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Reklamlarda Kullanılan Uyarı Etiketleri: Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Beden Memnuniyetsizliğini ve Fiziksel Görünüm Karşılaştırmasını Araştıran Bir Göz İzleme Çalışması

Year 2021, Issue: 38, 282 - 301, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.931017

Abstract

Reklamlarla yaratılan kusursuz bir güzelliğe sahip olma zorunluluğu, gençlerin üzerinde olumsuz
etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Reklamlarda genellikle çok ince modeler ve modellerin bilgisayarla değiştirilmiş,
rötuşlanmış ve inceltilmiş fotoğrafları ön plana çıkarılır. Rötuşlama ve dijital olarak mevcut beden
görüntülerinin değiştirilmesiyle ideal güzellik yaratılmaktadır. İnsanlar kendi bedenlerini reklamlarda
gördükleri bu kusursuz bedenlerle karşılaştırmaktadırlar. Özellikle genç kadınlar ve erkekler gördükleri bu
mükemmel bedenler ile kendi bedenlerini karşılaştırmakta ve büyük memnuniyetsizlikler yaşamaktadırlar.
Bu da ideal ölçülerde olmayan insanlar üzerinde anksiyeteye, depresyona, özgüven eksikliğine neden
olabilmektedir.
Reklamlarda yer alan kişilerin kusursuz fiziksel çekicilikleri, insanlar üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahip olması
sebebiyle üzerinde durulması gereken konulardan biridir. Deneysel bir tasarımla, göz izleme (eye-tracking)
yöntemiyle genç kadın (40) ve erkeklerin (40) göz hareketleri kaydedilmiştir. Bu süreçte katılımcılar,
uyarı etiketi olan ve uyarı etiketi olmayan reklamları görmüşlerdir. Erkek katılımcılar erkek modelin yer
aldığı, kadın katılımcılar ise kadın modelin bulunduğu basılı reklama maruz kalmıştır. Deney sonunda
katılımcılara Beden Memnuniyetsizliği Ölçeği (BDS) ve Fiziksel Görünüm Karşılaştırma Ölçeği (PACS)
uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların beden memnuniyetsizliği ve fiziksel görünümü karşılaştırma seviyeleri ile
uyarılı ve uyarısız reklamda AOI odaklanmaları arasındaki ilişki ortaya konmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları,
gençler arasında beden memnuniyetsizliğinin yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Beden memnuniyetsizliğinin
seviyesi, reklamdaki modelin herhangi bir bölümüne (beden ve yüz) daha fazla dikkat çekmede etkili
değildir.

