Research Article
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Disaster Communication Concerning Governmental Public Relations and Social Media Use: An Analysis of Forest Fires

Year 2023, Issue: 11, 1 - 25, 27.12.2023

Hatun Boztepe Taşkıran Mahmut Enes Ağca

https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1251910

Abstract

Disasters are situations that have the potential to affect and harm all or a large segment of society, and it is not possible to manage them individually or as a group. The responsibility for managing disasters is attributed to public institutions because they are directly associated with public services. Disaster communication conducted by public institutions to meet the intense information needs that arise in times of disaster can be evaluated within the framework of governmental public relations. Disaster communication is a process that requires the rapid delivery of disaster-related information to large target audiences, and social media provides an important capacity for disaster communication. In this study, an investigation was conducted using the technique of content analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. The investigation aimed to uncover the use of social media for disaster communication during the wildfires in 2021 and 2022. The research examined the official Twitter accounts the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Forestry, and the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, which are responsible for disaster communication during forest fires. The objective was to determine the use of social media for disaster communication purposes by public institutions and citizens by analyzing both the content shared on official accounts and the responses of other social media users to that content. The findings showed that the first three goals of public institutions and their representatives that engaged in disaster communication during forest fires, were to inform (n=315), legitimize (n=214) and explain (n=148). It was found that the target audiences focused on the purposes of reacting (n=3295), expressing wishes (n=2793) and giving support (n=2601). In addition, it was found that the dialogic communication approach was not used in social media communication for disaster in governmental public relations.

Keywords

Disaster Disaster communication public institutions governmental public relations social media

