Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

他们真的资格过高吗?员工对所认为的资格过高的评价

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 73 - 85, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2024-9-1-73

Abstract

本研究旨在探讨酒店业员工对其超额资质的自我认知、导致超额资质的因素,以及经理和同事对超额资质员工的态度和行为。为实现研究目标,本研究采用了定性研究方法,通过人员访谈来收集数据。在访谈过程中,向员工提出了四个主要问题。研究人员采用了主题分析法来研究参与者对问题的回答。 根据对多选题回答的检查,确定了八个不同的主题。分析结果表明,相当一部分员工认为自己胜任不了自己的职位。员工认为自己资质过高主要受教育、经验和外语水平等因素的影响。就员工而言,这一属性使他们有别于同龄人。此外,相当一部分员工的上司和同事也经常认为他们的资历过高。总之,除一名参与者外,大多数参与者都表现出明显的超资历倾向。员工在追求超资历的过程中会参与各种活动来提高自己的资历。这些活动包括提高学历、参加职业培训项目、获得与工作相关的认证、参加研讨会和提高外语水平。在更广泛的背景下,有一种通过促进高等教育和外语水平来提高员工超额资质的概念。



References

  • Akbıyık, B. Ü. (2016). Perceived overqualification and task performance in hospitality sector: The moderating effect of perceived job alternatives. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 2(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.202828
  • Aydoğan, E., & Olgunçelik, Z. (2022) Algılanan aşırı niteliklilik iş performansı ilişkisinde psikolojik sahiplenmenin aracılık rolü. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 57(2), 761-781. 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.22.04.1818
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Brkich, M., Jeffs, D., & Carless, S. A. (2002). A global self-report measure of person-job fit. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(1), 43-51.  https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.18.1.43
  • Burke, R. J. (1997). Correlates of under-employment among recent business school graduates. International Journal of Manpower, 18(7), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729710186455
  • Cheng, B., Zhou, X., Guo, G., & Yang, K. (2020). Perceived overqualification and cyberloafing: A moderated-mediation model based on equity theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 164, 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4026-8
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Sage Publication.
  • Demir, M., Dalgıç, A., & Yaşar, E. (2022). how perceived overqualification affects task performance and proactive behavior: The role of digital competencies and job crafting. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2022.2135665
  • Edwards, J. R. (1996). An examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. Academy of management journal, 39(2), 292-339. https://doi.org/10.5465/256782
  • El-Sawalhy, H. A., Shaaban, M. N., Salem, I. E., & Elbaz, A. M. (2022). Overqualification effects on organizational attitude in hospitality and tourism SMEs: The moderating role of interpersonal influence. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11, 475-493.
  • Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 557. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013528
  • Erdoğan, B., Bauer, T. N., Peiró, J. M., & Truxillo, D. M. (2011). Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 215-232.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01330.x
  • Erdoğan, B., Karaeminogullari, A., Bauer, T. N., & Ellis, A. M. (2018). Perceived overqualification at work: Implications for extra-role behaviors and advice network centrality. Journal of Management, 46(4), 583-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318804331
  • Fan, J., He, J., Dai, H., Jing, Y., & Shang, G. (2023). The impact of perceived overqualification on employees' innovation behaviour: role of psychological contract breach, psychological distance and employment relationship atmosphere. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2022-0200
  • Fine, S. (2007). Overqualification and selection in leadership training. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071791907304291
  • Fine, S., & Edward, M. (2017). Breaking the rules, not the law: The potential risks of counterproductive work behaviors among overqualified employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 25(4), 401-405.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12194
  • Fine, S., & Nevo, B. (2008). Too smart their own good? A study perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(2), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701799937
  • Gavin, H. (2008). Thematic Analysis. Understanding Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Sage Publication, London
  • Gizlier, Ö., & Yıldız, B. (2021). Algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğin çalışanların kariyerizm eğilimleri ve sosyal kaytarma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2162-2173. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2021.1253
  • Gkorezis, P., Erdoğan, B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bellou, V. (2019). Implications of perceived overqualification for employee's close social ties: The moderating role of external organizational prestige. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103335
  • Guerrero, L., & Hatala, J. P. (2015). Antecedents of perceived overqualification: a three-wave study. Career Development International. 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2014-0152
  • Han, M. C., & Hwang, P. C. (2021). Crafting job and leisure activities when you are overqualified. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.017
  • Harari, M. B., Manapragada, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017). Who thinks they're a big fish in a small pond and why does it matter? A meta-analysis of perceived overqualification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 28-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.06.002
  • Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., & Tidd, S. T. (2002). The relationship between work status congruence and work-related attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.903
  • Hung, C. Y. (2008). Overeducation and undereducation in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Economics, 19(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.02.001
  • Johnson, W. R., Morrow, P. C., & Johnson, G. J. (2002). An evaluation of a perceived overqualification scale across work settings. The journal of Psychology, 136(4), 425-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604169
  • Karaman, E. E., & Çetinkaya, N. (2019). Kişilik özelliklerinin algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğe etkisi: konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-33. https://tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/47
  • Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zada, M., Nisar, H. G., Ali, A., & Zada, S. (2023). The positive side of overqualification: examining perceived overqualification linkage with knowledge sharing and career planning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(4), 993-1015. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2022-0111
  • Khan, L. J., & Morrow, P. C. (1991). Objective and subjective underemployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of business research, 22(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90002-F
  • Khassawneh, O., Mohammad, T., & Momany, M. T. (2023). Perceived overqualification and job outcomes: The moderating role of manager envy. Sustainability, 15(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010084
  • Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x
  • Lin, B., Law, K. S., & Zhou, J. (2017). Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task-crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations. Academy of Management Journal, 60(1), 156-177. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0470
  • Liu, F., Li, J., Lan, J., & Gong, Y. (2023). Linking perceived overqualification to work withdrawal, employee silence, and pro-job unethical behavior in a Chinese context: the mediating roles of shame and anger. Review of Managerial Science, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00619-y
  • Liu, S., & Wang, M. (2012). Perceived overqualification: A review and recommendations for research and practice. The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being, 10, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2012)0000010005
  • Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L. E., Shi, J., & Wang, M. O. (2015). Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviors: Examining a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1979
  • Lobene, E. V., & Meade, A. W. (2013). The effects of career calling and perceived overqualification on work outcomes for primary and secondary school teachers. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845313495512
  • Luksyte, A., Spitzmueller, C., & Maynard, D. C. (2011). Why do overqualified incumbents deviate? Examining multiple mediators. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 279. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022709
  • Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson.
  • Maltarich, M. A., Reilly, G., & Nyberg, A. J. (2011). Objective and subjective overqualification: Distinctions, relationships, and a place for each in the literature. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 236-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01332.x
  • Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
  • Maynard, D. C., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12006
  • Maynard, D. C., Brondolo, E. M., Connelly, C. E., & Sauer, C. E. (2015). I'm too good for this job: Narcissism's role in the experience of overqualification. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.1203
  • Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(4), 509-536. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.389
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage
  • Onat, G., & Eren, D. (2020). The impacts of perceived overqualification on employee performance: a case of chefs. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(4), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160403
  • Peiró, J. M., Agut, S., & Grau, R. (2010). The relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction among young Spanish workers: The role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience. Journal of applied social psychology, 40(3), 666-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00592.x
  • Ramos, R., & Sanromá, E. (2013). Overeducation and Local Labour Markets in Spain. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(3), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00752.x
  • Schreurs, B., Hamstra, M. R., Jawahar, I. M., & Akkermans, J. (2021). Perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behavior: testing the mediating role of relative deprivation and the moderating role of ambition. Personnel Review, 50(3), 1038-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2019-0237
  • Shafique, I., Kalyar, M. N., Ahmad, B., & Pierscieniak, A. (2022). Moral exclusion in hospitality: testing a moderated mediation model of the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge-hiding behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2022-0067
  • Sierra, M. J. (2011). A multilevel approach to understanding employee overqualification. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 243-246. https://doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01334.x
  • Støren, L. A., & Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2010). Foreign diploma versus immigrant background: determinants of labour market success or failure? Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308327951
  • Thompson, K. W., Shea, T. H., Sikora, D. M., Perrewe, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2013). Rethinking underemployment and overqualification in organizations: The not so ugly truth. Business Horizons, 56(1), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.09.009
  • Tütüncü, Ö., & Demir, M. (2003). Konaklama işletmelerinde insan kaynakları kapsamında işgücü devir hızının analizi ve Muğla bölgesi örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 146-169.
  • Vaisey, S. (2006). Education and its discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972–2002. Social Forces, 85(2), 835-864. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0028
  • Verhaest, D., & Omey, E. (2006). The impact of overeducation and its measurement. Social Indicators Research, 77, 419-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4276-6
  • Vogel, R. M., & Feldman, D. C. (2009). Integrating the levels of person-environment fit: The roles of vocational fit and group fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.007
  • Wu, C. H., Weisman, H., Sung, L. K., Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2022). Perceived overqualification, felt organizational obligation, and extra-role behavior during the COVID-19 crisis: The moderating role of self-sacrificial leadership. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 983-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12371
  • Xia, Y., Schyns, B., & Zhang, L. (2020). Why and when job stressors impact voice behaviour: An ego depletion perspective. Journal of Business Research, 109, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.053
  • Ye, X., Li, L., & Tan, X. (2017). Organizational support: Mechanisms to affect perceived overqualification on turnover intentions: a study of Chinese repatriates in multinational enterprises. Employee Relations. 918-934. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2016-0213
  • Yeşiltaş, M., Arici, H. E., & Sormaz, Ü. (2023). Does perceived overqualification lead employees to further knowledge hiding? The role of relative deprivation and ego depletion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1392
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Yıldız, B., Özdemir, F., Habib, E., & Çakı, N. (2017). Aşırı nitelikliliğin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde kolektif şükranın moderatör etkisi. Örgütsel Davranış Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 40-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/odad/issue/31268/342399
  • Zhang, M. J., Law, K. S., & Lin, B. (2016). You think you are big fish in a small pond? Perceived overqualification, goal orientations, and proactivity at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2024

