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The Vulnerability of Third Parties in Conflict Resolution: The Example of the Russia-Ukraine War

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 186 - 224, 30.08.2023

Abstract

Post-Cold War globalization and increased communication opportunities have not changed the conflict-proneness of international actors. With the transformation of the bipolar system, states have frequently experienced conflicts of interest due to their expansionist policies. This situation has necessitated the development of “conflict resolution” approaches and practices in the international system. In conflict resolution, the role of third parties applied through various methods such as mediation, sanctions and diplomacy are important. The aim of this article is to discuss the role and influence of third parties in the context of conflict resolution, focusing on the case of the Russian-Ukrainian War. The post-Cold War “containment policy” of the Western bloc and Russia’s “near abroad doctrine” have led to the confrontation of these parties. Ukraine has been at the center of increasingly tense relations between the West and Russia. In fact, Russia has shaped its security policies to be effective on countries close to it. Moreover, Ukraine sought to balance Russia’s pressures by improving its relations with the West. In response to Ukraine’s close relations with the EU and its desire to join NATO, Russia launched a military operation in the country on February 24, 2022. The genesis and persistence of the Russian-Ukrainian war highlights the practical steps of conflict resolution and the need for third parties to find more effective solutions to problems and conflicts. In this respect, the article aims to show that third parties in the resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict lacked diplomacy, sanctions and impartiality, which is why the conflict could not be resolved, and offers some suggestions for third parties to contribute more to the resolution of the conflict.

References

  • Alcaro, R., & Mikhelidze, N. (2022). Not Yet Time for Diplomacy. Lessons from Italy’s Ill-Conceived Peace Plan for Ukraine. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
  • BBC. (2021, 04 15). Rusya, Ukrayna sınırına neden askeri yığınak yapıyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56746772
  • BBC. (2022, 02 21). Ukraine: Putin announces Donetsk and Luhansk recognition. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60470900
  • Benjamin, M., & Davies, N. J. (2022, 11 30). The Ukraine Crisis Is a Classic “Security Dilemma”. Fairobserver: https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/the-ukraine-crisis-is-a-classic-security-dilemma/
  • Bercovitch, J., & Jackson, R. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. Michigan : University of Michigan Press.
  • Beriker, N. (2008). Conflict resolution: the missing link between liberal international relations theory and realistic practice. D. J. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. S. Staroste, & J. Senehi içinde, .Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Brown, W. (2004). Third-party intervention reconsidered an international perspective. Journal of Industrial Relations, 448-458.
  • Budjeryn, M., & Bunn, M. (2020). Budapest Memorandum at 25: Between Past and Future. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (s. 1-28). Harvard: Harvard Kennedy School.
  • Burchard, H. V. (2022, 07 22). Ukraine can’t have NATO-style security guarantees from the West, Germany says. https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-cant-have-nato-style-security-guarantees-scholz/
  • Caprile, A., & Delivorias, A. (2023). EU sanctions on Russia: Overview, impact, challenges. Strazburg: European Parliament.
  • Castellum. (2023, 04 15). Russia Sanctions Dashboard. https://www.castellum.ai/russia-sanctions-dashboard
  • Clarke, J. (2019). Crisis in Crimea: A Case Study in Geopolitics . Independent Study Project Collection, s. 1-31. Constantin, S. (2022, 03 21). Ethnic and linguistic identity in Ukraine? It’s complicated. https://www.eurac.edu/en/blogs/mobile-people-and-diverse-societies/ethnic-and-linguistic-identity-in-ukraine-it-s-complicated
  • Dağcı, K., & Çaman, E. (2012). Uluslararası Çatışma Çözümleri Yaklaşımları - Müzakere ve Arabuluculuk. 10th International Conference on Knowledge, Economy and Management; 11th International Conference of the ASIAChapter of the AHRD & 2nd International Conference of the MENA Chapter of the AHRD PROCEEDINGS, (s. 1137-1146). İstanbul.