References

  • Afet. (t.y.). Türk Dil Kurumu güncel Türkçe sözlük içinde. Erişim adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Afet (İng. disaster). (t.y). Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü içinde. Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu.
  • Ahmed, A. (2019). Communication process of disaster management: shift from web 2.0 to web 3.0. I. Management Association (Ed.), Emergency and Disaster Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (s. 619-639) in. Pennsylvania: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6195-8.ch028.
  • Chiimba, E.G. ve Verne, J. (2022). Disaster communication beyond the state? Community organisations, informal information flows and the mediation of (mis)trust before and after Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, 1- 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103012.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2011). Political public relations and crisis communication a public relations perspective. J. Strömback ve S. Kiousis (Ed.). Political Public Relations Principles and Applications (s.214-234) in. New York: Routledge.
  • Covello, V. T., Winterfeldt D. V. ve Slovic, P. (1986). Risk communication: A review of the literature, Risk Abstracts, 3, 171-182.
  • Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H. ve Broom, G. M. (2006). Effective public relations. 9th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Gultom, D.I. (2016). Community-based disaster communication: how does it become trustworthy?. Disaster Prevention and Management, 25(4), 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2016-0026.
  • Jayasekara, P.K. (2019). Role of Facebook as a disaster communication media. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-04-2018-0024.
  • Kaplan, A.M. ve Michael H. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
  • Kreps, G. A. (1984). Sociological inquiry and disaster research. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.001521.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: An introducton to its methodology (3.baskı). London: Sage Publications.
  • Kusumasari, B. ve Prabowo, N.P.A. (2020). Scraping social media data for disaster communication: how the pattern of Twitter users affects disasters in Asia and the Pacific. Natural Hazards, 103, 3415–3435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04136-z.
  • Lai C. ve Tang, T. (2021) Disaster communication behaviors in the U.S. and China: which channels do you use and with whom?. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 49(2), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2021.1900588.
  • Le Roux, T. ve Van Niekerk, D. (2020). Challenges in stakeholders self-organising to enhance disaster communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(1), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-07-2019-0078.
  • Lee, M. J. ve Cho, H. (2017). Uses of social media in government agencies: content analyses of public relations strategies and message tactics comparison between South Korea and the United States of America in 2011 and 2014. Journal of Public Affairs, 18(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1687.
  • Liu, B. F., Fraustino, J. D. ve Jin, Y. (2016). Social media use during disasters: How information form and source influence intended behavioral responses. Communication Research, 43(5), 626–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565917.
  • Liu, W., Xu, W.W., ve Tsai, J. (2020). Developing a multi-level organization-public dialogic communication framework to assess social media-mediated disaster communication and engagement outcomes. Public Relations Review, 46, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101949.
  • Lovari, A. ve Bowen, S.A. (2020). Social media in disaster communication: A case study of strategies, barriers, and ethical implications. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1967.
  • Mason, A., Flores, L., Liu, P., Tims, K., Spencer, E. ve Gire, T.G. (2019). Disaster communication: An analysis of the digital communication strategies used by the medical tourism industry during the 2017 Caribbean hurricane season. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-03-2018-0021.
  • Mavi, E. E. (2020). Afet kriz yönetiminde medya: 30 Ekim 2020 İzmir depremi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 31-53.
  • Metin, O. ve Ünal, Ş. (2022). İçerik analizi tekniği: iletişim bilimlerinde ve sosyolojide doktora tezlerinde kullanımı [Özel sayı]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 273-294. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1227356.
  • Miles, M. B ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook (2. edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Mirbabaie, M., Ehnis, C., Stieglitz, S., Bunker, D., ve Rose, T. (2021). Digital nudging in social media disaster communication. Information System Frontiers, 23, 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10062-z.
  • Ortaç, G. ve Yıltas-kaplan, D. (2021). Afet yönetimi ve kablosuz iletişim sürekliliğine genel bakış. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 10(1), 316-326. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.838308.
  • Paul, M. J. (2001). Interactive disaster communication on the ınternet: a content analysis of sixty-four disaster relief home pages. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900107800408.
  • Platania, F., Hernandez, C.T. ve Arreola, F. (2022). Social media communication during natural disasters and the impact on the agricultural market. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121594.
  • Robertson, B.W., Johnson, M., Murthy D., Smith W.R ve Stephens K.K, (2019). Using a combination of human insights and ‘deep learning’ for real-time disaster communication. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100030.
  • Seeger M.W., Sellnow, T.L. ve Ulmer, R.R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 21(1), 231-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1998.11678952.
  • Soydan, E. ve Alpaslan, N. (2016). Medyanın doğal afetlerdeki işlevi. İstanbul Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 53-64.
  • Smith, D. ve McCloskey, J. (1998). Risk and crisis management in the public sector: Risk communication and the social amplifications of public sector risk. Public Money and Management, 18(4), 41-50.
  • Spialek, M. L., & Houston, J. B. (2018). The development and ınitial validation of the citizen disaster communication assessment. Communication Research, 45(6), 934–955. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217697521.
  • Spialek, M. L., Czlapinski, H. M., & Houston, J. B. (2016). Disaster communication ecology and community resilience perceptions following the 2013 central Illinois tornadoes. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.04.006.
  • Toker, H. (2016). Doğal afetler, iletişim ve medya. Z. T. Karaman, A. Altay (Ed.). Bütünleşik Afet Yönetimi (s. 249-278) içinde. İzmir: İlkem Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz, S. ve Akbulut, D. (2021). Ulusal afet yönetimi için sistem teorisi bağlamında stratejik iletişim yönetimi model önerisi. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 829-846.
  • Zemp, H. (2010). Natural hazards: Changing media environments and the efficient use of ICT for disaster communication. E. Asimakopoulou & N. Bessis (Eds.), Advanced ICTs for disaster management and threat detection: collaborative and distributed frameworks (s. 46-64) in. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.

Kamusal Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Afet İletişimi ve Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Orman Yangınları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Issue: 11, 1 - 25, 27.12.2023

