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DIGITAL DIVIDE AND EMERGENCY REMOTE EDUCATION: RECONSIDERING THE USE OF EDUCATIONAL RADIO DURING THE PANDEMIC

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 238 - 256, 01.10.2023

Burcin Yersel Basak Kalkan Fikret Er Arzu Celen Ozer Aysel Ulukan Korul

https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1101847

Abstract

In this article, the concepts of interaction and digital divide in emergency remote education practices implemented due to the Covid-19 global pandemic are discussed, and the increasing importance of radio as a traditional mass communication tool in bridging the digital divide and structuring an interactive learning process is emphasized. In this article, the concepts of interaction and digital divide in emergency remote education practices implemented due to the Covid-19 global pandemic are discussed, and the increasing importance of radio as a traditional mass communication tool in bridging the digital divide and structuring an interactive learning process is emphasized. In this exploratory study, the main aim is to see the usefulness of university radio for education during the pandemic process by looking at the experiences gained during the Covid 19 pandemic period. The study examines the program preferences of the participants and reveals better program schedules and program types/themes that will be useful during the emergency education period. When the radio listening habits of Eskisehir Technical University students and academics are evaluated within the scope of emergency distance education applications, it is seen that radio broadcasts can be used as a powerful tool against the digital divide. Research findings show that there is a significant relationship between academic and students’ radio listening time. The factor analysis showed also revealed different factor groups for academics and students. Within the framework of radio program types, six basic factors were determined for both groups. When the learner-instructor interaction is evaluated within the framework of both broadcast times and broadcast types, it is understood that the two-way interaction process can be structured within this framework. The abstract should be about 150-200 words. The abstracts of the research papers should include the purpose, methodology, and results while the abstracts of theoretical papers should provide the general framework, special contributions to the literature, and major conclusions. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.

