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Uluslararası Basın Fotoğrafçılığının Ürettiği Dünya İmgesi: WPP Ödüllü Fotoğraflar Üzerinden Bir Okuma

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 32, 5034 - 5074, 31.12.2020

Onur Dursun Filiz Yıldız Serkan Bulut

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.798661

Abstract

Bu çalışma World Press Photo (WPP) adlı kuruluş tarafından ödüllendirilen fotoğrafları analiz ederek uluslararası basın fotoğrafçılığı alanının habitusu çerçevesinde oluşan dünya imgesine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın analizi 4 kategoriden oluşmaktadır: (1) ödüllendirilen fotoğraflar; (2) fotoğrafların çekildiği ülkeler, fotoğrafçıların uyrukları ve kıtaları; (3) fotoğrafları dünya çapında yayınlayan medya kuruluşlarının kökenleri; (4) WPP jüri üyelerinin uyrukları ve kıtaları. Bourdieu’nun alan, habitus ve sermaye/sermayeler kavramlarına dair teorik çerçevesi üzerinden elde edilen bulgular medya profesyonellerinin/foto muhabirlerinin, Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa gibi Batı kökenli medya kuruluşlarında çalıştıklarını, bu medya kuruluşlarınca yayınlanan ödüllü fotoğraflarda Afrika, Asya, Orta ve Güney Amerika’nın savaş, çatışma, terör, hastalık, açlık/yoksulluk, kadınlara ve çocuklara yönelik şiddet, kötü yaşam koşulları ve hak ihlalleriyle temsil edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu temsilleri onaylayanlar da Batı merkezli bir kuruluşun (WPP) Batılı jüri üyeleridir. Özetle bu çalışma Batı’nın (Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa) özne poziyonundaki coğrafyalar olarak üretildiğini dünyanın geri kalanının ise (Avustralya hariç) nesne konumuna yerleştirildiğine dair bir tartışma yürütmektedir.