Hatun Boztepe Taşkıran Mahmut Enes Ağca

https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1251910

Abstract

Afetler toplumun tamamını ya da büyük bir kesimini etkileme ve zarar oluşturma potansiyeli bulunan, bireysel veya grup olarak üstesinden gelmenin olanaklı olmadığı durumlardır. Afetlerin yönetim sorumluluğu ise kamu hizmetleri ile doğrudan bağlantılı olmaları nedeniyle devlet yönetim organlarına atfedilmektedir. Kamu kurumlarının afet dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan yoğun enformasyon ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere gerçekleştirdikleri afet iletişimi ise kamusal halkla ilişkiler bağlamında değerlendirilebilmektedir. Afet iletişimi, afetle ilgili bilgilerin geniş hedef kitlelere hızlı bir biçimde iletilmesini gerektiren bir süreçtir ve sosyal medya afet iletişiminin gerçekleştirilmesi için önemli bir kapasite önermektedir. Bu çalışmada 2021 ve 2022 yıllarında gerçekleşen orman yangınları özelinde sosyal medyanın afet iletişimi amaçlı kullanımını ortaya koymak üzere nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi tekniğinin kullanıldığı bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada doğrudan kendi faaliyet alanları ile bağlantılı olması nedeniyle afet iletişimini gerçekleştirmekten sorumlu olan Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü ile Tarım ve Orman Bakanı’nın resmî Twitter hesapları üzerinden bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Hem resmî hesaplarda paylaşılan içerikler hem de bu içeriklere diğer sosyal medya kullanıcılarının verdikleri yanıtların analize tabi tutulması yoluyla sosyal medyanın kamu kurumları ve vatandaşlar tarafından afet iletişimi amaçlı kullanımının tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular orman yangınları döneminde afet iletişimini gerçekleştiren kamu kurum ve temsilcilerinin odaklandığı ilk üç amacın bilgilendirme (n=315), meşrulaştırma (n=214) ve açıklama (n=148) olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Hedef kitlelerin ise tepki gösterme (n=3295), temenni bildirme (n=2793) ve destek verme (n=2601) amaçlarına yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sosyal medyanın kamusal halkla ilişkilerde afet iletişimi amaçlı kullanımında diyalojik iletişim yaklaşımının benimsenmediği de araştırma bulguları ile ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