Are they really overqualification? Evaluation of perceived overqualification by the employees

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 73 - 85, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2024-9-1-73

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the self-perception of hotel industry employees regarding their overqualification, the factors that contribute to overqualification, and the attitudes and behaviors of managers and colleagues towards overqualified employees. To achieve the research objective, a qualitative research approach was used, involving interviews with personnel to collect data. During the interviews, employees were asked four main questions. Thematic analysis was used to examine the participants' responses to the inquiries. Eight distinct themes were identified based on the examination of responses to the multiple-choice questions. The analysis revealed that a significant portion of employees felt they were overqualified for their roles. The perception of employees as overqualified is primarily influenced by factors such as education, experience, and foreign language proficiency. As per employees, this attribute distinguishes them from their peers. Moreover, a substantial portion of the workforce often perceives individuals to have excessive qualifications, as observed by their supervisors and peers. In conclusion, most participants, except for one, demonstrated a clear preference for overqualification. Employees engage in activities to enhance their qualifications in their pursuit of overqualification. These activities involve enhancing their education, enrolling in vocational training programs, obtaining work-related certifications, attending seminars, and improving their foreign language proficiency. In a broader context, there is a concept of improving employee overqualification by promoting higher education and foreign language proficiency.



References

  • Akbıyık, B. Ü. (2016). Perceived overqualification and task performance in hospitality sector: The moderating effect of perceived job alternatives. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 2(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.202828
  • Aydoğan, E., & Olgunçelik, Z. (2022) Algılanan aşırı niteliklilik iş performansı ilişkisinde psikolojik sahiplenmenin aracılık rolü. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 57(2), 761-781. 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.22.04.1818
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Brkich, M., Jeffs, D., & Carless, S. A. (2002). A global self-report measure of person-job fit. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(1), 43-51.  https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.18.1.43
  • Burke, R. J. (1997). Correlates of under-employment among recent business school graduates. International Journal of Manpower, 18(7), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729710186455
  • Cheng, B., Zhou, X., Guo, G., & Yang, K. (2020). Perceived overqualification and cyberloafing: A moderated-mediation model based on equity theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 164, 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4026-8
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Sage Publication.
  • Demir, M., Dalgıç, A., & Yaşar, E. (2022). how perceived overqualification affects task performance and proactive behavior: The role of digital competencies and job crafting. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2022.2135665
  • Edwards, J. R. (1996). An examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. Academy of management journal, 39(2), 292-339. https://doi.org/10.5465/256782
  • El-Sawalhy, H. A., Shaaban, M. N., Salem, I. E., & Elbaz, A. M. (2022). Overqualification effects on organizational attitude in hospitality and tourism SMEs: The moderating role of interpersonal influence. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11, 475-493.
  • Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 557. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013528
  • Erdoğan, B., Bauer, T. N., Peiró, J. M., & Truxillo, D. M. (2011). Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 215-232.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01330.x
  • Erdoğan, B., Karaeminogullari, A., Bauer, T. N., & Ellis, A. M. (2018). Perceived overqualification at work: Implications for extra-role behaviors and advice network centrality. Journal of Management, 46(4), 583-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318804331
  • Fan, J., He, J., Dai, H., Jing, Y., & Shang, G. (2023). The impact of perceived overqualification on employees' innovation behaviour: role of psychological contract breach, psychological distance and employment relationship atmosphere. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2022-0200
  • Fine, S. (2007). Overqualification and selection in leadership training. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071791907304291
  • Fine, S., & Edward, M. (2017). Breaking the rules, not the law: The potential risks of counterproductive work behaviors among overqualified employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 25(4), 401-405.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12194
