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FİNANSAL GELİŞME ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİ DESTEKLER Mİ?

Year 2017, Issue: 27, 96 - 121, 31.07.2017

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, finansal gelişme ile enerji tüketimi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini yeni bir bakış açısı ile incelemektir. Bu amaçla Türkiye için, 1969-2014 yılları arasında, finansal gelişmeyi temsil etmesi için dört farklı gösterge kullanılırken, enerji tüketimini temsil etmesi için iki farklı değişken kullanılmıştır. Enerji tüketimi, yenilenebilir ve fosil enerji olarak ayrıştırılmıştır. Analizde, Toda Yamamoto ve Nazlıoğlu vd. (2016) tarafından yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan Fourier Toda Yamamoto nedensellik yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Amprik bulgular sonucunda finansal gelişme ile yenilenebilir kaynaklı enerji tüketimi arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Diğer yandan finansal gelişme ve fosil kaynaklı enerji tüketimi arasında finansal gelişmeden fosil kaynaklı enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, Türkiye’de küresel ısınmaya neden olan fosil kaynaklı enerji tüketiminin finansal piyasalardan etkilendiği ve bu yönde politikaların geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance. 1. 4-13. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00003-2. Akay Ç. E., Abdieva R. Ve Oskonbaeva Z. (2015), Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, İktisadi Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu Arasındaki Nedensel İlişki: Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Ülkeleri Örneği, http://www.avekon.org/papers/1284.pdf, Erişim tarihi;02/12/2016. Alemdaroğlu Nusret (2007), Enerji Sektörünün Geleceği Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları ve Türkiye’nin Önündeki Fırsatlar, İstanbul Ticaret Odası (İTO) Yayınları, İstanbul. Al-mulali, U. and Lee, J. Y. (2013). Estimating the impact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. Energy, 60, 215-221. Apergis N, ve Payne J.E. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy Econ, 31, 211–216 . Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656–660. Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397. Aslan, Özgür ve Levent Korap (2006). Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişme Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 17, 1-20. Bayraktutan, Y., Yılgör M., Uçak S. (2011). Renewable Electricity Generation And Economic Growth: Panel-Data Analysis for OECD Members, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 66, 59-66. Baykara S. Z. (2006). İklim Değişikliği, Alternatif Enerji Seçenekleri ve Nükleer Enerji, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Nükleer Enerjinin Önemi, Atilla Sandıklı ve Hasret Dikici Bilgin (Ed.), Türkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (TASAM) Yayınları, Haziran, İstanbul. Becker, R., Enders, W., Lee, J. (2006). A Stationarity Test in the Presence of an UnknownNumber of Smooth Breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis. 27(3). 381-409. Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness. MPRA Paper no:51672. 〈Erişim tarihi:10.12.2016. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51672/1/MPRA_ paper_51672.pdf〉 Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Co2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 54. 838-845. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080. Bölük, G., & Mert, M.. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: an ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 52. 587-595. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.138. Cheng, B. (1995). An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Energy Dev, 21,73–84 Çağlar, A., E. (2015). Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök Testlerinin Küçük Örneklem Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Demetriades, P. O. And Khaled, A. H. (1996). Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth?, Time-series Evidence from 16 Countries, Journal of Development Economics Volum 51, 387-411. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 7(4). 427-431. doi: 10.2307/2286348. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society. 49(4). 1057-1072. doi: 10.2307/1912517. Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016). The Influence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Tnergy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the Top Renewable Energy Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 60. 1074-1085. Efron, G. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. The Annals of Statistics. 7. 1–26. Elliot, G. vd. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64. 813-836. Enders, W., Jones, P. (2015). Grain Prices, Oil Prices, and Multiple Smooth Breaks in a VAR. Studuies on Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/snde-2014-0101. Enders, W., Lee, J. (2012a). A Unit Root Test Using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 74(4). 574-599. Enders, W., Lee, J. (2012b). The Flexible Fourier Form and Dickey-Fuller Type Unit Root Tests. Economics Letters. 117. 