Keywords

Covid-19 Pandemic Digital Divide Educational Radio Emergency Remote Education

Project Number

20GAP066

References

  • Afşar, B. & Büyükdoğan, B. (2020). Covıd-19 Pandemisi Döneminde IIBF Ve SBBF Öğrencilerinin Uzaktan Eğitim Hakkındaki Değerlendirmeleri, [Assessments of FBAS and FSHS Students About Distance Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic Period], Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Issue:5, pp.161-182. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1371449.
  • Altuntaş, E. Y., Başaran, M., Özeke, B. & Yılmaz, H. (2020). Covid – 19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Stratejilerine Ve Öğrenme Deneyimlerine İlişkin Algı Düzeyleri, [ Perceptıon Levels Of Unıversıty Students About Remote Learnıng Strategıes And Learnıng Experıences In The Covıd-19 Pandemıc Process], Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, Vol:3, Issue:2, pp.8-23. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1237190
  • Arat, T. & Bakan, Ö. (2011). Uzaktan Eğitim Ve Uygulamaları, [Distance Education And Applications], Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, Vol:14, Issue:1-2, pp.363-374. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/116745.
  • Atılgan, O. (2003). Bilgi İletişim Teknolojilerinde Sayısal Uçurum: Türk Kütüphaneciliği, [Digital Divide in İnformation And Communication Technologies Turkish Librarianship ], 17(1), 37-42.
  • Block, J. (2010). Distance Education and the Digital Divide: An Academic Perspective, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume XIII, Number I, Spring, University of West Georgia Distance Education Center, Retrieved from: https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring131/block131.html
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Pandemi Süreci ve Pandemi Sonrası Dünyada Eğitime Yönelik Değerlendirmeler: Yeni Normal ve Yeni Eğitim Paradigması, [ Covid-19 pandemic process and evaluations on education in the post-pandemic world: New normal and new education paradigm], AUAd, 6(3), 112-142. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1215818
  • Çam, E., Gündüz, A. Y. & İşman, A. (2011). Uzaktan Eğitim Uygulama Modelleri, [Distance Education Application Models New Horizons on Global Education Conference], 25-27 November, Proceedings Book, pp.625-631. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341959039_Uzaktan_Egitim_Uygulama_Modelleri/link/5edaed90299bf1c67d46b8e8/download
  • Dijk, V. J. (2006). Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings, Poetics, Volume 34, Issues 4–5, August–October 2006, 221-235, Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0304422X
  • Eken, İ. & Gezmen, B. (2020). Radyo Dinleme Alışkanlıkları Üzerine Üniversite Öğrencileri Özelinde Bir Araştırma, [ A Study on the Habits of Radio Listening of University Students ], TRT Akademi, Vol:5, Issue:9,110-131. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/938710
  • Gökmen, Ö. F., Duman, İ. & Horzum, M. B. (2016). Uzaktan Eğitimde Kuramlar, Değişimler ve Yeni Yönelimler, Theories, [ Changes and New Trends in Distance Education], Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi (AUAd), Vol:2, Issue:3, pp.29-51. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/402011
  • Ilgaz, H. & Aşkar, P. (2009). Çevrimiçi Uzaktan Eğitim Ortamında Topluluk Hissi Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması, [The Development of a Community Feeling Scale toward Online Distance Education Environments], Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, Vol:1, Issue:1, pp.27-34 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/201292
  • İbicioğlu, H. & Antalyalı, L. (2005). Uzaktan Eğitimin Başarısında İmkan, Algı, Motivasyon ve Etkileşim Faktörlerinin Etkileri: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Uygulama, [The Effects of Opportunity, Perception, Motivation and Interaction Factors on the Success of Distance Education: A Comparative Study], Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol:14, Issue:2, pp.325-338. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50240
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An İndex of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575. Kalaycı, S. (2005). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. [SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistics Techniques], Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kalaycı, C. (2013). Dijital Bölünme, Dijital Yoksulluk ve Uluslararası Ticaret. [ Digital Divide, Digital Poverty and İnternational Trade], Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 145-162.
  • Kaysi, F. & Aydemir, E. (2017). Uzaktan Eğitim Süreçlerindeki Etkileşim Boyutlarının Değerlendirilmesi, [Assessment of Interaction Dimensions in Distance Education Processes], The Journal of Social Science (SOBİDER), Vol:4, Issue:11, pp.778-790. Retrieved from: https://websiteyonetimi.ahievran.edu.tr/_Dosyalar/Genel/3124ea58-5c91-4e5d-9b90-84f7ccbc431c-1ce22e76-6999-4bf6-9efa-64e3d289db48.pdf
  • Kırık, A. M. (2014). Uzaktan Eğitimin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Türkiye’deki Durumu, [Historical Development of Distance Education and The Situation in Turkey], Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Issue: 21, pp. 73-94. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/206441
  • Kıyık Kıcır, G. & Others (2019). Açıköğretim Sisteminde Eğitim Amaçlı Radyo Programlarının Geliştirilmesi, [Development of Educational Radio Programs in the Open Education System], Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi (AUAd), Vol:5, Issue:2, pp.9-28. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/734087.
  • Mantyla, K. (1999). Interactive distance learning exercises the really work! Alexandria, VA: American Socity for Training and Development.
  • Nwaerondu, N. G. & Thompson, G. (1987). The Use of Educational Radio in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Past. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education / Revue Internationale Du E-Learning Et La Formation à Distance, 43-54. Retrieved from: http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/315.
  • OECD, 2001. Understanding the digital divide. Paris, OECD.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004) Paket Programlar ile Istatistiksel Veri Analizi, [Statistical Data Analysis with Package Software], Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskisehir.
  • Öztürk, L. (2005). Türkiye’de dijital eşitsizlik: TÜBİTAK-BİLTEN anketleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 111-131.
  • Raju, K. A. (2004). A case of harnessing information tech-nology for rural development. The InternationalInformation and & Library Review, 36, 233–240.
  • Rye, S. A. ( 2008). Exploring The Gap of the Digital Divide. GeoJournal 71, 171–184, Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%252Fs10708-008-9154-8.
  • Şen, A., ve Akdeniz, S. (2012). Sayısal uçurumla başetmek: OECD trendleri ve Türkiye, [Competing with the digital divide: OECD trends and Turkey], Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 7(1), 53-75.
  • Tufan, F. (2014). Tamamlayıcı Öğretim İşlevinin Açık Radyo Üzerinden İncelenmesi, [Examining Complementary Education Function on Açık Radyo], İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:1, Issue:46, pp.107-109. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322489286_Tamamlayici_Ogretim_Islevinin_Acik_Radyo_Uzerinden_Incelenmesi/link/5a5bbba7aca2727d608a2553/download
  • Tien, F., & Fu, T. (2008). The Correlates of The Digital Divide and Their İmpact on College Student Learning. Computers & Education, 50, 421-436.
  • Tuovinen, J. E., (2000) Multimedia Distance Education Interactions, Educational Media International, 37:1, 16-24, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/095239800361473
  • UNESCO. (2020). School Closures Caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19). UNESCO. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • UNESCO. (2020). Startling Digital Divides in Distance Learning Emerge. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/news/startling-digital-divides-distance-learning-emerge
  • Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2006). Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings, Poetics, 34(4-5), 221-235.
  • Yamamoto, T. G. & Altun, D. (2020). Coronavirüs ve Çevrimiçi (Online) Eğitimin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi, [The Coronavirus and the Rising of Online Education], Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol:3, , Issue:1, pp.25-34. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1051865
  • Yıldız, H., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2012). Sayısal Uçurum Üzerine Karşılaştırılmalı Bir İnceleme, [ A Comparative Study on the Digital Divide], Türkiye Bilişim Derneği 29. Ulusal Bilişim Kurultayı Bilişim 2012, pp. 111-117, Türkiye Bilişim Derneği, Ankara.
  • Warren, M. (2007). The Digital Vicious Cycle: Links Betweensocial Disadvantage and Digital Exclusion in Rural Areas. Telecommunication Policy, 31, 374–388. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596107000419