  • Fearon, J. D. (2017). Civil War & the Current International System. American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 18-32.
  • Fisas, V. (2011). Dünyada Barış Süreçleri – Kürt Sorunu İçin İpuçları . İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı. Fisher, M. (2022, 02 24). Putin’s Case for War, Annotated. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/putin-ukraine-
  • Fisher, R. J. (2001). Methods of Third-Party Intervention. Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
  • Fisher, R. J. (2009). Interactive conflict resolution Dialogue, conflict analysis, and problem solving. D. J. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. SandoleStaroste, & J. Senehi içinde, Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Fisher, R. J. (2012). Comparing a Problem-Solving Workshop to a Conflict Assessment Framework: Conflict Analysis Versus Conflict Assessment in Practice. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 66-80.
  • Harris, S. (2022, 08 16). Road to war: U.S. struggled to convince allies, and Zelensky, of risk of invasion. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/interactive/2022/ukraine-road-to-war/
  • Kappeler, A. (2014). Ukraine and Russia: Legacies of the Imperial past and Competing Memories. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 107-115.
  • Knoop, C. D. (2014, Kasım). The Third Party in Conflict Resolution: As Facilitator, Mediator or Arbitrator. ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, s. 1-6.
  • Kriesberg, L. (2008). The Evolution of Conflict Resolution”. J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk , & I. W. Zartman içinde, The SAGE Handbook of Conflict (s. 15-32). Londra: Sage Yayıncılık.
  • Kuzio, T. (2012). Ukraine’s Relations with the West since the Orange Revolution. European Security, 395-413. Lasswell, H. D., & Arens, R. (1967, 03). The Role of Sanction in Conflict Resolution. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, s. 27-39.
  • Loizides, N. (2022). Ukraine’s Peace Settlement: A Comprehensive Set of Ideas. Kent.
  • Marca. (2022, 03 16). Vladimir Putin lays out six conditions for ending the war in Ukraine. https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/world-news/2022/03/16/6231e91022601ddc368b4593.html
  • Masters, J. (2023, 02 14). Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin. Council on Foreign Relations, 77-89.
  • Meduza. (2022, 03 29). Ukraine's 10-point plan Journalist Farida Rustamova obtained the full list of Kyiv's proposals to Moscow on March 29. https://meduza.io/en/slides/ukraine-s-10-point-plan
  • Miall, H. (2023). Can Conflict Resolution Principles Apply in Ukraine? Tokyo : Toda Peace Institude.
  • Miller, C. E. (2005). A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict. University for Peace.
  • Özerdem, A. (2013). Barış İnşası - Kuram ve Uygulaması. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Özerdem, F. (2019). Çatışma ve Barış Üzerine Temel KAvramlar İçsel, Kişilerarası, Toplumsal ve Küresel Çatışma ve Barış Terminolojisi. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınları.
  • Özkeçeci-Taner, B. (2019, Ekim 19). İç Savaş. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, s. 1-7.
  • Öztopal, M. K. (2018). Önde Gelen Uluslararası Örgütlerin Kırım’ın Yasadışı İlhakına Tepkileri. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi, s. 105-135.
  • Penkala, A., Derluyn, I., & Lietaert, I. (2020). The Ukrainian divide: The power of historical narratives, imagined communities, and collective memories. Regions & Cohesion , 125-139.
  • Pfeil, J. (2015, 01). EU Updates Sanctions Against Russia and Crimea. https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2015/01/eu-updates-sanctions-against-russia-and-crimea/files/read-publication/fileattachment/al_germany_sanctionsrussiacrimea_jan15.pdf
  • Regan, P. M., & Aydın, A. (2006). Diplomacy and other forms of intervention in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 736-756.
  • Rubinstein, A. (1997). The Transformation of Russian Foreign Policy. K. Dawisha içinde, The International Dimension of Post-Communist Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
  • Sakwa, R. (2022). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands . Bloomsbury Academic: London.
