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Impact of Agricultural Production and Livestock on Environmental Pollution: Non-Additive Fixed Effect Panel Quantile Method

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 28 - 41, 28.12.2023

Abstract

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is proposed to demonstrate the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth. When the literature is examined, it is seen that while there are many studies on carbon dioxide, there are fewer studies on methane gas. For this reason, the validity of the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis for methane gas emissions, which is the second largest factor in climate change, was examined with the non-additive panel quantile method. The study was conducted for the period between 1990 and 2019 in BRICS countries, which are thought to have the largest economy in the world by 2050. In addition to the income indicator in the application for methane gas, arable land, renewable energy use, fertilizer consumption, large head animal production index, number of agricultural machinery, forest area data in the total area is included and meaningful results are obtained for all variables. It was concluded that the EKC is valid for this study and the relationship between environmental pollution and income is in the form N. According to the findings of the study, it was observed that the variables of livestock index, fertilizer consumption, number of agricultural machinery, arable land and forest area increased methane gas. It is thought that making environmentally protective regulations in cattle breeding and the use of inorganic fertilizers to protect the soil will have a reducing effect on methane gas emissions. For this reason, it is predicted that producing clean energy by installing wind, solar and wave panels will be effective in reducing methane gas emissions.

References

  • Atış, E. (2005). Tarımsal yapı ve üretim. F. Yavuz (Ed.), Türkiye’de Tarım içinde (161-176).
  • Acevedo-Ramos, J. A., Valencia, C. F., & Valencia, C. D. (2023). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Colombia: Impact of Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and ecological footprint. Sustainability, 15(4), 3738.
  • Agras, J. & Chapman, D. (1999). A Dynamic Approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 28, 267-277.
  • Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778.
  • Ajam, N., Moghaddası, R., & Mohammadınejad, A. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Globalization (An Empirical Examination of Iran’s Agriculture). Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(4).
  • Barrett, S., & Graddy, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and The Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(4), 433-456.
  • Benaides, M., Ovalle, K., Torres, C., & Vınces, T. (2017). Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Methane Emissions: Is There an Enviromental Kuznets Curve in Austria?. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(1), 259-267.
  • Bo, S. (2011), A Literature Survey on Environmental Kuznets Curve, Energy Procedia, 5: 1322-1325.
  • Chu, L. K. (2021). Economic Structure and Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: New Evidence from Economic Complexity. Applied Economics Letters, 28(7), 612-616.
  • Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. & J.M Bates (1997), The Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Analysis, Environment and Development Economics, 2 (04), 401–416.
  • Demissew Beyene, S., & Kotosz, B. (2020). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: An Empirical Study for East African Countries. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 77(4), 636-654.
  • Dijkgraaf, E., & Vollebergh, H. R. (2005). A Test for Parameter Homogeneity in CO 2 Panel EKC Estimations. Environmental and Resource Economics, 32, 229-239.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Djoukouo, A. F. D. (2021). Relationship Between Methane Emissions and Economic Growth in Central Africa Countries: Evidence from Panel Data. Global Transitions, 3, 126-134.
  • Ericsson, A. (2022). Methane Emissions and Economic Growth: An N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve for the G20 Countries?.
  • Guriş, S., & Şak, N. (2019). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Toplamsal Olmayan Sabit Etkili Panel Kantil Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 327-340.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper, No: 3914.
  • Hamilton, C. & Turton, H. (2002). Determinant of Emissions Growth in OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 30, 63-71.
  • Handoyo, R. D., Rahmawati, Y., Rojas Altamirano, O. G., Ahsani, S. F., Hudang, A. K., & Haryanto, T. (2022). An Empirical Investigation Between FDI, Tourism, and Trade on CO2 Emission in Asia: Testing Environmental Kuznet Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(4), 385-393.
  • Hao, Y., Liu, Y., Weng, J. H., & Gao, Y. (2016). Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Coal Consumption in China exist? New Evidence from Spatial Econometric Analysis. Energy, 114, 1214-1223.
  • Jalil, Abdul & Syed F. Mahmud (2009), Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China, Energy Policy, 37, 5167–5172.
  • Jaunky, V.C. (2011). The CO2 Emissions-Income Nexus: Evidence from Rich Countries, Energy Policy, 39, 1228-1240.
  • Kahvecioğlu, Y. (2004). Tüketim Toplumu, Ekolojik Risk ve Türkiye (Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Karaalp, H. S. ( 2008). Sektörel Açıdan İklim Değişikliği: Tarım, Ulaştırma ve Sanayi. E. Karakaya (Ed.), Küresel Isınma ve Kyoto Protokolü İçinde (S. 265- 307). Ankara: Bağlam Yayımcılık.
  • Koenker, R. (2004). Quantile Regression for Longitudinal data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 91(1), 74-89.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50.
  • Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi: Türkiye için Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Işık, D., & Ökmen, G. (2013). Metan üreten mikroorganizmalar. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, (2), 79-85.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests And Policy Analysis Of Environmental Degradation At Different Stages Of Economic Development.
  • Powell, D. (2022). Quantile Regression With Nonadditive Fixed Effects. Empirical Economics, 63(5), 2675-2691.
  • Shahbaz, M., Gozgor, G., Adom, P. K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2019). The Technical Decomposition of Carbon Emissions and the Concerns about FDI and Trade Openness Effects in the United States. International Economics, 159, 56-73.
  • Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental Quality and Development: Is There A Kuznets Curve For Air Pollution Emissions?. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Spilker, G. (2013). Globalization, Political Institutions and the Environment in Developing Countries. New York: Routledge.
  • Temur, B. (2017). Küresel İsınmanın Türkiye'de Tarım Sektörü Üzerine Etkisi: Bir Ardl Modeli Uygulaması (Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University (Turkey)).
  • Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). Income, İnequality, and Pollution: a Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147-160.
  • Williamson, C. (2017). Emission, Education, and Politics: an Empirical Study of the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Park Place Economist, 25(1), 9.
  • “Dünyanın Gözü Metan Gazında”. Euronews (2023, Nisan 23). Erişim Tarihi: 23 Nisan 2023. https://tr.euronews.com/green/2021/07/14/dunyan-n-gozu-metan-gaz-nda

