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Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri

Year 2019, Volume: 27 Issue: 39, 111 - 131, 31.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07

Abstract

Türkiye’de 2000’li yılların başında yaşanan ekonomik krizler sonrasında uygulamaya konulan Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı çerçevesinde bankacılık sektörünün yeniden yapılandırılmasına yönelik adımlar 2000’li yılların ortalarından itibaren kendini göstermeye başlamış ancak sektörün gelişimiyle banka kârlılıklarında azalmalar da meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada sektörün kârlılıklar açısından heterojen bir yapıda olduğu göz önüne alınmış ve sektör düşük kârlı ve yüksek kârlı bankalar şeklinde iki gruba ayrılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda 2006-2016 döneminde Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların kârlılıklarına bankaya özgü, sektöre özgü ve makroekonomik değişkenlerin etkileri panel GMM tahmini yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Uygulama sonuçları bankacılık sektörü açısından önemli politika çıkarsınımları ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Abbasoğlu, O. F., Aysan, A. F. & A. Güneş (2007), “Concentration, Competition, Efficiency and Profitability of the Turkish Banking Sector in the Post-Crises Period”, MPRA Paper, 5494.
  • Ahamed, M. M. (2017), “Asset Quality, Non-interest Income, and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Indian Banks”, Economic Modelling, 63, 1-14.
  • Alper, D. & A. Anbar (2011), “Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(2), 139-152.
  • Arellano, M. & S.R. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Component Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
  • Assaf, A. G., Matousek, R., & E. G. Tsionas (2013), “Turkish bank efficiency: Bayesian estimation with undesirable outputs”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 506-517.
  • Atasoy, H. (2007), “Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Gelir-Gider Analizi ve Kârlılık Performansının Belirleyicileri”, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Bankacılık ve Finansal Kuruluşlar Genel Müdürlüğü Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Mart 2007, Ankara.
  • Athanasoglou P., Delis, M., &, C. Staikouras (2006), “Determinants of Banking Profitability in the South Eastern European Region”, Bank of Greece Working Paper, 06/47.
  • Athanasoglou, P.P., Brissimis, S. N., & M. D. Delis (2008), “Bank-Specific, Industry Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Bank Profitability”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18, 121–136.
  • Aysan, A.F. & S.P. Ceyhan (2008), “What Determines The Banking Sector Performance in Globalized Financial Markets? The Case of Turkey”, Physica A, 387(7), 1593-1602.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2001), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2. Baskı. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Ben Naceur, S. & M. Goaied (2008), “The Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margin and Profitability: Evidence from Tunisia”, Frontiers in Finance and Economics, 5(1), 106-130.
  • Berger, A. N., & R. DeYoung (1995), “Problem Loans and Cost Efficiency in Commercial Banks, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency”, E&PA Working Paper, 95-5, December 1995.
  • Berger, A. N., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine, R. & J. G. Haubrich (2004), “Bank Concentration and Competition: An Evolution in the Making”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36 (3), 433-451.
  • Bordeleau, É. & C. Graham (2010), “The Impact of Liquidity on Bank Profitability”, Bank of Canada Working Paper, 2010, 38.
  • Bourke, P. (1989), “Concentration and Other Determinants of Bank Profitability in Europe, North America and Australia”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 13, 65-79.
  • Curak, M., Poposki, K., & S. Pepur (2012), “Profitability Determinants of the Macedonian Banking Sector in Changing Environment”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 406-416.
  • Çalmaşur, G. & H. Daştan, (2016), “Türk Bankacılık Endüstrisinde Piyasa Yapısı ve Karlılık İlişkisi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 16(2), 363-378.
  • Coşkun, M.N. & Diğ. (2012), “Türkiye’de Bankacılık Sektörü Piyasa Yapısı, Firma Davranışları ve Rekabet Analizi”, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Yayın No: 280, İstanbul.
  • Demirgüç Kunt, A. & H. Huizinga (1999), “Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evidence”, The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 379-408.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & H. Huizinga (2001). “Financial Structure and Bank Profitability”, içinde Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine R. (editörler), Financial Structure and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Comparison of Banks, Markets, and Development, 243-261. Boston: MIT Press.
  • DeYoung, R., & K.P. Roland (2001), “Product Mix and Earning Volatility at Commercial Banks: Evidence from a Degree of Total Leverage Model”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 10(1), 54-84. Dietrich, A. & G. Wanzenried (2011), “Determinants of Bank Profitability Before and During the Crisis: Evidence from Switzerland”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 21, 307-327.