  • Fine, S., & Nevo, B. (2008). Too smart their own good? A study perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(2), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701799937
  • Gavin, H. (2008). Thematic Analysis. Understanding Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Sage Publication, London
  • Gizlier, Ö., & Yıldız, B. (2021). Algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğin çalışanların kariyerizm eğilimleri ve sosyal kaytarma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2162-2173. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2021.1253
  • Gkorezis, P., Erdoğan, B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bellou, V. (2019). Implications of perceived overqualification for employee's close social ties: The moderating role of external organizational prestige. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103335
  • Guerrero, L., & Hatala, J. P. (2015). Antecedents of perceived overqualification: a three-wave study. Career Development International. 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2014-0152
  • Han, M. C., & Hwang, P. C. (2021). Crafting job and leisure activities when you are overqualified. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.017
  • Harari, M. B., Manapragada, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017). Who thinks they're a big fish in a small pond and why does it matter? A meta-analysis of perceived overqualification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 28-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.06.002
  • Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., & Tidd, S. T. (2002). The relationship between work status congruence and work-related attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.903
  • Hung, C. Y. (2008). Overeducation and undereducation in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Economics, 19(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.02.001
  • Johnson, W. R., Morrow, P. C., & Johnson, G. J. (2002). An evaluation of a perceived overqualification scale across work settings. The journal of Psychology, 136(4), 425-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604169
  • Karaman, E. E., & Çetinkaya, N. (2019). Kişilik özelliklerinin algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğe etkisi: konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-33. https://tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/47
  • Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zada, M., Nisar, H. G., Ali, A., & Zada, S. (2023). The positive side of overqualification: examining perceived overqualification linkage with knowledge sharing and career planning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(4), 993-1015. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2022-0111
  • Khan, L. J., & Morrow, P. C. (1991). Objective and subjective underemployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of business research, 22(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90002-F
  • Khassawneh, O., Mohammad, T., & Momany, M. T. (2023). Perceived overqualification and job outcomes: The moderating role of manager envy. Sustainability, 15(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010084
  • Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x
  • Lin, B., Law, K. S., & Zhou, J. (2017). Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task-crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations. Academy of Management Journal, 60(1), 156-177. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0470
  • Liu, F., Li, J., Lan, J., & Gong, Y. (2023). Linking perceived overqualification to work withdrawal, employee silence, and pro-job unethical behavior in a Chinese context: the mediating roles of shame and anger. Review of Managerial Science, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00619-y
  • Liu, S., & Wang, M. (2012). Perceived overqualification: A review and recommendations for research and practice. The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being, 10, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2012)0000010005
  • Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L. E., Shi, J., & Wang, M. O. (2015). Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviors: Examining a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1979
  • Lobene, E. V., & Meade, A. W. (2013). The effects of career calling and perceived overqualification on work outcomes for primary and secondary school teachers. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845313495512
  • Luksyte, A., Spitzmueller, C., & Maynard, D. C. (2011). Why do overqualified incumbents deviate? Examining multiple mediators. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 279. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022709
  • Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson.
  • Maltarich, M. A., Reilly, G., & Nyberg, A. J. (2011). Objective and subjective overqualification: Distinctions, relationships, and a place for each in the literature. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 236-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01332.x
  • Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
  • Maynard, D. C., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12006
  • Maynard, D. C., Brondolo, E. M., Connelly, C. E., & Sauer, C. E. (2015). I'm too good for this job: Narcissism's role in the experience of overqualification. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.1203
  • Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(4), 509-536. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.389
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage
  • Onat, G., & Eren, D. (2020). The impacts of perceived overqualification on employee performance: a case of chefs. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(4), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160403
  • Peiró, J. M., Agut, S., & Grau, R. (2010). The relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction among young Spanish workers: The role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience. Journal of applied social psychology, 40(3), 666-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00592.x
  • Ramos, R., & Sanromá, E. (2013). Overeducation and Local Labour Markets in Spain. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(3), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00752.x
  • Schreurs, B., Hamstra, M. R., Jawahar, I. M., & Akkermans, J. (2021). Perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behavior: testing the mediating role of relative deprivation and the moderating role of ambition. Personnel Review, 50(3), 1038-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2019-0237
  • Shafique, I., Kalyar, M. N., Ahmad, B., & Pierscieniak, A. (2022). Moral exclusion in hospitality: testing a moderated mediation model of the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge-hiding behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2022-0067
  • Sierra, M. J. (2011). A multilevel approach to understanding employee overqualification. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 243-246. https://doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01334.x
  • Støren, L. A., & Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2010). Foreign diploma versus immigrant background: determinants of labour market success or failure? Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308327951
  • Thompson, K. W., Shea, T. H., Sikora, D. M., Perrewe, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2013). Rethinking underemployment and overqualification in organizations: The not so ugly truth. Business Horizons, 56(1), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.09.009
  • Tütüncü, Ö., & Demir, M. (2003). Konaklama işletmelerinde insan kaynakları kapsamında işgücü devir hızının analizi ve Muğla bölgesi örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 146-169.
  • Vaisey, S. (2006). Education and its discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972–2002. Social Forces, 85(2), 835-864. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0028
  • Verhaest, D., & Omey, E. (2006). The impact of overeducation and its measurement. Social Indicators Research, 77, 419-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4276-6
  • Vogel, R. M., & Feldman, D. C. (2009). Integrating the levels of person-environment fit: The roles of vocational fit and group fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.007
  • Wu, C. H., Weisman, H., Sung, L. K., Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2022). Perceived overqualification, felt organizational obligation, and extra-role behavior during the COVID-19 crisis: The moderating role of self-sacrificial leadership. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 983-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12371
  • Xia, Y., Schyns, B., & Zhang, L. (2020). Why and when job stressors impact voice behaviour: An ego depletion perspective. Journal of Business Research, 109, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.053
  • Ye, X., Li, L., & Tan, X. (2017). Organizational support: Mechanisms to affect perceived overqualification on turnover intentions: a study of Chinese repatriates in multinational enterprises. Employee Relations. 918-934. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2016-0213
  • Yeşiltaş, M., Arici, H. E., & Sormaz, Ü. (2023). Does perceived overqualification lead employees to further knowledge hiding? The role of relative deprivation and ego depletion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1392
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Yıldız, B., Özdemir, F., Habib, E., & Çakı, N. (2017). Aşırı nitelikliliğin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde kolektif şükranın moderatör etkisi. Örgütsel Davranış Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 40-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/odad/issue/31268/342399
  • Zhang, M. J., Law, K. S., & Lin, B. (2016). You think you are big fish in a small pond? Perceived overqualification, goal orientations, and proactivity at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2024
Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 73 - 85, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2024-9-1-73