Tarımsal Üretim ve Hayvancılığın Çevresel Kirliliğe Etkisi: Toplamsal Olmayan Panel Kantil Yöntemi

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 28 - 41, 28.12.2023

Abstract

Çevresel kirlilik ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi göstermek için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi önerilmektedir. Literatür incelendiğinde karbondioksit için birçok çalışma mevcutken metan gazına dair çalışmaların daha az sayıda olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sebeple iklim değişikliğinde en büyük ikinci faktör olan metan gazı salınımı için Çevresel Kuznets hipotezinin geçerliliği, toplamsal olmayan panel kantil yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. 2050’ye kadar dünyanın en büyük ekonomisine sahip olacağı düşünülen BRICS ülkelerinde 1990-2019 yılları arasındaki dönem için çalışma yapılmıştır. Metan gazı için gerçekleştirilen uygulamada gelir göstergesine ek olarak ekilebilir arazi, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı, gübre tüketimi, büyükbaş hayvan üretim indeksi, tarımsal alan makine sayısı, toplam alan içindeki ormanlık alan verisi dahil edilmiş ve tüm değişkenler için anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışma için ÇKE hipotezinin geçerli olduğu belirlenmiş ve çevre kirliliği ile gelir arasındaki ilişkinin N biçiminde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre büyükbaş hayvan indeksi, gübre tüketimi, tarımsal alan makine sayısı, ekilebilir alan ve ormanlık alan değişkenlerinin metan gazını arttırdığı görülmüştür. Büyükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde çevreyi koruyucu düzenlemeler yapılmasının ve toprağı korumaya yönelik inorganik gübrelerin kullanımının metan gazı salınımını azaltıcı etkisi olacağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada yenilebilir enerji kullanımının kirliliği azalttığına yönelik bulgular elde edilmiştir. Bu sebeple rüzgâr, güneş, dalga panelleri kurularak temiz enerji üretmenin metan gazı salınımı azaltmada etkili olacağı öngörülmektedir.