  • Dietrich, A. & G. Wanzenried, (2014), “The Determinants of Commercial Banking Profitability in Low-,Middle-, and High-Income Countries”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 54, 337–354. García-Herrero, A., Gavilá, S., & D. Santabárbara (2009), “What explains the low profitability of Chinese banks?”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 33, 2080–2092.
  • Goddard, J., Molyneux, P., ve Wilson, J. O. S. (2004). The Profitability of European Banks: A Cross-Sectional And Dynamic Panel Analysis, The Manchester School, 72(3), 1463-6786.
  • Gülhan Ü. & E. Uzunlar (2011). “Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığı Etkileyen Faktörler: Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Yönelik Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 341-368.
  • Gürbüz, A., O., Yanık, S., & Y. Aytürk (2013), “Income Diversification and Bank Performance: Evidence from Turkish Banking Sector”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1), 9-29.
  • Fukuyama, H. & R. Matousek (2011), “Efficiency of Turkish Banking: Two-Stage Network System Variable Returns to Scale Model”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 21(1), 75-91.
  • Hawkins, J. & D. Mihaljek (2001), “The Banking Industry in the Emerging Market Economies: Competition, Consolidation, and Systemic Stability: An Overview,” BIS Papers, 4, 1-44.
  • Hernando, I. & M. J. Nieto (2007), “Is the Internet delivery channel changing banks’ performance? The case of Spanish banks”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 31, 1083–1099.
  • Hoffman P. S. (2011), “Determinants of the Profitability of the US Banking Industry”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 255-269.
  • Islam, S. & S.I. Nishiyama (2016), “The determinants of bank net interest margins: A panel evidence from South Asian countries”, Research in International Business and Finance, 37, 501-514.
  • Jiang, G., Tang, N., Law, E. & A. Sze (2003), “The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong”, Hong Kong Monetary Authority Quarterly Bulletin, 5-14.
  • Kılıç, M. (2011), “Cross-Border Bank Acquisitions and Banking Sector Performance: An Empirical Study of Turkish Banking Sector”, Procedia Socialand Behavioral Sciences, 24, 946-959.
  • Kosmidou, K. (2008), “The determinants of banks’ profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration” Managerial Finance, 34 (3), 146-159.
  • Olweny, T. & T.M. Shipho (2011), “Effects Of Banking Sectoral Factors On The Profitability Of Commercial Banks in Kenya”, Economics and Finance Review, 1(5), 1- 30.
  • Onay, C., Özsöz, E., & A.D. Helvacıoğlu (2008), “The impact of Internet-Banking on Bank Profitability-The Case of Turkey”, Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program, June 22-24, Oxford, UK.
  • Ozgur, O. & M.S. Gorus (2016), “Determinants of Deposit Bank Profitability: Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 6(3), 218-231.
  • Özcan, A. & C. Çiftçi (2015), “Türkiye’de Mevduat Bankacılığında Yoğunlaşma ve Kârlılık İlişkisi 2006-2013 Dönemi”. Nigde Üniversitesi IIBF Dergisi, 8(3), 1-12.
  • Meslier, C., Tacneng, R. & A. Tarazi (2014), “Is Bank Income Diversification Beneficial? Evidence from an Emerging Economy”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 31, 97-126.
  • Saona, P. (2016), “Intra- and extra-bank determinants of Latin American Banks' profitability”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 197–214.
  • Sayılgan, G. & O. Yıldırım, (2009), “Determinants of Profitability in Turkish Banking Sector: 2002-2007”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 28, 207-2013.
  • Staikouras, C. K., & G.E. Wood (2004), “The determinants of European bank profitability”, International Business & Economic Research Journal, 3, 57–68.
  • Sufian, F. & M.S. Habibullah, (2009), “Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability: Empirical evidence from the China banking sector”, Front. Econ. China, 4(2), 274–291.
  • Sufian, F. (2011), “Profitability of the Korean Banking Sector: Panel Evidence on Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants”, Journal of Economics and Management, 7, 43-72.
  • Tan, Y., Floros, C. & J. Anchor (2017), "The profitability of Chinese banks: impacts of risk, competition and efficiency", Review of Accounting and Finance, 16 (1), 86-105.
  • Taşkın, F.D. (2011). “Türkiye’de Ticari Bankaların Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler”, Ege Akademik Bakış , 11(2), 289-298.
  • Tunay, K. B. & A.M. Silpar (2006), “Türk Ticari Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığa Dayalı Performans Analizi-I”, TBB Araştırma Tebliğleri Serisi, Sayı: 2006-01.
  • Turgutlu, E. (2014), “Dynamics of Profitability in the Turkish Banking Industry”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(1), 43-52.
  • Türker-Kaya, Y. (2002), “Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığın Belirleyicileri 1997-2000”. Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu Mali Sektör Politikaları Dairesi Çalışma Raporu: 2002/1.