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 238 - 256, 01.10.2023

Burcin Yersel Basak Kalkan Fikret Er Arzu Celen Ozer Aysel Ulukan Korul

https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1101847

Abstract

Supporting Institution

ESKİŞEHİR TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Project Number

20GAP066

References

  • Afşar, B. & Büyükdoğan, B. (2020). Covıd-19 Pandemisi Döneminde IIBF Ve SBBF Öğrencilerinin Uzaktan Eğitim Hakkındaki Değerlendirmeleri, [Assessments of FBAS and FSHS Students About Distance Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic Period], Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Issue:5, pp.161-182. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1371449.
  • Altuntaş, E. Y., Başaran, M., Özeke, B. & Yılmaz, H. (2020). Covid – 19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Stratejilerine Ve Öğrenme Deneyimlerine İlişkin Algı Düzeyleri, [ Perceptıon Levels Of Unıversıty Students About Remote Learnıng Strategıes And Learnıng Experıences In The Covıd-19 Pandemıc Process], Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, Vol:3, Issue:2, pp.8-23. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1237190
  • Arat, T. & Bakan, Ö. (2011). Uzaktan Eğitim Ve Uygulamaları, [Distance Education And Applications], Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, Vol:14, Issue:1-2, pp.363-374. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/116745.
  • Atılgan, O. (2003). Bilgi İletişim Teknolojilerinde Sayısal Uçurum: Türk Kütüphaneciliği, [Digital Divide in İnformation And Communication Technologies Turkish Librarianship ], 17(1), 37-42.
  • Block, J. (2010). Distance Education and the Digital Divide: An Academic Perspective, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume XIII, Number I, Spring, University of West Georgia Distance Education Center, Retrieved from: https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring131/block131.html
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Pandemi Süreci ve Pandemi Sonrası Dünyada Eğitime Yönelik Değerlendirmeler: Yeni Normal ve Yeni Eğitim Paradigması, [ Covid-19 pandemic process and evaluations on education in the post-pandemic world: New normal and new education paradigm], AUAd, 6(3), 112-142. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1215818
  • Çam, E., Gündüz, A. Y. & İşman, A. (2011). Uzaktan Eğitim Uygulama Modelleri, [Distance Education Application Models New Horizons on Global Education Conference], 25-27 November, Proceedings Book, pp.625-631. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341959039_Uzaktan_Egitim_Uygulama_Modelleri/link/5edaed90299bf1c67d46b8e8/download
  • Dijk, V. J. (2006). Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings, Poetics, Volume 34, Issues 4–5, August–October 2006, 221-235, Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0304422X
  • Eken, İ. & Gezmen, B. (2020). Radyo Dinleme Alışkanlıkları Üzerine Üniversite Öğrencileri Özelinde Bir Araştırma, [ A Study on the Habits of Radio Listening of University Students ], TRT Akademi, Vol:5, Issue:9,110-131. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/938710
  • Gökmen, Ö. F., Duman, İ. & Horzum, M. B. (2016). Uzaktan Eğitimde Kuramlar, Değişimler ve Yeni Yönelimler, Theories, [ Changes and New Trends in Distance Education], Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi (AUAd), Vol:2, Issue:3, pp.29-51. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/402011
  • Ilgaz, H. & Aşkar, P. (2009). Çevrimiçi Uzaktan Eğitim Ortamında Topluluk Hissi Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması, [The Development of a Community Feeling Scale toward Online Distance Education Environments], Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, Vol:1, Issue:1, pp.27-34 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/201292
  • İbicioğlu, H. & Antalyalı, L. (2005). Uzaktan Eğitimin Başarısında İmkan, Algı, Motivasyon ve Etkileşim Faktörlerinin Etkileri: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Uygulama, [The Effects of Opportunity, Perception, Motivation and Interaction Factors on the Success of Distance Education: A Comparative Study], Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol:14, Issue:2, pp.325-338. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50240
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An İndex of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575. Kalaycı, S. (2005). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. [SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistics Techniques], Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kalaycı, C. (2013). Dijital Bölünme, Dijital Yoksulluk ve Uluslararası Ticaret. [ Digital Divide, Digital Poverty and İnternational Trade], Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 145-162.