References

  • Atış, E. (2005). Tarımsal yapı ve üretim. F. Yavuz (Ed.), Türkiye’de Tarım içinde (161-176).
  • Acevedo-Ramos, J. A., Valencia, C. F., & Valencia, C. D. (2023). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Colombia: Impact of Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and ecological footprint. Sustainability, 15(4), 3738.
  • Agras, J. & Chapman, D. (1999). A Dynamic Approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 28, 267-277.
  • Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778.
  • Ajam, N., Moghaddası, R., & Mohammadınejad, A. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Globalization (An Empirical Examination of Iran’s Agriculture). Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(4).
  • Barrett, S., & Graddy, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and The Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(4), 433-456.
  • Benaides, M., Ovalle, K., Torres, C., & Vınces, T. (2017). Economic Growth, Renewable Energy and Methane Emissions: Is There an Enviromental Kuznets Curve in Austria?. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(1), 259-267.
  • Bo, S. (2011), A Literature Survey on Environmental Kuznets Curve, Energy Procedia, 5: 1322-1325.
  • Chu, L. K. (2021). Economic Structure and Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: New Evidence from Economic Complexity. Applied Economics Letters, 28(7), 612-616.
  • Cole, M.A., Rayner, A.J. & J.M Bates (1997), The Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Analysis, Environment and Development Economics, 2 (04), 401–416.
  • Demissew Beyene, S., & Kotosz, B. (2020). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: An Empirical Study for East African Countries. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 77(4), 636-654.
  • Dijkgraaf, E., & Vollebergh, H. R. (2005). A Test for Parameter Homogeneity in CO 2 Panel EKC Estimations. Environmental and Resource Economics, 32, 229-239.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Djoukouo, A. F. D. (2021). Relationship Between Methane Emissions and Economic Growth in Central Africa Countries: Evidence from Panel Data. Global Transitions, 3, 126-134.
  • Ericsson, A. (2022). Methane Emissions and Economic Growth: An N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve for the G20 Countries?.
  • Guriş, S., & Şak, N. (2019). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Toplamsal Olmayan Sabit Etkili Panel Kantil Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 327-340.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper, No: 3914.
  • Hamilton, C. & Turton, H. (2002). Determinant of Emissions Growth in OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 30, 63-71.
  • Handoyo, R. D., Rahmawati, Y., Rojas Altamirano, O. G., Ahsani, S. F., Hudang, A. K., & Haryanto, T. (2022). An Empirical Investigation Between FDI, Tourism, and Trade on CO2 Emission in Asia: Testing Environmental Kuznet Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(4), 385-393.
  • Hao, Y., Liu, Y., Weng, J. H., & Gao, Y. (2016). Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Coal Consumption in China exist? New Evidence from Spatial Econometric Analysis. Energy, 114, 1214-1223.
  • Jalil, Abdul & Syed F. Mahmud (2009), Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China, Energy Policy, 37, 5167–5172.
  • Jaunky, V.C. (2011). The CO2 Emissions-Income Nexus: Evidence from Rich Countries, Energy Policy, 39, 1228-1240.
  • Kahvecioğlu, Y. (2004). Tüketim Toplumu, Ekolojik Risk ve Türkiye (Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Karaalp, H. S. ( 2008). Sektörel Açıdan İklim Değişikliği: Tarım, Ulaştırma ve Sanayi. E. Karakaya (Ed.), Küresel Isınma ve Kyoto Protokolü İçinde (S. 265- 307). Ankara: Bağlam Yayımcılık.
  • Koenker, R. (2004). Quantile Regression for Longitudinal data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 91(1), 74-89.
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50.
  • Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi: Türkiye için Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Işık, D., & Ökmen, G. (2013). Metan üreten mikroorganizmalar. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, (2), 79-85.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests And Policy Analysis Of Environmental Degradation At Different Stages Of Economic Development.
  • Powell, D. (2022). Quantile Regression With Nonadditive Fixed Effects. Empirical Economics, 63(5), 2675-2691.
  • Shahbaz, M., Gozgor, G., Adom, P. K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2019). The Technical Decomposition of Carbon Emissions and the Concerns about FDI and Trade Openness Effects in the United States. International Economics, 159, 56-73.
  • Selden, T. M., & Song, D. (1994). Environmental Quality and Development: Is There A Kuznets Curve For Air Pollution Emissions?. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Spilker, G. (2013). Globalization, Political Institutions and the Environment in Developing Countries. New York: Routledge.
  • Temur, B. (2017). Küresel İsınmanın Türkiye'de Tarım Sektörü Üzerine Etkisi: Bir Ardl Modeli Uygulaması (Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University (Turkey)).
  • Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). Income, İnequality, and Pollution: a Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147-160.
  • Williamson, C. (2017). Emission, Education, and Politics: an Empirical Study of the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Park Place Economist, 25(1), 9.
  • “Dünyanın Gözü Metan Gazında”. Euronews (2023, Nisan 23). Erişim Tarihi: 23 Nisan 2023. https://tr.euronews.com/green/2021/07/14/dunyan-n-gozu-metan-gaz-nda
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zeynep Şengül 0000-0002-0461-6203

Nazan Şak 0000-0002-7155-2940

Publication Date December 28, 2023
Submission Date November 13, 2023
Acceptance Date December 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şengül, Z., & Şak, N. (2023). Tarımsal Üretim ve Hayvancılığın Çevresel Kirliliğe Etkisi: Toplamsal Olmayan Panel Kantil Yöntemi. İstatistik Araştırma Dergisi, 13(2), 28-41.