Determinants of Bank Profitability after Transition to the Strong Economy Program in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 27 Issue: 39, 111 - 131, 31.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07

Abstract

In Turkey, many important steps have been taken towards restructuring the banking sector within the framework of “Transition to the Strong Economy Program” which was put into practice after the economic crisis at the beginning of the 2000s. The positive effects of the program have begun to be seen from the mid-2000s however, there has been a decline in bank profitability. This study takes into consideration the heterogeneity in terms of bank profitability and separate the sector into two groups as low and high profitable banks. In this context, utilizing the panel GMM estimation methods the effects of bank-specific, sector-specific and macroeconomic variables on bank profitability in Turkey were analyzed during the period 2006-2016. The findings reveal significant policy implications for the banking sector.

References

  • Abbasoğlu, O. F., Aysan, A. F. & A. Güneş (2007), “Concentration, Competition, Efficiency and Profitability of the Turkish Banking Sector in the Post-Crises Period”, MPRA Paper, 5494.
  • Ahamed, M. M. (2017), “Asset Quality, Non-interest Income, and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Indian Banks”, Economic Modelling, 63, 1-14.
  • Alper, D. & A. Anbar (2011), “Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Commercial Bank Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(2), 139-152.
  • Arellano, M. & S.R. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Component Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
  • Assaf, A. G., Matousek, R., & E. G. Tsionas (2013), “Turkish bank efficiency: Bayesian estimation with undesirable outputs”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 506-517.
  • Atasoy, H. (2007), “Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Gelir-Gider Analizi ve Kârlılık Performansının Belirleyicileri”, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Bankacılık ve Finansal Kuruluşlar Genel Müdürlüğü Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Mart 2007, Ankara.
  • Athanasoglou P., Delis, M., &, C. Staikouras (2006), “Determinants of Banking Profitability in the South Eastern European Region”, Bank of Greece Working Paper, 06/47.
  • Athanasoglou, P.P., Brissimis, S. N., & M. D. Delis (2008), “Bank-Specific, Industry Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Bank Profitability”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18, 121–136.
  • Aysan, A.F. & S.P. Ceyhan (2008), “What Determines The Banking Sector Performance in Globalized Financial Markets? The Case of Turkey”, Physica A, 387(7), 1593-1602.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2001), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2. Baskı. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Ben Naceur, S. & M. Goaied (2008), “The Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margin and Profitability: Evidence from Tunisia”, Frontiers in Finance and Economics, 5(1), 106-130.
  • Berger, A. N., & R. DeYoung (1995), “Problem Loans and Cost Efficiency in Commercial Banks, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency”, E&PA Working Paper, 95-5, December 1995.
  • Berger, A. N., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine, R. & J. G. Haubrich (2004), “Bank Concentration and Competition: An Evolution in the Making”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36 (3), 433-451.
  • Bordeleau, É. & C. Graham (2010), “The Impact of Liquidity on Bank Profitability”, Bank of Canada Working Paper, 2010, 38.
  • Bourke, P. (1989), “Concentration and Other Determinants of Bank Profitability in Europe, North America and Australia”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 13, 65-79.
  • Curak, M., Poposki, K., & S. Pepur (2012), “Profitability Determinants of the Macedonian Banking Sector in Changing Environment”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 406-416.
  • Çalmaşur, G. & H. Daştan, (2016), “Türk Bankacılık Endüstrisinde Piyasa Yapısı ve Karlılık İlişkisi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 16(2), 363-378.
  • Coşkun, M.N. & Diğ. (2012), “Türkiye’de Bankacılık Sektörü Piyasa Yapısı, Firma Davranışları ve Rekabet Analizi”, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Yayın No: 280, İstanbul.
  • Demirgüç Kunt, A. & H. Huizinga (1999), “Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evidence”, The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 379-408.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & H. Huizinga (2001). “Financial Structure and Bank Profitability”, içinde Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine R. (editörler), Financial Structure and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Comparison of Banks, Markets, and Development, 243-261. Boston: MIT Press.
  • DeYoung, R., & K.P. Roland (2001), “Product Mix and Earning Volatility at Commercial Banks: Evidence from a Degree of Total Leverage Model”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 10(1), 54-84. Dietrich, A. & G. Wanzenried (2011), “Determinants of Bank Profitability Before and During the Crisis: Evidence from Switzerland”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 21, 307-327.