References

  • Ata, R. N., Thompson, J. K., & Small, B. J. (2013). Effects of exposure to thin-ideal media images on body dissatisfaction: Testing the inclusion of a disclaimer versus warning label. Body Image, 10, 472–480.
  • Bissell, K. L. (2006). Skinny like you: Visual literacy, digital manipulation and young women’s drive to be thin. Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 6 (1), 1–14.
  • Borau, S., & Nepomuceno, M. V. (2019). The self-deceived consumer: Women’s emotional and attitudinal reactions to the airbrushed thin ideal in the absence versus presence of disclaimers. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 325–340.
  • Botta, R. A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 22–41.
  • Bozsik, F., Whisenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Bennett, B., & Lundgren, J. D. (2018). Thin is in? Think again: The rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body. Sex Roles, 79, 609–615.
  • Breen, K. (2018). Toronto MPP wants disclaimers on airbrushed, altered images in advertising March. Globalnews.ca. Retrieved February, 19, 2021 from https://globalnews.ca/news/4065445/toronto-mppdisclaimers- advertsing/
  • Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2020). A picture is worth a thousand words: The effect of viewing celebrity Instagram images with disclaimer and body positive captions on women’s body image. Body Image, 33, 190-198.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). Directing gaze: The effect of disclaimer labels on women’s visual attention to fashion magazine advertisements. Body Image, 11, 1-9.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016a). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Impact on visual attention and relationship with body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 16, 357–363.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016b). The effect of digital alteration disclaimer labels on social comparison and body image: Instructions and individual differences. Body Image, 17, 136–142.
  • Cowley, G. (1996, June 3). The biology of beauty. Newsweek, 127(23), 61-67.
  • Cragg, D. N.C., Mulgrew, K. E., & Kannis-Dymand, L. (2019). Can disclaimer labels or Dove Evolution commercial mitigate negative effects of thin-ideal exposure? Journal of Health Psychology, 24(7), 918– 928.
  • Dove (n.d.). Ad makeover. Retrieved February, 19, 2021 from https://www.dove.com/us/en/stories/campaigns/ ad-makeover.html
  • Dove (2020). Is your child’s perception of beauty distorted by media influence?. Retrieved February, 21, 2021 from https://www.dove.com/uk/dove-self-esteem-project/help-for-parents/media-and-celebrities/ beauty-distorted-by-media.html
  • Dworkin, S.L., & Wachs, F.L. (2009). Body panic: Gender, health, and the selling of fitness. USA: New York University Press.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
  • Frederick, D. A., Sandhu, G., Scott, T., & Akbari, Y. (2016). Reducing the negative effects of media exposure on body image: Testing the effectiveness of subvertising and disclaimer labels. Body Image, 17, 171–174.
  • Galioto, R., & Crowther, J. H. (2013). The effects of exposure to slender and muscular images on male body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 566–573.
  • Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 1–16.
  • Grogan, S., Williams, Z., & Conner, M. (1996). The effects of viewing same-gender photographic models on body-esteem? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 569-575.
  • Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children (2nd ed.). East Sussex: Routledge.
  • Gulas, C. S., & McKeage, K. (2000). Extending social comparison: An examination of the unintended consequences of idealized advertising imagery. Journal of Advertising, 29(2), 17-28.
  • Halliwell, E., & Harvey, M. (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(2), 235–248.
  • Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: “comparing” boys and girls. Body Image, 1(4), 351-361.
  • Harmon, J., & Rudd, N. A. (2016). Breaking the illusion: The effects of adding warning labels identifying digital enhancement on fashion magazine advertisements. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 3, 357–374.
  • Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014). Virtually perfect: Image retouching and adolescent body image. Media Psychology, 17, 134–153.
  • Kim, N., & Lee, J. (2019). The associations of appearance comparisons with peers and Chinese and Korean media figures with thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and the drive for thinness among female Korean-Chinese college students in China. International Journal of Communication, 13, 4376– 4399.
  • Krawitz, M. (2014). Beauty is only photoshop deep: Legislating models’ BMIs and photoshopping images. Journal of Law and Medicine, 21, 859–874.
  • Livingston, J., Holland, E., & Fardouly, J. (2020). Exposing digital posing: The effect of social media selfdisclaimer captions on women’s body dissatisfaction, mood, and impressions of the user. Body Image, 33, 150–154.
  • MacCallum, F., & Widdows, H. (2018). Altered images: Understanding the influence of unrealistic images and beauty aspirations. Health Care Analysis, 26, 235–245.
  • McComb, S. E., & Mills, J. S. (2020). A systematic review on the effects of media disclaimers on young women’s body image and mood. Body Image, 32, 34-52.
  • Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Hopkins, C. (2003). Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4(2), 111– 120.
  • Mutale, G. J., Dunn, A., Stiller, J., & Larkin, R. (2016). Development of a body dissatisfaction scale assessment tool. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 13(2), 47-57.
  • Paraskeva, N., Lewis-Smith, H., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2017). Consumer opinion on social policy approaches to promoting positive body image: Airbrushed media images and disclaimer labels. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(2) 164–175.
  • Petter, O. (2017, September 30). France is banning companies from photoshopping images of models in adverts: Digitally-altered images will require an ‘edited’ note from Sunday. Independent.co.uk. Retrieved December, 21, 2020 from https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/photoshop-models-franceban- 2017-october-a7975351.html
  • Pınar, E. (2017). Reklamlarda kullanılan ince ve büyük beden kadın modellerin kadın tüketicilerin satın alma davranışına etkileri. Unpublished Master Dissertation. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Richins, M. L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 71-83.
  • Schilder, P. (1950). The image and the appearence of the human body. NY: International Press.
  • Selimbegovic, L., & Chatard, A. (2015). Single exposure to disclaimers on airbrushed thin ideal images increases negative thought accessibility. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 12, 1–5.
  • Silverstein, B., Perdue, L., Peterson, B., & Kelly, E. (1986). The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women. Sex Roles, 14(9), 519-532.
  • Slater, A., Tiggemann, M., Firth, B., & Hawkins, K. (2012). Reality check: an experimental investigation of the addition of warning labels to fashion magazine images on women’s mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 105–122.
  • Spitzer, B. L., Henderson, K. A., & Zivian, M. T. (1999). Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades. Sex Roles, 40, 545–565.
  • Stormer, S. M., & Thompson, J. K. (1996). Explanations of body image disturbance: A test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19(2), 193–202.
  • Sypeck, M. F., Gray, J. J., & Ahrens, A. H. (2004). No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines’ depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959-1999. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 342–347.
  • Şehidoğlu, Z. (2016). Obezite kamu spotları örneğinde negatif ve pozitif çekiciliğin (EEG) beyin aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisi. Unpublished Master Dissertation. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Tamplin, N. C, McLean S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2018) Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29–37.
  • Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1991). The physical appearance comparison scale. The Behavior Therapist, 14, 174.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Brown, Z. (2018). Labelling fashion magazine advertisements: Effectiveness of different label formats on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 25, 97-102.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., & Thomas, N. (2019). (Don’t) look here!: The effect of different forms of label added to fashion advertisements on women’s visual attention. Body Image, 31, 88-95.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., Zaccardo, M., & Thomas, N. (2017). “Warning: This image has been digitally altered”: The effect of disclaimer labels added to fashion magazine shoots on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 21, 107-113.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Pickering, A. S. (1996). Role of television in adolescent women’s body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 199–203.
  • Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., Bury, B., Hawkins, K., & Firth, B. (2013). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Effects on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 45–53.
  • Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., & Smyth, V. (2014). ‘Retouch free’: The effect of labelling media images as not digitally altered on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 11, 85–88.
  • Vander Wal, J. S., & Thelen, M. H. (2000). Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls. Eating Behaviors, 1(2), 105–122.
  • Vigarello, G. (2013). Güzelliğin tarihi. Ankara: Dost.