Keywords

medya basın fotoğrafçılığı WPP Bourdieu Alan ve Habitus dünya imgesi

References

  • Arsenault, A. H. ve Castells, M. (2008). The structure and dynamics of global multi-media business networks. International Journal of Communication. 2 (43), 707-748.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction, a social critique of the judgement of taste. (R. Nice, Çev.). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. J. Richardson (Ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research For The Sociology of Education içinde (s. 241-258). New York: Greenwood
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7 (1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998a). On television. (P. P. Ferguson, Çev.). New York: The New Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2005). The political field, the social science field, and the joumalistic field. R. Benson & E. Neveu (Eds.). Bourdieu and the journalistic field içinde (s. 29-47). Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998b). Practical reason / on the theory of action. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1995). The rules of art / genesis and structure of the literary field. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Wacquant, L. J. (2014). Düşünümsel bir antropoloji için cevaplar. (N. Ökten, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion ıdentity. New York: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, C. (2007), Bourdeu sosyolojisinin ana hatları. (G. Çeğin Çev.). Ocak ve Zanaat içinde (s. 77-129). G. Çeğin, E. Göker, A. Arlı, Ü. Tatlıcan (Ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Chomsky, N. (1989). Necessary ıllusions: Thought control in democratic societies. UK: Pluto Press.
  • Çelenk, S. (2010). Kadınların medyada temsili ve etik sorunlar. B. Çaplı ve H. Tuncel (Ed). Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik içinde (s. 229-236). Ankara: Fersa Matbaacılık.
  • Dursun, O. (2014). Batı'nın egemen 'kötü-öteki-doğu' düşüncesinin pekiştirildiği bir alan: Dünya basın fotoğrafları kurulusu, yılın fotoğrafı kategorisi üzerine bir analiz. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, 19-55.
  • Fishman, M. (1988). Manufacturing the news. University of Texas Press.
  • Forbes. (2015). The World's biggest media companies of 2015. 15 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eimi45gdej/no-1-british-sky-broadc/#4f689d60481d adresinden erişildi.
  • Foucault, M. (1981). The order of discourse. R. Young (Ed.) Untying The Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Galtung, J. ve Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90.
  • Gans, H. J. (2003). Democrasy and the news. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gencel Bek, M. (2010). Karşılaştırmalı perspektiften Türkiye’de medya sistemi, Mülkiye, 34(269), 101-125.
  • Grabe, M. E., ve Kamhawi, R. (2006). Hard wired for negative news? Gender differences in processing broadcast news. Communication Research, 33(5), 346-369.
  • Hallin, D. C. (1986). The “uncensored war”: The media and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hallin, D. C., ve Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hamelink, C. (2015). Global communication. UK: Sage Publications.
  • Happer, C. and Philoap, G. (2013). The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 321–336. (doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.).
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2015). Tarihte akıl. (Ö. Sözer, Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık
  • Herman, E. S., ve Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing Consent: The political economy of the mass media. London: Bodley Head.
  • İnal, A.M. (1994). Haber üretim sürecinde farklı iki yaklaşım. İlef Yıllık ’93, 155-177.
  • Julie Firmstone (2012) European Media: structures, politics and identity, Journalism Practice, 6(3), 424-426, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2011.650879.
  • Kant, I. (1917). Perpetual peace: A philosophical essay. (M. C. Smith, Çev.). London: George Allen &Unwin.
  • Karim, K. H. (2003). Making sense of the “Islamic peril”: Journalism as cultural practice. B. Zelizer ve S. Allan (Eds.). Journalism after September 11 içinde (119-134). Routledge.
  • Kate, M. (2018). Images of Africa in World Press Photo. Marta Iñiguez de Heredia & Zubairu Wai (Ed.). Recentering Africa in International Relations Beyond Lack, Peripherality, and Failure içinde (s. 87-119).
  • Kaya, A. (2007). Pierre Bourdieu’nün pratik kuramının kilidi: Alan kavramı. G. Çeğin, E. Göker, A. Arlı, Ü. Tatlıcan (Ed.). Ocak ve Zanaat içinde (s.397-419). İstanbul:İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Transaction Publishers.
  • McCombs, M. E., ve Shaw, D. L. (1993). The evolution of agenda‐setting research: twenty‐five years in the marketplace of ideas. Journal of Communication, 43(2), 58-67
  • McCombs, M.E., ve Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.
  • McCombs, M. (2005). A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future. Journalism Studies. 6(4), 543–557. doi:10.1080/14616700500250438
  • Mughan, A., ve Gunther, R. (2000). The media in democratic and nondemocratic regimes: A multilevel perspective. In R. Gunther ve A. Mughan (Eds.) In Democracy and the media: A comparative perspective (s.1-27). Cambridge University Press,
  • Myles, J. F. (2010). Bourdieu, language and the media. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nagel, J. (1998). Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2), 242-269, DOI: 10.1080/014198798330007
  • Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge University Press.
  • Östgaard, E. (1965). Factors influencing the flow of news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 39-63.
  • Postman, N. (2006). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. Penguin.
  • Poyraz, B. (2002). Haber ve Haber Programlarında İdeoloji ve Gerçeklik. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları.
  • Płudowski, T. (2006). International Communication Flow: Global Media’s Performance. Global Media Journal–Polish Edition, 1(1), 1-10.
  • Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world. Random House
  • Said, E.W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sancar, S. (2014). Türk modernleşmesinin cinsiyeti: erkekler devlet, kadınlar aile kurar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Schechter, D. (2003). Embedded: Weapons of mass deception: How the media failed to cover the war on Iraq. Prometheus Books.
  • Schudson, M. (1989). The sociology of news production. Media, culture & society, 11(3), 263-282.
  • Schudson, M. (2010). Autonomy from What? R. Benson ve E. Neveu (Eds.) Bourdieu and the journalistic field içinde (s. 49-63). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Shoemaker, P. J. (1991). Gatekeeping. Communication Concepts 3. Newbury Park. Sage. Internetnachweise: oV: LEO. Link everything online. http://dict. leo. org, 28, 2003.
  • Snoubar, Y. ve Duman, N. (2016). Impact of wars and conflicts on women and children in Middle East: Health, psychological, educational and social crisis. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 6(2), 72-76.
  • Thussu, D. K. (2000). International communication, continuity and change. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. London: Collier MacMillian Publication.
  • Warf, B. (2007). Oligopolization of global media and telecommunications and its implications for democracy. Ethics Place and Environment, 10(1), 89-105.
  • Yaylagül, L. (2006). Kitle iletişim kuramları: Egemen ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Yıldız F. ve Aydoğmuş Ördem, Ö. (2018). Childhood ıdeology ın the early Turkish Republican era. Journal of Politics and Law, 11, 82-97.
  • Zarzycka, M., ve Kleppe, M. (2013). Awards, archives, and affects: tropes in the World Press Photo contest 2009–11. Media, Culture & Society. 35(8), 977-995.