  • Dietrich, A. & G. Wanzenried, (2014), “The Determinants of Commercial Banking Profitability in Low-,Middle-, and High-Income Countries”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 54, 337–354. García-Herrero, A., Gavilá, S., & D. Santabárbara (2009), “What explains the low profitability of Chinese banks?”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 33, 2080–2092.
  • Goddard, J., Molyneux, P., ve Wilson, J. O. S. (2004). The Profitability of European Banks: A Cross-Sectional And Dynamic Panel Analysis, The Manchester School, 72(3), 1463-6786.
  • Gülhan Ü. & E. Uzunlar (2011). “Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığı Etkileyen Faktörler: Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Yönelik Bir Uygulama”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 341-368.
  • Gürbüz, A., O., Yanık, S., & Y. Aytürk (2013), “Income Diversification and Bank Performance: Evidence from Turkish Banking Sector”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1), 9-29.
  • Fukuyama, H. & R. Matousek (2011), “Efficiency of Turkish Banking: Two-Stage Network System Variable Returns to Scale Model”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 21(1), 75-91.
  • Hawkins, J. & D. Mihaljek (2001), “The Banking Industry in the Emerging Market Economies: Competition, Consolidation, and Systemic Stability: An Overview,” BIS Papers, 4, 1-44.
  • Hernando, I. & M. J. Nieto (2007), “Is the Internet delivery channel changing banks’ performance? The case of Spanish banks”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 31, 1083–1099.
  • Hoffman P. S. (2011), “Determinants of the Profitability of the US Banking Industry”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 255-269.
  • Islam, S. & S.I. Nishiyama (2016), “The determinants of bank net interest margins: A panel evidence from South Asian countries”, Research in International Business and Finance, 37, 501-514.
  • Jiang, G., Tang, N., Law, E. & A. Sze (2003), “The Profitability of the Banking Sector in Hong Kong”, Hong Kong Monetary Authority Quarterly Bulletin, 5-14.
  • Kılıç, M. (2011), “Cross-Border Bank Acquisitions and Banking Sector Performance: An Empirical Study of Turkish Banking Sector”, Procedia Socialand Behavioral Sciences, 24, 946-959.
  • Kosmidou, K. (2008), “The determinants of banks’ profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration” Managerial Finance, 34 (3), 146-159.
  • Olweny, T. & T.M. Shipho (2011), “Effects Of Banking Sectoral Factors On The Profitability Of Commercial Banks in Kenya”, Economics and Finance Review, 1(5), 1- 30.
  • Onay, C., Özsöz, E., & A.D. Helvacıoğlu (2008), “The impact of Internet-Banking on Bank Profitability-The Case of Turkey”, Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program, June 22-24, Oxford, UK.
  • Ozgur, O. & M.S. Gorus (2016), “Determinants of Deposit Bank Profitability: Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 6(3), 218-231.
  • Özcan, A. & C. Çiftçi (2015), “Türkiye’de Mevduat Bankacılığında Yoğunlaşma ve Kârlılık İlişkisi 2006-2013 Dönemi”. Nigde Üniversitesi IIBF Dergisi, 8(3), 1-12.
  • Meslier, C., Tacneng, R. & A. Tarazi (2014), “Is Bank Income Diversification Beneficial? Evidence from an Emerging Economy”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 31, 97-126.
  • Saona, P. (2016), “Intra- and extra-bank determinants of Latin American Banks' profitability”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 45, 197–214.
  • Sayılgan, G. & O. Yıldırım, (2009), “Determinants of Profitability in Turkish Banking Sector: 2002-2007”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 28, 207-2013.
  • Staikouras, C. K., & G.E. Wood (2004), “The determinants of European bank profitability”, International Business & Economic Research Journal, 3, 57–68.
  • Sufian, F. & M.S. Habibullah, (2009), “Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability: Empirical evidence from the China banking sector”, Front. Econ. China, 4(2), 274–291.
  • Sufian, F. (2011), “Profitability of the Korean Banking Sector: Panel Evidence on Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants”, Journal of Economics and Management, 7, 43-72.
  • Tan, Y., Floros, C. & J. Anchor (2017), "The profitability of Chinese banks: impacts of risk, competition and efficiency", Review of Accounting and Finance, 16 (1), 86-105.
  • Taşkın, F.D. (2011). “Türkiye’de Ticari Bankaların Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler”, Ege Akademik Bakış , 11(2), 289-298.
  • Tunay, K. B. & A.M. Silpar (2006), “Türk Ticari Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığa Dayalı Performans Analizi-I”, TBB Araştırma Tebliğleri Serisi, Sayı: 2006-01.
  • Turgutlu, E. (2014), “Dynamics of Profitability in the Turkish Banking Industry”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(1), 43-52.
  • Türker-Kaya, Y. (2002), “Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Kârlılığın Belirleyicileri 1997-2000”. Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu Mali Sektör Politikaları Dairesi Çalışma Raporu: 2002/1.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemil Çiftçi 0000-0002-3653-5512

