nexus of individual and opportunity: A structuration view. Journal of business venturing, 21(3), 286-305.
  • Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13(2), 257-279.
  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1), 217-226.
  • Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Vaughan, F. E. (1979). Awakening intuition. Anchor.
  • Vogel, S. K. (2018). Freer markets, more rules: Regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries. Cornell University Press.
  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self–efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 387-406.
  • Zeidan, S., & Bahrami, S. (2011). Women entrepreneurship in GCC: A framework to address challenges and promote participation in a regional context. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(14), 100-107.

The Effects of Individiual Level Factors and Entrepreneurial Incentives on Women Entrepreneurship

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: Özel Sayı, 102 - 110, 30.12.2021

Abstract

The entrepreneurial activities are the pioneers of economic development. The purpose of this study is to find how to increase the level of women entrepreneurship. The study suggests that entrepreneurial incentives factor and individual factors such as self-confidence, no fear of failure, entrepreneurial experience, opportunity to being an entrepreneur, having an entrepreneurial role model, education level and age could increase the level of women entrepreneurship. The factors have been tested by specific hypotheses. The data has been gathered from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database which examines the data of 80 countries the years between 2010-2016. The study measures the effectiveness of micro- and macro-level factors and the findings support the argument that the factors have positive impact on women entrepreneurship. The study concluded that the entrepreneurial incentives factor could increase women tendency to start up new businesses. One of the current management issues of this study is to recommend entrepreneurs several motivations and to reach influential findings which increase the tendency to women’s entrepreneurial activities. To sum up, having experience in the related sector, engaging in activities to increase business skills, accessing financial and economic entrepreneurial incentives at the social level could increase new businesses and embolden women to entrepreneurship facilities.

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Desai, S., & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small business economics, 31(3), 219-234.
  • Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(5), 595-621.
  • Ahl, H., & Nelson, T. (2015). How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 273-291.
  • Aldrich, Dutta, D. K., & Crossan, M. M. (2005). The nature of entrepreneurial opportunities: understanding the process using the 4I organizational learning framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 425-449.
  • Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of management, 27(6), 755-775.
  • Autio, E. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2005 Report on high-expectation entrepreneurship, 13-16.
  • Bager, T., & Schott, T. (2004). Growth expectations by entrepreneurs in nascent firms, baby businesses and mature firms: Analysis of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in Denmark 2000-2003. In 1st GEM Research Conference, Berlin, Germany.
  • Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American psychologist, 56(10), 781.
  • Baron, R. A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 221-239.
  • Baughn, C. C., Chua, B. L., & Neupert, K. E. (2006). The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneurship: A multicountry study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 687-708.
  • Bettencourt, L. A., Ostrom, A. L., Brown, S. W., & Roundtree, R. I. (2002). Client co-production in knowledge-intensive business services. California management review, 44(4), 100-128.
  • Beugelsdijk, S., & Noorderhaven, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth: A cross-section of 54 regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 38(2), 199-218.
  • Bjerke, B., & Hultman, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial marketing: The growth of small firms in the new economic era. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
  • Casson, M. 1982. Theentrepreneur. Totowa, NJ: Barnes&NobleBooks.
  • Cohen, B., & Winn, M. I. (2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29-49.
  • Companys, Y. E., & McMullen, J. S. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurs at work: The nature, discovery, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 301-322.
  • Fan, W., & White, M. J. (2003). Personal bankruptcy and the level of entrepreneurial activity. The Journal of Law and Economics, 46(2), 543-567.
  • Fisch, J. E. (1998). Can Internet offerings bridge the small business capital barrier. J. Small & Emerging Bus. L., 2, 57.
  • Gartner, W.B.(2001). Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? BlindAssumptions in Theory Development. EntrepreneurshipTheoryandPractice.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J., & Kew, P. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Retrieved March, 28, 2015.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J., Kew, P., & Monitor, G. E. (2010). Tracking entrepreneurship in South Africa: A GEM perspective (pp. 1-174). South Africa: Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town.
  • Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of business venturing, 18(2), 165-187.
  • Jamali, D. (2009), "Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective", Gender in Management, 24 (4), 232-251.
  • Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
  • Kariv, D., & Coleman, S. (2015). Toward a theory of financial bricolage: the impact of small loans on new businesses. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(2), 196-224.
  • Kirzner, I. M. (2015). Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press.
  • Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 341-364.
  • Langowitz, Nan S. Minniti, M.Arenius, P. (2009). Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship
  • Laure Humbert, A., & Drew, E. (2010). Gender, entrepreneurship and motivational factors in an Irish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 173-196.
  • Manolova, T. S., Carter, N. M., Manev, I. M., & Gyoshev, B. S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 407-426.
  • Mathew, V. (2010). Women entrepreneurship in Middle East: Understanding barriers and use of ICT for entrepreneurship development. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(2), 163-181.
  • McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management review, 31(1), 132-152.
  • Morales-Gualdrón, S. T., & Roig, S. (2005). The new venture decision: An analysis based on the GEM project database. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(4), 479-499.
  • Pines, A. M. Lerner, M. Schwartz, D. (2010). "Gender differences in entrepreneurship: Equality, diversity and inclusion in times of global crisis", Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(2), 186-198, https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151011024493
  • Rantanen, T., Pawlak, A., & Toikko, T. (2015). The Significance of Social Welfare Attitudes in Young People's Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(1), 43.
  • Sarason, Y., Dean, T., & Dillard, J. F. (2006). Entrepreneurship as the nexus of individual and opportunity: A structuration view. Journal of business venturing, 21(3), 286-305.
  • Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13(2), 257-279.
  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1), 217-226.
  • Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Vaughan, F. E. (1979). Awakening intuition. Anchor.
  • Vogel, S. K. (2018). Freer markets, more rules: Regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries. Cornell University Press.
  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self–efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 387-406.
  • Zeidan, S., & Bahrami, S. (2011). Women entrepreneurship in GCC: A framework to address challenges and promote participation in a regional context. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(14), 100-107.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Duygu Hıdıroğlu 0000-0003-2647-8750

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Hıdıroğlu, D. (2021). The Effects of Individiual Level Factors and Entrepreneurial Incentives on Women Entrepreneurship. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(Özel Sayı), 102-110.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.