196-199. Ergeç E. H. (2004). Finansal Gelişme İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi ve Türkiye Örneği: 1988-2001, Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (2), Aralık,51-66. Farhani, S.(2015). Renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from selected MENA countries, IPAG Working Paper Series, 2015-612. Furstenberg,V.G.M. and Fratianni,M. (1996). Indicators Of Financial Development. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1),19–29. Gallant, R. (1981). On the Basis in Flexible Functional Form and an Essentially Unbiased Form: the Flexible Fourier Form. Journal of Econometrics. 15. 211–353. Hacker, R.S. and Hatemi-J, A. (2006), Tests for Causality Between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions: Theory and Application. Applied Economics. 38(13). 1489-500. Jobert, T. ve Karanfil, F. (2007). Sectoral energy consumption by source and economic growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 35, 5447–5456. Kar, M. ve Ağır H.,(2005). Finansal Derinleşme Göstergeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Finans-Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 42 496. Karaosmanoğlu, Filiz (2006), Dünyada Enerjiye Duyulan İhtiyaç ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynaklarına Yöneliş, Sempozyum: Türkiye’nin Enerji Stratejisi Ne Olmalıdır?, Harp Akademileri Basımevi, Yenilevent, İstanbul. Kraft, J. and Kraft, A., (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev, 3:401–403. Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in Nonlinear STAR Framework. Journal of Econometrics. 112. 359-279. Le, K-S., Gasbarro D. and Gullen, G. (2014). The Relation between Financial Development, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for the United States. 27th Australasian Finance and Banking Conference, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2484279, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2016. Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks, Rev. Econ. Stat. 85(4) 1082–1089. Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2013). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Economics Bulletin. 33(4). 2483-2492. Leybourne, S., Mills, T., Newbold, P. (1998). Spurious Rejections by Dickey–Fuller Test in the Presence of a Break Under the Null. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 191–203. Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Mantalos, P. (2000). A Graphical Investigation of the Size and Power of the Granger- Causality Tests in Integrated-Cointegrated VAR systems. Studies in Non-linear Dynamics and Econometrics. 4. 17–33. Masih A.M,M, and Masih, R. (1997).On temporal causal relationship between energy consumption, real income and prices; some new evidence from Asian energy dependent nics based on a multivariate cointegration/vector error correction approach. Policy Model, 19, 417–440. Mert, M., & Bölük, G. (2016). Do Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Consumption Affect the CO2 Emissions? New Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach to Kyoto Annex Countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7. Narayan, P.K. and Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. J. Appl. Stat. 37(9). 1425–1438. Nazlıoglu, S., Gormus A. and Soytas, U. (2016). Oil Prices and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): Gradual-Shift Causality and Volatility Transmission Analysis. Energy Economics. 1-28. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.09.009. Ng, S., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2002). Analysis of Vector Autoregressions in the Presence of Shifts in Mean. Econometric Reviews. 21(3). 353-381. Oh W. And Lee K. (2004). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP: the case of Korea 1970–1999. Energy Econ, 26 (1), 51–59. Parasız, İ., (2001). Para Banka ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7. Baskı, Ezgi Kitabevi Yayınları, Bursa Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R.N. (2004). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: a note on conflicting results. Energy Econ, 26, (6), 977–983. Perron, P. (1989). 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Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption, Real GDP and CO2 Emissions: A Structural VAR Approach in Romania, MPRA Paper No. 34066. Stern, D.I., 2000. “A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the US macroeconomy”. Energy Econ, 22, 267–283. T.C. Enerji Ve Tabii kaynaklar Bakanlığı, 2014 Yılı Bütçe Sunumu http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2F1%2FDocuments%2FSekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%2FSektor_Raporu_BOTAS_2013.pdf). Erişim Tarihi 03/12/2016. T.C. Enerji Ve Tabii kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Petrol, Doğalgaz, Kömür, Jeotermal, Biyokütle, Hidroelektirik, Nükler Enerji, Güneş, Rüzgar, http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Petrol, Erişim tarihi 03/12/2016. Türkiye’de Elektrik Enerjisinin Kurucu Gücü, http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/18ca27f9941712f_ek.pdf Toda, H.Y.,Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregression with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics. 66. 225–250. Tuna, M. (2001). 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Year 2017, Issue: 27, 96 - 121, 31.07.2017