Dilek Durusu-çiftçi 0000-0003-1911-4801

Publication Date January 31, 2019
Submission Date February 20, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 27 Issue: 39

Cite

APA Çiftçi, C., & Durusu-çiftçi, D. (2019). Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri. Sosyoekonomi, 27(39), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07
AMA Çiftçi C, Durusu-çiftçi D. Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri. Sosyoekonomi. January 2019;27(39):111-131. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07
Chicago Çiftçi, Cemil, and Dilek Durusu-çiftçi. “Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri”. Sosyoekonomi 27, no. 39 (January 2019): 111-31. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07.
EndNote Çiftçi C, Durusu-çiftçi D (January 1, 2019) Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri. Sosyoekonomi 27 39 111–131.
IEEE C. Çiftçi and D. Durusu-çiftçi, “Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 27, no. 39, pp. 111–131, 2019, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07.
ISNAD Çiftçi, Cemil - Durusu-çiftçi, Dilek. “Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri”. Sosyoekonomi 27/39 (January 2019), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07.
JAMA Çiftçi C, Durusu-çiftçi D. Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri. Sosyoekonomi. 2019;27:111–131.
MLA Çiftçi, Cemil and Dilek Durusu-çiftçi. “Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 27, no. 39, 2019, pp. 111-3, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.01.07.
Vancouver Çiftçi C, Durusu-çiftçi D. Güçlü Ekonomiye Geçiş Programı Sonrası Türkiye’de Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyicileri. Sosyoekonomi. 2019;27(39):111-3.