The World Image Produced by International Press Photography: A Reading Through the Awarded Photos by World Press Photo Foundation

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 32, 5034 - 5074, 31.12.2020

Onur Dursun Filiz Yıldız Serkan Bulut

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.798661

Abstract

This study focuses on the image of the world set by the habitus/practices of the international photo-journalistic field by examining the photos awarded by the World Press Photo Foundation (WPP). The analysis consists of four categories: (1) the awarded photos; (2) the countries where the photos were taken and the nationalities and continents of the photographers; (3) the origins of the media organizations that publicize these photos around the world; (4) the nationalities and continents of the jury members of the WPP contest. Through a theoretical framework of Bourdieu’s concepts such as field, habitus and capital(s), the findings reveal that the media professionals/photo-journalists working in the West-originated (those in North America and Europe) media organizations represent Africa, Asia, Central and South America as the centers of war, conflict, terror, disease, famine/poverty, violence against women and children, unfavorable living conditions, abuse of rights. These representations are also approved by Westerners jury members in a Eurocentric Foundation (WPP) To sum up, this study argues that the West (Europe and North America) is produced as a place with a subject position while the rest of the world (except for Australia) is generally placed in an object position.

Keywords

photo-journalism WPP image of the world Bourdieu field and habitus

References

  • Arsenault, A. H. ve Castells, M. (2008). The structure and dynamics of global multi-media business networks. International Journal of Communication. 2 (43), 707-748.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction, a social critique of the judgement of taste. (R. Nice, Çev.). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. J. Richardson (Ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research For The Sociology of Education içinde (s. 241-258). New York: Greenwood
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7 (1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998a). On television. (P. P. Ferguson, Çev.). New York: The New Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2005). The political field, the social science field, and the joumalistic field. R. Benson & E. Neveu (Eds.). Bourdieu and the journalistic field içinde (s. 29-47). Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998b). Practical reason / on the theory of action. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1995). The rules of art / genesis and structure of the literary field. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. ve Wacquant, L. J. (2014). Düşünümsel bir antropoloji için cevaplar. (N. Ökten, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion ıdentity. New York: Routledge.
  • Calhoun, C. (2007), Bourdeu sosyolojisinin ana hatları. (G. Çeğin Çev.). Ocak ve Zanaat içinde (s. 77-129). G. Çeğin, E. Göker, A. Arlı, Ü. Tatlıcan (Ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Chomsky, N. (1989). Necessary ıllusions: Thought control in democratic societies. UK: Pluto Press.
  • Çelenk, S. (2010). Kadınların medyada temsili ve etik sorunlar. B. Çaplı ve H. Tuncel (Ed). Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik içinde (s. 229-236). Ankara: Fersa Matbaacılık.
  • Dursun, O. (2014). Batı'nın egemen 'kötü-öteki-doğu' düşüncesinin pekiştirildiği bir alan: Dünya basın fotoğrafları kurulusu, yılın fotoğrafı kategorisi üzerine bir analiz. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, 19-55.
  • Fishman, M. (1988). Manufacturing the news. University of Texas Press.
  • Forbes. (2015). The World's biggest media companies of 2015. 15 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eimi45gdej/no-1-british-sky-broadc/#4f689d60481d adresinden erişildi.
  • Foucault, M. (1981). The order of discourse. R. Young (Ed.) Untying The Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Galtung, J. ve Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90.
  • Gans, H. J. (2003). Democrasy and the news. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gencel Bek, M. (2010). Karşılaştırmalı perspektiften Türkiye’de medya sistemi, Mülkiye, 34(269), 101-125.
  • Grabe, M. E., ve Kamhawi, R. (2006). Hard wired for negative news? Gender differences in processing broadcast news. Communication Research, 33(5), 346-369.
  • Hallin, D. C. (1986). The “uncensored war”: The media and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hallin, D. C., ve Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hamelink, C. (2015). Global communication. UK: Sage Publications.
  • Happer, C. and Philoap, G. (2013). The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 321–336. (doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96.).
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2015). Tarihte akıl. (Ö. Sözer, Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık
  • Herman, E. S., ve Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing Consent: The political economy of the mass media. London: Bodley Head.
  • İnal, A.M. (1994). Haber üretim sürecinde farklı iki yaklaşım. İlef Yıllık ’93, 155-177.
  • Julie Firmstone (2012) European Media: structures, politics and identity, Journalism Practice, 6(3), 424-426, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2011.650879.
  • Kant, I. (1917). Perpetual peace: A philosophical essay. (M. C. Smith, Çev.). London: George Allen &Unwin.
  • Karim, K. H. (2003). Making sense of the “Islamic peril”: Journalism as cultural practice. B. Zelizer ve S. Allan (Eds.). Journalism after September 11 içinde (119-134). Routledge.
  • Kate, M. (2018). Images of Africa in World Press Photo. Marta Iñiguez de Heredia & Zubairu Wai (Ed.). Recentering Africa in International Relations Beyond Lack, Peripherality, and Failure içinde (s. 87-119).
  • Kaya, A. (2007). Pierre Bourdieu’nün pratik kuramının kilidi: Alan kavramı. G. Çeğin, E. Göker, A. Arlı, Ü. Tatlıcan (Ed.). Ocak ve Zanaat içinde (s.397-419). İstanbul:İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Transaction Publishers.
  • McCombs, M. E., ve Shaw, D. L. (1993). The evolution of agenda‐setting research: twenty‐five years in the marketplace of ideas. Journal of Communication, 43(2), 58-67
  • McCombs, M.E., ve Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.
  • McCombs, M. (2005). A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future. Journalism Studies. 6(4), 543–557. doi:10.1080/14616700500250438
  • Mughan, A., ve Gunther, R. (2000). The media in democratic and nondemocratic regimes: A multilevel perspective. In R. Gunther ve A. Mughan (Eds.) In Democracy and the media: A comparative perspective (s.1-27). Cambridge University Press,
  • Myles, J. F. (2010). Bourdieu, language and the media. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nagel, J. (1998). Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2), 242-269, DOI: 10.1080/014198798330007
  • Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge University Press.
  • Östgaard, E. (1965). Factors influencing the flow of news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 39-63.
  • Postman, N. (2006). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. Penguin.
  • Poyraz, B. (2002). Haber ve Haber Programlarında İdeoloji ve Gerçeklik. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları.
  • Płudowski, T. (2006). International Communication Flow: Global Media’s Performance. Global Media Journal–Polish Edition, 1(1), 1-10.
  • Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world. Random House
  • Said, E.W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sancar, S. (2014). Türk modernleşmesinin cinsiyeti: erkekler devlet, kadınlar aile kurar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Schechter, D. (2003). Embedded: Weapons of mass deception: How the media failed to cover the war on Iraq. Prometheus Books.
  • Schudson, M. (1989). The sociology of news production. Media, culture & society, 11(3), 263-282.
  • Schudson, M. (2010). Autonomy from What? R. Benson ve E. Neveu (Eds.) Bourdieu and the journalistic field içinde (s. 49-63). Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Shoemaker, P. J. (1991). Gatekeeping. Communication Concepts 3. Newbury Park. Sage. Internetnachweise: oV: LEO. Link everything online. http://dict. leo. org, 28, 2003.
  • Snoubar, Y. ve Duman, N. (2016). Impact of wars and conflicts on women and children in Middle East: Health, psychological, educational and social crisis. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 6(2), 72-76.
  • Thussu, D. K. (2000). International communication, continuity and change. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. London: Collier MacMillian Publication.
  • Warf, B. (2007). Oligopolization of global media and telecommunications and its implications for democracy. Ethics Place and Environment, 10(1), 89-105.
  • Yaylagül, L. (2006). Kitle iletişim kuramları: Egemen ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Yıldız F. ve Aydoğmuş Ördem, Ö. (2018). Childhood ıdeology ın the early Turkish Republican era. Journal of Politics and Law, 11, 82-97.
  • Zarzycka, M., ve Kleppe, M. (2013). Awards, archives, and affects: tropes in the World Press Photo contest 2009–11. Media, Culture & Society. 35(8), 977-995.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Onur Dursun 0000-0001-9268-0936

Filiz Yıldız 0000-0002-1206-4314

Serkan Bulut 0000-0001-8252-5262

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Acceptance Date November 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 32

Cite

APA Dursun, O., Yıldız, F., & Bulut, S. (2020). Uluslararası Basın Fotoğrafçılığının Ürettiği Dünya İmgesi: WPP Ödüllü Fotoğraflar Üzerinden Bir Okuma. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(32), 5034-5074. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.798661
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