  • Sanson, A., & Bretherton, D. (2007). Conflıct Resolution : Theoretical And Practical Issues. D. D. Winter içinde, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century (s. 194-200). New Jersey: Pearson College Div.
  • Shonk, K. (2023, 07 31). What is Conflict Resolution, and How Does It Work? How to manage conflict at work through conflict resolution. https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/conflict-resolution/what-is-conflict-resolution-and-how-does-it-work/
  • Sönmez, S. (2010). Yakın Çevre Doktrini Bağlamında Yeltsin Dönemi Rusya Federasyonu'nun Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu Ülkeleriyle İlişkileri. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 277-290.
  • Tecer, Ö. Ç. (2014). Jeopolitik ve Tarihsel Bir Rekabet Sahası Olarak Ukrayna Ve Dış Politika Parametreleri. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 97-125.
  • Macfarquhar, N. (2014, 03 15). Russia Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html
  • Time. (2022, 09 22). kraine Hands Over Key Putin Ally, Among Others, in Exchange for Hundreds of Prisoners of War. https://time.com/6215671/ukraine-russia-swap-prisoners-of-war
  • Tolksdorf, D. (2014, Fall). The European Union to Ukraine’s Rescue. politique étrangère, s. 109-119.
  • Treisman, D. (2016). Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin. Foreign Affairs, 47-54.
  • TRTHaber. (2021, 10 21). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Rusya-Ukrayna barışında ara bulucu olabiliriz. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-rusya-ukrayna-barisinda-ara-bulucu-olabiliriz-647456.html
  • TRTHaber. (2022, 10 04). Zelenskiy, Ukrayna'nın Putin ile savaşı müzakere edemeyeceğine dair bir kararname imzaladı. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/zelenskiy-ukraynanin-putin-ile-savasi-muzakere-edemeyecegine-dair-bir-kararname-imzaladi-713457.html
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, 03 10). Türkiye-Rusya-Ukrayna Üçlü Dışişleri Bakanları Toplantısı, 10 Mart 2022. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-rusya-ukrayna-uclu-disisleri-bakanlari-toplantisi--10-mart-2022.tr.mfa
  • Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2011). Ukrayna'da Turuncu Devrim'in Sonu. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 62-79.
  • United Nations. (2014, 03 27). General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region. https://press.un.org/en/2014/ga11493.doc.htm
  • United Nations. (2015, 02 24). Annex II to the letter dated 24 February 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UA_140919_MemoImplementationPeacePlan_en.pdf
  • Ury, W. (2000). The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop. London: Penguin Books. Wallensteen, P. (2007). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. NewYork: ‎SAGE Publications.
  • Weinstein, R. J. (2000). Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for training, practice, and administration. Virginia: Praeger Publishers Inc.