Disclaimer Labels Used in Ads: An Eye-Tracking Study Exploring Body Dissatisfaction and Physical Appearance Comparison Among University Students

Year 2021, Issue: 38, 282 - 301, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.931017

Abstract

The necessity of having a perfect beauty created with advertisements has negative impacts on young people.
Advertisements usually feature very slim models and their digitally altered, airbrushed and trimmed
photos. Ideal beauty is created by retouching and changing digitally existing images. People compare their
bodies to the perfect bodies in advertisements. Especially young women and men compare these perfect
bodies with their own bodies and experience dissatisfaction. This may lead to anxiety, depression and lack
of self-confidence in people who are not ideally sized.
Since ideal beauty influences the audience, the physical attractiveness of people starring in advertisements
is one of the subjects worth stressing. With an experimental design, the eye movements of young female
(40) and male (40) participants were recorded using the eye-tracking method. During this process,
participants saw advertisements with and without disclaimer labels. The male participants saw the print
advertisement which included the male model, and the female participants saw the print advertisement
which included the female model. At the end of the experiment, the Body Dissatisfaction Scale (BDS)
and the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS) were applied to the participants. The relationship between the participants’ levels of body dissatisfaction and physical appearance comparison and their focus
on Areas of Interest (AOI) in stimulated and non-stimulated advertising was revealed. The findings of the
study showed that body dissatisfaction is high among young people and the level of body dissatisfaction did
not affect more attention to any part of the model (body and face).