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance. 1. 4-13. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00003-2. Akay Ç. E., Abdieva R. Ve Oskonbaeva Z. (2015), Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, İktisadi Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu Arasındaki Nedensel İlişki: Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Ülkeleri Örneği, http://www.avekon.org/papers/1284.pdf, Erişim tarihi;02/12/2016. Alemdaroğlu Nusret (2007), Enerji Sektörünün Geleceği Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları ve Türkiye’nin Önündeki Fırsatlar, İstanbul Ticaret Odası (İTO) Yayınları, İstanbul. Al-mulali, U. and Lee, J. Y. (2013). Estimating the impact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. Energy, 60, 215-221. Apergis N, ve Payne J.E. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. Energy Econ, 31, 211–216 . Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656–660. Apergis, N., Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397. Aslan, Özgür ve Levent Korap (2006). Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişme Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 17, 1-20. Bayraktutan, Y., Yılgör M., Uçak S. (2011). Renewable Electricity Generation And Economic Growth: Panel-Data Analysis for OECD Members, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 66, 59-66. Baykara S. Z. (2006). İklim Değişikliği, Alternatif Enerji Seçenekleri ve Nükleer Enerji, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Nükleer Enerjinin Önemi, Atilla Sandıklı ve Hasret Dikici Bilgin (Ed.), Türkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (TASAM) Yayınları, Haziran, İstanbul. Becker, R., Enders, W., Lee, J. (2006). A Stationarity Test in the Presence of an UnknownNumber of Smooth Breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis. 27(3). 381-409. Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness. MPRA Paper no:51672. 〈Erişim tarihi:10.12.2016. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51672/1/MPRA_ paper_51672.pdf〉 Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Co2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 54. 838-845. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080. Bölük, G., & Mert, M.. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: an ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 52. 587-595. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.138. Cheng, B. (1995). An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Energy Dev, 21,73–84 Çağlar, A., E. (2015). Yapısal Kırılmalı Birim Kök Testlerinin Küçük Örneklem Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Demetriades, P. O. And Khaled, A. H. (1996). Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth?, Time-series Evidence from 16 Countries, Journal of Development Economics Volum 51, 387-411. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 7(4). 427-431. doi: 10.2307/2286348. Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society. 49(4). 1057-1072. doi: 10.2307/1912517. Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016). The Influence of Real Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Tnergy, Trade and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in the Top Renewable Energy Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 60. 1074-1085. Efron, G. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. The Annals of Statistics. 7. 1–26. Elliot, G. vd. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root. Econometrica, 64. 813-836. Enders, W., Jones, P. (2015). Grain Prices, Oil Prices, and Multiple Smooth Breaks in a VAR. Studuies on Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/snde-2014-0101. Enders, W., Lee, J. (2012a). A Unit Root Test Using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 74(4). 574-599. Enders, W., Lee, J. (2012b). The Flexible Fourier Form and Dickey-Fuller Type Unit Root Tests. Economics Letters. 117. 196-199. Ergeç E. H. (2004). Finansal Gelişme İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi ve Türkiye Örneği: 1988-2001, Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (2), Aralık,51-66. Farhani, S.(2015). Renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from selected MENA countries, IPAG Working Paper Series, 2015-612. Furstenberg,V.G.M. and Fratianni,M. (1996). Indicators Of Financial Development. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1),19–29. Gallant, R. (1981). On the Basis in Flexible Functional Form and an Essentially Unbiased Form: the Flexible Fourier Form. Journal of Econometrics. 15. 211–353. Hacker, R.S. and Hatemi-J, A. (2006), Tests for Causality Between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions: Theory and Application. Applied Economics. 38(13). 