  • Kaysi, F. & Aydemir, E. (2017). Uzaktan Eğitim Süreçlerindeki Etkileşim Boyutlarının Değerlendirilmesi, [Assessment of Interaction Dimensions in Distance Education Processes], The Journal of Social Science (SOBİDER), Vol:4, Issue:11, pp.778-790. Retrieved from: https://websiteyonetimi.ahievran.edu.tr/_Dosyalar/Genel/3124ea58-5c91-4e5d-9b90-84f7ccbc431c-1ce22e76-6999-4bf6-9efa-64e3d289db48.pdf
  • Kırık, A. M. (2014). Uzaktan Eğitimin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Türkiye’deki Durumu, [Historical Development of Distance Education and The Situation in Turkey], Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Issue: 21, pp. 73-94. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/206441
  • Kıyık Kıcır, G. & Others (2019). Açıköğretim Sisteminde Eğitim Amaçlı Radyo Programlarının Geliştirilmesi, [Development of Educational Radio Programs in the Open Education System], Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi (AUAd), Vol:5, Issue:2, pp.9-28. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/734087.
  • Mantyla, K. (1999). Interactive distance learning exercises the really work! Alexandria, VA: American Socity for Training and Development.
  • Nwaerondu, N. G. & Thompson, G. (1987). The Use of Educational Radio in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Past. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education / Revue Internationale Du E-Learning Et La Formation à Distance, 43-54. Retrieved from: http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/315.
  • OECD, 2001. Understanding the digital divide. Paris, OECD.
  • Özdamar, K. (2004) Paket Programlar ile Istatistiksel Veri Analizi, [Statistical Data Analysis with Package Software], Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskisehir.
  • Öztürk, L. (2005). Türkiye’de dijital eşitsizlik: TÜBİTAK-BİLTEN anketleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 111-131.
  • Raju, K. A. (2004). A case of harnessing information tech-nology for rural development. The InternationalInformation and & Library Review, 36, 233–240.
  • Rye, S. A. ( 2008). Exploring The Gap of the Digital Divide. GeoJournal 71, 171–184, Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%252Fs10708-008-9154-8.
  • Şen, A., ve Akdeniz, S. (2012). Sayısal uçurumla başetmek: OECD trendleri ve Türkiye, [Competing with the digital divide: OECD trends and Turkey], Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 7(1), 53-75.
  • Tufan, F. (2014). Tamamlayıcı Öğretim İşlevinin Açık Radyo Üzerinden İncelenmesi, [Examining Complementary Education Function on Açık Radyo], İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:1, Issue:46, pp.107-109. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322489286_Tamamlayici_Ogretim_Islevinin_Acik_Radyo_Uzerinden_Incelenmesi/link/5a5bbba7aca2727d608a2553/download
  • Tien, F., & Fu, T. (2008). The Correlates of The Digital Divide and Their İmpact on College Student Learning. Computers & Education, 50, 421-436.
  • Tuovinen, J. E., (2000) Multimedia Distance Education Interactions, Educational Media International, 37:1, 16-24, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/095239800361473
  • UNESCO. (2020). School Closures Caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19). UNESCO. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • UNESCO. (2020). Startling Digital Divides in Distance Learning Emerge. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/news/startling-digital-divides-distance-learning-emerge
  • Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2006). Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings, Poetics, 34(4-5), 221-235.
  • Yamamoto, T. G. & Altun, D. (2020). Coronavirüs ve Çevrimiçi (Online) Eğitimin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi, [The Coronavirus and the Rising of Online Education], Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol:3, , Issue:1, pp.25-34. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1051865
  • Yıldız, H., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2012). Sayısal Uçurum Üzerine Karşılaştırılmalı Bir İnceleme, [ A Comparative Study on the Digital Divide], Türkiye Bilişim Derneği 29. Ulusal Bilişim Kurultayı Bilişim 2012, pp. 111-117, Türkiye Bilişim Derneği, Ankara.
  • Warren, M. (2007). The Digital Vicious Cycle: Links Betweensocial Disadvantage and Digital Exclusion in Rural Areas. Telecommunication Policy, 31, 374–388. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596107000419
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Lifelong learning
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burcin Yersel 0000-0001-7981-3458

Basak Kalkan 0000-0001-5310-2412

Fikret Er 0000-0002-0194-616X

Arzu Celen Ozer 0000-0003-3867-488X

Aysel Ulukan Korul 0000-0002-4388-3531

Project Number 20GAP066
Publication Date October 1, 2023
Submission Date April 11, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yersel, B., Kalkan, B., Er, F., Ozer, A. C., et al. (2023). DIGITAL DIVIDE AND EMERGENCY REMOTE EDUCATION: RECONSIDERING THE USE OF EDUCATIONAL RADIO DURING THE PANDEMIC. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 24(4), 238-256. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1101847