  • Zartman, I. W. (1995). Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

Çatışma Çözümünde Üçüncü Tarafların Zafiyeti: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 186 - 224, 30.08.2023

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş sonrası küreselleşmenin ve iletişim imkânlarının artması uluslararası aktörlerin çatışmaya yatkınlığını değiştirmemiştir. İki kutuplu sistemin dönüşmesiyle birlikte devletler uygulamakta oldukları yayılmacı politikalardan dolayı sık sık çıkar çatışması yaşamıştır. Bu durum uluslararası sistemde “çatışma çözümü” yaklaşımlarının ve uygulamalarının da gelişmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Çatışma çözümünde arabuluculuk, yaptırım ve diplomasi gibi çeşitli yöntemler ile uygulanan üçüncü tarafların rolü önem teşkil etmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, çatışma çözümü bağlamında üçüncü tarafların rolü ve etkisini Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı vakasına odaklanarak tartışmaktır. Soğuk Savaş sonrası Batı bloğunun “çevreleme politikası” ve Rusya’nın “yakın çevre doktrini”, bu tarafların karşı karşıya gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Ukrayna ise, Batı ve Rusya arasında yükselen gerilimli ilişkilerin odağında yer almıştır. Öyle ki Rusya, güvenlik politikalarını kendisine yakın ülkeler üzerinde etkili olacak şekilde oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca Ukrayna, Batı ile ilişkilerini geliştirerek, Rusya’nın baskılarını dengelemek istemiştir. Ukrayna’nın AB ile olan yakın ilişkisi ve NATO’ya katılma isteği üzerine Rusya, 24 Şubat 2022’de ülkeye askeri operasyon başlatmıştır. Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının oluşumu ve hâlâ sürüyor olması çatışma çözümünün uygulanma adımlarını ve üçüncü tarafların sorunlara, çatışmalara yönelik daha etkili çözümler üretme gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda makale, Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmasının çözümünde üçüncü tarafların diplomasiyi işletme, yaptırım ve tarafsızlık konularında eksik kaldığını ve bu sebeple çatışmanın çözüme kavuşturulamadığını göstermeyi amaçlamakta ve bu çatışmanın çözümüne üçüncü tarafların daha fazla katkı sağlaması için birtakım öneriler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Alcaro, R., & Mikhelidze, N. (2022). Not Yet Time for Diplomacy. Lessons from Italy’s Ill-Conceived Peace Plan for Ukraine. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
  • BBC. (2021, 04 15). Rusya, Ukrayna sınırına neden askeri yığınak yapıyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56746772
  • BBC. (2022, 02 21). Ukraine: Putin announces Donetsk and Luhansk recognition. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60470900
  • Benjamin, M., & Davies, N. J. (2022, 11 30). The Ukraine Crisis Is a Classic “Security Dilemma”. Fairobserver: https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/the-ukraine-crisis-is-a-classic-security-dilemma/
  • Bercovitch, J., & Jackson, R. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. Michigan : University of Michigan Press.
  • Beriker, N. (2008). Conflict resolution: the missing link between liberal international relations theory and realistic practice. D. J. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. S. Staroste, & J. Senehi içinde, .Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Brown, W. (2004). Third-party intervention reconsidered an international perspective. Journal of Industrial Relations, 448-458.
  • Budjeryn, M., & Bunn, M. (2020). Budapest Memorandum at 25: Between Past and Future. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (s. 1-28). Harvard: Harvard Kennedy School.
  • Burchard, H. V. (2022, 07 22). Ukraine can’t have NATO-style security guarantees from the West, Germany says. https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-cant-have-nato-style-security-guarantees-scholz/
  • Caprile, A., & Delivorias, A. (2023). EU sanctions on Russia: Overview, impact, challenges. Strazburg: European Parliament.
  • Castellum. (2023, 04 15). Russia Sanctions Dashboard. https://www.castellum.ai/russia-sanctions-dashboard
  • Clarke, J. (2019). Crisis in Crimea: A Case Study in Geopolitics . Independent Study Project Collection, s. 1-31. Constantin, S. (2022, 03 21). Ethnic and linguistic identity in Ukraine? It’s complicated. https://www.eurac.edu/en/blogs/mobile-people-and-diverse-societies/ethnic-and-linguistic-identity-in-ukraine-it-s-complicated
  • Dağcı, K., & Çaman, E. (2012). Uluslararası Çatışma Çözümleri Yaklaşımları - Müzakere ve Arabuluculuk. 10th International Conference on Knowledge, Economy and Management; 11th International Conference of the ASIAChapter of the AHRD & 2nd International Conference of the MENA Chapter of the AHRD PROCEEDINGS, (s. 1137-1146). İstanbul.
  • Fearon, J. D. (2017). Civil War & the Current International System. American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 18-32.