Afet afet iletişimi kamu kurumları kamusal halkla ilişkiler sosyal medya

References

  • Afet. (t.y.). Türk Dil Kurumu güncel Türkçe sözlük içinde. Erişim adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/.
  • Afet (İng. disaster). (t.y). Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü içinde. Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu.
  • Ahmed, A. (2019). Communication process of disaster management: shift from web 2.0 to web 3.0. I. Management Association (Ed.), Emergency and Disaster Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (s. 619-639) in. Pennsylvania: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6195-8.ch028.
  • Chiimba, E.G. ve Verne, J. (2022). Disaster communication beyond the state? Community organisations, informal information flows and the mediation of (mis)trust before and after Cyclone Idai in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, 1- 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103012.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2011). Political public relations and crisis communication a public relations perspective. J. Strömback ve S. Kiousis (Ed.). Political Public Relations Principles and Applications (s.214-234) in. New York: Routledge.
  • Covello, V. T., Winterfeldt D. V. ve Slovic, P. (1986). Risk communication: A review of the literature, Risk Abstracts, 3, 171-182.
  • Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H. ve Broom, G. M. (2006). Effective public relations. 9th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Gultom, D.I. (2016). Community-based disaster communication: how does it become trustworthy?. Disaster Prevention and Management, 25(4), 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2016-0026.
  • Jayasekara, P.K. (2019). Role of Facebook as a disaster communication media. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-04-2018-0024.
  • Kaplan, A.M. ve Michael H. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
  • Kreps, G. A. (1984). Sociological inquiry and disaster research. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.001521.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content analysis: An introducton to its methodology (3.baskı). London: Sage Publications.
  • Kusumasari, B. ve Prabowo, N.P.A. (2020). Scraping social media data for disaster communication: how the pattern of Twitter users affects disasters in Asia and the Pacific. Natural Hazards, 103, 3415–3435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04136-z.
  • Lai C. ve Tang, T. (2021) Disaster communication behaviors in the U.S. and China: which channels do you use and with whom?. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 49(2), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2021.1900588.
  • Le Roux, T. ve Van Niekerk, D. (2020). Challenges in stakeholders self-organising to enhance disaster communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(1), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-07-2019-0078.
  • Lee, M. J. ve Cho, H. (2017). Uses of social media in government agencies: content analyses of public relations strategies and message tactics comparison between South Korea and the United States of America in 2011 and 2014. Journal of Public Affairs, 18(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1687.
  • Liu, B. F., Fraustino, J. D. ve Jin, Y. (2016). Social media use during disasters: How information form and source influence intended behavioral responses. Communication Research, 43(5), 626–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565917.
  • Liu, W., Xu, W.W., ve Tsai, J. (2020). Developing a multi-level organization-public dialogic communication framework to assess social media-mediated disaster communication and engagement outcomes. Public Relations Review, 46, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101949.
  • Lovari, A. ve Bowen, S.A. (2020). Social media in disaster communication: A case study of strategies, barriers, and ethical implications. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1967.
  • Mason, A., Flores, L., Liu, P., Tims, K., Spencer, E. ve Gire, T.G. (2019). Disaster communication: An analysis of the digital communication strategies used by the medical tourism industry during the 2017 Caribbean hurricane season. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-03-2018-0021.
  • Mavi, E. E. (2020). Afet kriz yönetiminde medya: 30 Ekim 2020 İzmir depremi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 31-53.
  • Metin, O. ve Ünal, Ş. (2022). İçerik analizi tekniği: iletişim bilimlerinde ve sosyolojide doktora tezlerinde kullanımı [Özel sayı]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 273-294. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1227356.
  • Miles, M. B ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook (2. edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Mirbabaie, M., Ehnis, C., Stieglitz, S., Bunker, D., ve Rose, T. (2021). Digital nudging in social media disaster communication. Information System Frontiers, 23, 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10062-z.
  • Ortaç, G. ve Yıltas-kaplan, D. (2021). Afet yönetimi ve kablosuz iletişim sürekliliğine genel bakış. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 10(1), 316-326. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.838308.
  • Paul, M. J. (2001). Interactive disaster communication on the ınternet: a content analysis of sixty-four disaster relief home pages. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900107800408.
  • Platania, F., Hernandez, C.T. ve Arreola, F. (2022). Social media communication during natural disasters and the impact on the agricultural market. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121594.
  • Robertson, B.W., Johnson, M., Murthy D., Smith W.R ve Stephens K.K, (2019). Using a combination of human insights and ‘deep learning’ for real-time disaster communication. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100030.
  • Seeger M.W., Sellnow, T.L. ve Ulmer, R.R. (1998). Communication, organization, and crisis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 21(1), 231-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1998.11678952.
  • Soydan, E. ve Alpaslan, N. (2016). Medyanın doğal afetlerdeki işlevi. İstanbul Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 53-64.
  • Smith, D. ve McCloskey, J. (1998). Risk and crisis management in the public sector: Risk communication and the social amplifications of public sector risk. Public Money and Management, 18(4), 41-50.
  • Spialek, M. L., & Houston, J. B. (2018). The development and ınitial validation of the citizen disaster communication assessment. Communication Research, 45(6), 934–955. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217697521.
  • Spialek, M. L., Czlapinski, H. M., & Houston, J. B. (2016). Disaster communication ecology and community resilience perceptions following the 2013 central Illinois tornadoes. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.04.006.
  • Toker, H. (2016). Doğal afetler, iletişim ve medya. Z. T. Karaman, A. Altay (Ed.). Bütünleşik Afet Yönetimi (s. 249-278) içinde. İzmir: İlkem Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz, S. ve Akbulut, D. (2021). Ulusal afet yönetimi için sistem teorisi bağlamında stratejik iletişim yönetimi model önerisi. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 829-846.
  • Zemp, H. (2010). Natural hazards: Changing media environments and the efficient use of ICT for disaster communication. E. Asimakopoulou & N. Bessis (Eds.), Advanced ICTs for disaster management and threat detection: collaborative and distributed frameworks (s. 46-64) in. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hatun Boztepe Taşkıran 0000-0002-3447-9174

Mahmut Enes Ağca 0000-0003-1944-5635

Publication Date December 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 11

Cite

APA Boztepe Taşkıran, H., & Ağca, M. E. (2023). Kamusal Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Afet İletişimi ve Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Orman Yangınları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(11), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1251910
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