References

  • Ata, R. N., Thompson, J. K., & Small, B. J. (2013). Effects of exposure to thin-ideal media images on body dissatisfaction: Testing the inclusion of a disclaimer versus warning label. Body Image, 10, 472–480.
  • Bissell, K. L. (2006). Skinny like you: Visual literacy, digital manipulation and young women’s drive to be thin. Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 6 (1), 1–14.
  • Borau, S., & Nepomuceno, M. V. (2019). The self-deceived consumer: Women’s emotional and attitudinal reactions to the airbrushed thin ideal in the absence versus presence of disclaimers. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 325–340.
  • Botta, R. A. (1999). Television images and adolescent girls’ body image disturbance. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 22–41.
  • Bozsik, F., Whisenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Bennett, B., & Lundgren, J. D. (2018). Thin is in? Think again: The rising importance of muscularity in the thin ideal female body. Sex Roles, 79, 609–615.
  • Breen, K. (2018). Toronto MPP wants disclaimers on airbrushed, altered images in advertising March. Globalnews.ca. Retrieved February, 19, 2021 from https://globalnews.ca/news/4065445/toronto-mppdisclaimers- advertsing/
  • Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2020). A picture is worth a thousand words: The effect of viewing celebrity Instagram images with disclaimer and body positive captions on women’s body image. Body Image, 33, 190-198.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). Directing gaze: The effect of disclaimer labels on women’s visual attention to fashion magazine advertisements. Body Image, 11, 1-9.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016a). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Impact on visual attention and relationship with body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 16, 357–363.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016b). The effect of digital alteration disclaimer labels on social comparison and body image: Instructions and individual differences. Body Image, 17, 136–142.
  • Cowley, G. (1996, June 3). The biology of beauty. Newsweek, 127(23), 61-67.
  • Cragg, D. N.C., Mulgrew, K. E., & Kannis-Dymand, L. (2019). Can disclaimer labels or Dove Evolution commercial mitigate negative effects of thin-ideal exposure? Journal of Health Psychology, 24(7), 918– 928.
  • Dove (n.d.). Ad makeover. Retrieved February, 19, 2021 from https://www.dove.com/us/en/stories/campaigns/ ad-makeover.html
  • Dove (2020). Is your child’s perception of beauty distorted by media influence?. Retrieved February, 21, 2021 from https://www.dove.com/uk/dove-self-esteem-project/help-for-parents/media-and-celebrities/ beauty-distorted-by-media.html
  • Dworkin, S.L., & Wachs, F.L. (2009). Body panic: Gender, health, and the selling of fitness. USA: New York University Press.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
  • Frederick, D. A., Sandhu, G., Scott, T., & Akbari, Y. (2016). Reducing the negative effects of media exposure on body image: Testing the effectiveness of subvertising and disclaimer labels. Body Image, 17, 171–174.
  • Galioto, R., & Crowther, J. H. (2013). The effects of exposure to slender and muscular images on male body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 566–573.
  • Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 1–16.
  • Grogan, S., Williams, Z., & Conner, M. (1996). The effects of viewing same-gender photographic models on body-esteem? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 569-575.
  • Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children (2nd ed.). East Sussex: Routledge.
  • Gulas, C. S., & McKeage, K. (2000). Extending social comparison: An examination of the unintended consequences of idealized advertising imagery. Journal of Advertising, 29(2), 17-28.
  • Halliwell, E., & Harvey, M. (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(2), 235–248.
  • Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: “comparing” boys and girls. Body Image, 1(4), 351-361.
  • Harmon, J., & Rudd, N. A. (2016). Breaking the illusion: The effects of adding warning labels identifying digital enhancement on fashion magazine advertisements. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 3, 357–374.
  • Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014). Virtually perfect: Image retouching and adolescent body image. Media Psychology, 17, 134–153.
  • Kim, N., & Lee, J. (2019). The associations of appearance comparisons with peers and Chinese and Korean media figures with thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and the drive for thinness among female Korean-Chinese college students in China. International Journal of Communication, 13, 4376– 4399.
  • Krawitz, M. (2014). Beauty is only photoshop deep: Legislating models’ BMIs and photoshopping images. Journal of Law and Medicine, 21, 859–874.
  • Livingston, J., Holland, E., & Fardouly, J. (2020). Exposing digital posing: The effect of social media selfdisclaimer captions on women’s body dissatisfaction, mood, and impressions of the user. Body Image, 33, 150–154.
  • MacCallum, F., & Widdows, H. (2018). Altered images: Understanding the influence of unrealistic images and beauty aspirations. Health Care Analysis, 26, 235–245.