1489-500. Jobert, T. ve Karanfil, F. (2007). Sectoral energy consumption by source and economic growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 35, 5447–5456. Kar, M. ve Ağır H.,(2005). Finansal Derinleşme Göstergeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Finans-Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 42 496. Karaosmanoğlu, Filiz (2006), Dünyada Enerjiye Duyulan İhtiyaç ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynaklarına Yöneliş, Sempozyum: Türkiye’nin Enerji Stratejisi Ne Olmalıdır?, Harp Akademileri Basımevi, Yenilevent, İstanbul. Kraft, J. and Kraft, A., (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev, 3:401–403. Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in Nonlinear STAR Framework. Journal of Econometrics. 112. 359-279. Le, K-S., Gasbarro D. and Gullen, G. (2014). The Relation between Financial Development, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for the United States. 27th Australasian Finance and Banking Conference, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2484279, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2016. Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks, Rev. Econ. Stat. 85(4) 1082–1089. Lee, J. and Strazicich, M.C. (2013). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Economics Bulletin. 33(4). 2483-2492. Leybourne, S., Mills, T., Newbold, P. (1998). Spurious Rejections by Dickey–Fuller Test in the Presence of a Break Under the Null. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 191–203. Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Mantalos, P. (2000). A Graphical Investigation of the Size and Power of the Granger- Causality Tests in Integrated-Cointegrated VAR systems. Studies in Non-linear Dynamics and Econometrics. 4. 17–33. Masih A.M,M, and Masih, R. (1997).On temporal causal relationship between energy consumption, real income and prices; some new evidence from Asian energy dependent nics based on a multivariate cointegration/vector error correction approach. Policy Model, 19, 417–440. Mert, M., & Bölük, G. (2016). Do Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Consumption Affect the CO2 Emissions? New Evidence from a Panel ARDL Approach to Kyoto Annex Countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7. Narayan, P.K. and Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. J. Appl. Stat. 37(9). 1425–1438. Nazlıoglu, S., Gormus A. and Soytas, U. (2016). Oil Prices and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): Gradual-Shift Causality and Volatility Transmission Analysis. Energy Economics. 1-28. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.09.009. Ng, S., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2002). Analysis of Vector Autoregressions in the Presence of Shifts in Mean. Econometric Reviews. 21(3). 353-381. Oh W. And Lee K. (2004). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP: the case of Korea 1970–1999. Energy Econ, 26 (1), 51–59. Parasız, İ., (2001). Para Banka ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7. Baskı, Ezgi Kitabevi Yayınları, Bursa Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R.N. (2004). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: a note on conflicting results. Energy Econ, 26, (6), 977–983. Perron, P. (1989). 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Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption, Real GDP and CO2 Emissions: A Structural VAR Approach in Romania, MPRA Paper No. 34066. Stern, D.I., 2000. “A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the US macroeconomy”. Energy Econ, 22, 267–283. T.C. Enerji Ve Tabii kaynaklar Bakanlığı, 2014 Yılı Bütçe Sunumu http://www.enerji.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2F1%2FDocuments%2FSekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%2FSektor_Raporu_BOTAS_2013.pdf). Erişim Tarihi 03/12/2016. T.C. Enerji Ve Tabii kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Petrol, Doğalgaz, Kömür, Jeotermal, Biyokütle, Hidroelektirik, Nükler Enerji, Güneş, Rüzgar, http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Petrol, Erişim tarihi 03/12/2016. Türkiye’de Elektrik Enerjisinin Kurucu Gücü, http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/18ca27f9941712f_ek.pdf Toda, H.Y.,Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregression with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics. 66. 225–250. Tuna, M. (2001). 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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdullah Emre Çağlar

Yeşim Kubar

Publication Date July 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 27

Cite

APA Çağlar, A. E., & Kubar, Y. (2017). FİNANSAL GELİŞME ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİ DESTEKLER Mİ?. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(27), 96-121.

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