Abstract

References

  • Akbıyık, B. Ü. (2016). Perceived overqualification and task performance in hospitality sector: The moderating effect of perceived job alternatives. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 2(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.202828
  • Aydoğan, E., & Olgunçelik, Z. (2022) Algılanan aşırı niteliklilik iş performansı ilişkisinde psikolojik sahiplenmenin aracılık rolü. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 57(2), 761-781. 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.22.04.1818
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Brkich, M., Jeffs, D., & Carless, S. A. (2002). A global self-report measure of person-job fit. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(1), 43-51.  https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.18.1.43
  • Burke, R. J. (1997). Correlates of under-employment among recent business school graduates. International Journal of Manpower, 18(7), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729710186455
  • Cheng, B., Zhou, X., Guo, G., & Yang, K. (2020). Perceived overqualification and cyberloafing: A moderated-mediation model based on equity theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 164, 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4026-8
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Sage Publication.
  • Demir, M., Dalgıç, A., & Yaşar, E. (2022). how perceived overqualification affects task performance and proactive behavior: The role of digital competencies and job crafting. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2022.2135665
  • Edwards, J. R. (1996). An examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. Academy of management journal, 39(2), 292-339. https://doi.org/10.5465/256782
  • El-Sawalhy, H. A., Shaaban, M. N., Salem, I. E., & Elbaz, A. M. (2022). Overqualification effects on organizational attitude in hospitality and tourism SMEs: The moderating role of interpersonal influence. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11, 475-493.
  • Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 557. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013528
  • Erdoğan, B., Bauer, T. N., Peiró, J. M., & Truxillo, D. M. (2011). Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 215-232.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01330.x
  • Erdoğan, B., Karaeminogullari, A., Bauer, T. N., & Ellis, A. M. (2018). Perceived overqualification at work: Implications for extra-role behaviors and advice network centrality. Journal of Management, 46(4), 583-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318804331
  • Fan, J., He, J., Dai, H., Jing, Y., & Shang, G. (2023). The impact of perceived overqualification on employees' innovation behaviour: role of psychological contract breach, psychological distance and employment relationship atmosphere. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2022-0200
  • Fine, S. (2007). Overqualification and selection in leadership training. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071791907304291
  • Fine, S., & Edward, M. (2017). Breaking the rules, not the law: The potential risks of counterproductive work behaviors among overqualified employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 25(4), 401-405.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12194
  • Fine, S., & Nevo, B. (2008). Too smart their own good? A study perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(2), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701799937
  • Gavin, H. (2008). Thematic Analysis. Understanding Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Sage Publication, London
  • Gizlier, Ö., & Yıldız, B. (2021). Algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğin çalışanların kariyerizm eğilimleri ve sosyal kaytarma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2162-2173. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2021.1253
  • Gkorezis, P., Erdoğan, B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bellou, V. (2019). Implications of perceived overqualification for employee's close social ties: The moderating role of external organizational prestige. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 103335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103335
  • Guerrero, L., & Hatala, J. P. (2015). Antecedents of perceived overqualification: a three-wave study. Career Development International. 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2014-0152
  • Han, M. C., & Hwang, P. C. (2021). Crafting job and leisure activities when you are overqualified. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.017
  • Harari, M. B., Manapragada, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017). Who thinks they're a big fish in a small pond and why does it matter? A meta-analysis of perceived overqualification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 28-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.06.002
  • Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., & Tidd, S. T. (2002). The relationship between work status congruence and work-related attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.903
  • Hung, C. Y. (2008). Overeducation and undereducation in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Economics, 19(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2008.02.001
  • Johnson, W. R., Morrow, P. C., & Johnson, G. J. (2002). An evaluation of a perceived overqualification scale across work settings. The journal of Psychology, 136(4), 425-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604169
  • Karaman, E. E., & Çetinkaya, N. (2019). Kişilik özelliklerinin algılanan aşırı nitelikliliğe etkisi: konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-33. https://tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/47
  • Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zada, M., Nisar, H. G., Ali, A., & Zada, S. (2023). The positive side of overqualification: examining perceived overqualification linkage with knowledge sharing and career planning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(4), 993-1015. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2022-0111
  • Khan, L. J., & Morrow, P. C. (1991). Objective and subjective underemployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of business research, 22(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(91)90002-F
  • Khassawneh, O., Mohammad, T., & Momany, M. T. (2023). Perceived overqualification and job outcomes: The moderating role of manager envy. Sustainability, 15(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010084
  • Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x
  • Lin, B., Law, K. S., & Zhou, J. (2017). Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task-crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations. Academy of Management Journal, 60(1), 156-177. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0470
  • Liu, F., Li, J., Lan, J., & Gong, Y. (2023). Linking perceived overqualification to work withdrawal, employee silence, and pro-job unethical behavior in a Chinese context: the mediating roles of shame and anger. Review of Managerial Science, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00619-y