  • McComb, S. E., & Mills, J. S. (2020). A systematic review on the effects of media disclaimers on young women’s body image and mood. Body Image, 32, 34-52.
  • Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Hopkins, C. (2003). Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4(2), 111– 120.
  • Mutale, G. J., Dunn, A., Stiller, J., & Larkin, R. (2016). Development of a body dissatisfaction scale assessment tool. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 13(2), 47-57.
  • Paraskeva, N., Lewis-Smith, H., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2017). Consumer opinion on social policy approaches to promoting positive body image: Airbrushed media images and disclaimer labels. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(2) 164–175.
  • Petter, O. (2017, September 30). France is banning companies from photoshopping images of models in adverts: Digitally-altered images will require an ‘edited’ note from Sunday. Independent.co.uk. Retrieved December, 21, 2020 from https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/photoshop-models-franceban- 2017-october-a7975351.html
  • Pınar, E. (2017). Reklamlarda kullanılan ince ve büyük beden kadın modellerin kadın tüketicilerin satın alma davranışına etkileri. Unpublished Master Dissertation. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Richins, M. L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 71-83.
  • Schilder, P. (1950). The image and the appearence of the human body. NY: International Press.
  • Selimbegovic, L., & Chatard, A. (2015). Single exposure to disclaimers on airbrushed thin ideal images increases negative thought accessibility. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 12, 1–5.
  • Silverstein, B., Perdue, L., Peterson, B., & Kelly, E. (1986). The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women. Sex Roles, 14(9), 519-532.
  • Slater, A., Tiggemann, M., Firth, B., & Hawkins, K. (2012). Reality check: an experimental investigation of the addition of warning labels to fashion magazine images on women’s mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 105–122.
  • Spitzer, B. L., Henderson, K. A., & Zivian, M. T. (1999). Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades. Sex Roles, 40, 545–565.
  • Stormer, S. M., & Thompson, J. K. (1996). Explanations of body image disturbance: A test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19(2), 193–202.
  • Sypeck, M. F., Gray, J. J., & Ahrens, A. H. (2004). No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines’ depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959-1999. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 342–347.
  • Şehidoğlu, Z. (2016). Obezite kamu spotları örneğinde negatif ve pozitif çekiciliğin (EEG) beyin aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisi. Unpublished Master Dissertation. İstanbul: Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Tamplin, N. C, McLean S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2018) Social media literacy protects against the negative impact of exposure to appearance ideal social media images in young adult women but not men. Body Image, 26, 29–37.
  • Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1991). The physical appearance comparison scale. The Behavior Therapist, 14, 174.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Brown, Z. (2018). Labelling fashion magazine advertisements: Effectiveness of different label formats on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 25, 97-102.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., & Thomas, N. (2019). (Don’t) look here!: The effect of different forms of label added to fashion advertisements on women’s visual attention. Body Image, 31, 88-95.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., Zaccardo, M., & Thomas, N. (2017). “Warning: This image has been digitally altered”: The effect of disclaimer labels added to fashion magazine shoots on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 21, 107-113.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Pickering, A. S. (1996). Role of television in adolescent women’s body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 199–203.
  • Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., Bury, B., Hawkins, K., & Firth, B. (2013). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Effects on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 45–53.
  • Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., & Smyth, V. (2014). ‘Retouch free’: The effect of labelling media images as not digitally altered on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 11, 85–88.
  • Vander Wal, J. S., & Thelen, M. H. (2000). Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls. Eating Behaviors, 1(2), 105–122.
  • Vigarello, G. (2013). Güzelliğin tarihi. Ankara: Dost.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

G. Motif Atar 0000-0003-2074-3568

Bilge İspir 0000-0001-7572-9048

Gülcan Şener 0000-0002-7706-3144

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date May 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 38

Cite

APA Atar, G. M., İspir, B., & Şener, G. (2021). Disclaimer Labels Used in Ads: An Eye-Tracking Study Exploring Body Dissatisfaction and Physical Appearance Comparison Among University Students. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(38), 282-301. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.931017