  • Liu, S., & Wang, M. (2012). Perceived overqualification: A review and recommendations for research and practice. The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being, 10, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2012)0000010005
  • Liu, S., Luksyte, A., Zhou, L. E., Shi, J., & Wang, M. O. (2015). Overqualification and counterproductive work behaviors: Examining a moderated mediation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1979
  • Lobene, E. V., & Meade, A. W. (2013). The effects of career calling and perceived overqualification on work outcomes for primary and secondary school teachers. Journal of Career Development, 40(6), 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845313495512
  • Luksyte, A., Spitzmueller, C., & Maynard, D. C. (2011). Why do overqualified incumbents deviate? Examining multiple mediators. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 279. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022709
  • Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson.
  • Maltarich, M. A., Reilly, G., & Nyberg, A. J. (2011). Objective and subjective overqualification: Distinctions, relationships, and a place for each in the literature. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 236-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01332.x
  • Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
  • Maynard, D. C., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12006
  • Maynard, D. C., Brondolo, E. M., Connelly, C. E., & Sauer, C. E. (2015). I'm too good for this job: Narcissism's role in the experience of overqualification. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.1203
  • Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(4), 509-536. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.389
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage
  • Onat, G., & Eren, D. (2020). The impacts of perceived overqualification on employee performance: a case of chefs. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(4), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160403
  • Peiró, J. M., Agut, S., & Grau, R. (2010). The relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction among young Spanish workers: The role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience. Journal of applied social psychology, 40(3), 666-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00592.x
  • Ramos, R., & Sanromá, E. (2013). Overeducation and Local Labour Markets in Spain. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(3), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00752.x
  • Schreurs, B., Hamstra, M. R., Jawahar, I. M., & Akkermans, J. (2021). Perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behavior: testing the mediating role of relative deprivation and the moderating role of ambition. Personnel Review, 50(3), 1038-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2019-0237
  • Shafique, I., Kalyar, M. N., Ahmad, B., & Pierscieniak, A. (2022). Moral exclusion in hospitality: testing a moderated mediation model of the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge-hiding behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2022-0067
  • Sierra, M. J. (2011). A multilevel approach to understanding employee overqualification. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 243-246. https://doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01334.x
  • Støren, L. A., & Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2010). Foreign diploma versus immigrant background: determinants of labour market success or failure? Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308327951
  • Thompson, K. W., Shea, T. H., Sikora, D. M., Perrewe, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2013). Rethinking underemployment and overqualification in organizations: The not so ugly truth. Business Horizons, 56(1), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.09.009
  • Tütüncü, Ö., & Demir, M. (2003). Konaklama işletmelerinde insan kaynakları kapsamında işgücü devir hızının analizi ve Muğla bölgesi örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 146-169.
  • Vaisey, S. (2006). Education and its discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972–2002. Social Forces, 85(2), 835-864. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0028
  • Verhaest, D., & Omey, E. (2006). The impact of overeducation and its measurement. Social Indicators Research, 77, 419-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4276-6
  • Vogel, R. M., & Feldman, D. C. (2009). Integrating the levels of person-environment fit: The roles of vocational fit and group fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.007
  • Wu, C. H., Weisman, H., Sung, L. K., Erdoğan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2022). Perceived overqualification, felt organizational obligation, and extra-role behavior during the COVID-19 crisis: The moderating role of self-sacrificial leadership. Applied Psychology, 71(3), 983-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12371
  • Xia, Y., Schyns, B., & Zhang, L. (2020). Why and when job stressors impact voice behaviour: An ego depletion perspective. Journal of Business Research, 109, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.053
  • Ye, X., Li, L., & Tan, X. (2017). Organizational support: Mechanisms to affect perceived overqualification on turnover intentions: a study of Chinese repatriates in multinational enterprises. Employee Relations. 918-934. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2016-0213
  • Yeşiltaş, M., Arici, H. E., & Sormaz, Ü. (2023). Does perceived overqualification lead employees to further knowledge hiding? The role of relative deprivation and ego depletion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1392
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Yıldız, B., Özdemir, F., Habib, E., & Çakı, N. (2017). Aşırı nitelikliliğin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde kolektif şükranın moderatör etkisi. Örgütsel Davranış Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 40-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/odad/issue/31268/342399
  • Zhang, M. J., Law, K. S., & Lin, B. (2016). You think you are big fish in a small pond? Perceived overqualification, goal orientations, and proactivity at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2024
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Contents
Authors

Emre Yaşar 0000-0003-1573-0930

Nesrin Aydın Alakuş 0000-0001-7263-4457

Early Pub Date October 6, 2023
Publication Date April 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yaşar, E., & Aydın Alakuş, N. (2024). Are they really overqualification? Evaluation of perceived overqualification by the employees. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 9(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2024-9-1-73



88x31.png   All the contents of this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License (From September 2022) and available as full open access.

© Copyrights of all contents published in this journal are retained by their author(s).