  • Fisas, V. (2011). Dünyada Barış Süreçleri – Kürt Sorunu İçin İpuçları . İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı. Fisher, M. (2022, 02 24). Putin’s Case for War, Annotated. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/putin-ukraine-
  • Fisher, R. J. (2001). Methods of Third-Party Intervention. Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
  • Fisher, R. J. (2009). Interactive conflict resolution Dialogue, conflict analysis, and problem solving. D. J. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. SandoleStaroste, & J. Senehi içinde, Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution. NewYork: Routledge.
  • Fisher, R. J. (2012). Comparing a Problem-Solving Workshop to a Conflict Assessment Framework: Conflict Analysis Versus Conflict Assessment in Practice. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 66-80.
  • Harris, S. (2022, 08 16). Road to war: U.S. struggled to convince allies, and Zelensky, of risk of invasion. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/interactive/2022/ukraine-road-to-war/
  • Kappeler, A. (2014). Ukraine and Russia: Legacies of the Imperial past and Competing Memories. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 107-115.
  • Knoop, C. D. (2014, Kasım). The Third Party in Conflict Resolution: As Facilitator, Mediator or Arbitrator. ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, s. 1-6.
  • Kriesberg, L. (2008). The Evolution of Conflict Resolution”. J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk , & I. W. Zartman içinde, The SAGE Handbook of Conflict (s. 15-32). Londra: Sage Yayıncılık.
  • Kuzio, T. (2012). Ukraine’s Relations with the West since the Orange Revolution. European Security, 395-413. Lasswell, H. D., & Arens, R. (1967, 03). The Role of Sanction in Conflict Resolution. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, s. 27-39.
  • Loizides, N. (2022). Ukraine’s Peace Settlement: A Comprehensive Set of Ideas. Kent.
  • Marca. (2022, 03 16). Vladimir Putin lays out six conditions for ending the war in Ukraine. https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/world-news/2022/03/16/6231e91022601ddc368b4593.html
  • Masters, J. (2023, 02 14). Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin. Council on Foreign Relations, 77-89.
  • Meduza. (2022, 03 29). Ukraine's 10-point plan Journalist Farida Rustamova obtained the full list of Kyiv's proposals to Moscow on March 29. https://meduza.io/en/slides/ukraine-s-10-point-plan
  • Miall, H. (2023). Can Conflict Resolution Principles Apply in Ukraine? Tokyo : Toda Peace Institude.
  • Miller, C. E. (2005). A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict. University for Peace.
  • Özerdem, A. (2013). Barış İnşası - Kuram ve Uygulaması. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Özerdem, F. (2019). Çatışma ve Barış Üzerine Temel KAvramlar İçsel, Kişilerarası, Toplumsal ve Küresel Çatışma ve Barış Terminolojisi. İstanbul: Kriter Yayınları.
  • Özkeçeci-Taner, B. (2019, Ekim 19). İç Savaş. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, s. 1-7.
  • Öztopal, M. K. (2018). Önde Gelen Uluslararası Örgütlerin Kırım’ın Yasadışı İlhakına Tepkileri. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi, s. 105-135.
  • Penkala, A., Derluyn, I., & Lietaert, I. (2020). The Ukrainian divide: The power of historical narratives, imagined communities, and collective memories. Regions & Cohesion , 125-139.
  • Pfeil, J. (2015, 01). EU Updates Sanctions Against Russia and Crimea. https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2015/01/eu-updates-sanctions-against-russia-and-crimea/files/read-publication/fileattachment/al_germany_sanctionsrussiacrimea_jan15.pdf
  • Regan, P. M., & Aydın, A. (2006). Diplomacy and other forms of intervention in civil wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 736-756.
  • Rubinstein, A. (1997). The Transformation of Russian Foreign Policy. K. Dawisha içinde, The International Dimension of Post-Communist Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
  • Sakwa, R. (2022). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands . Bloomsbury Academic: London.
  • Sanson, A., & Bretherton, D. (2007). Conflıct Resolution : Theoretical And Practical Issues. D. D. Winter içinde, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century (s. 194-200). New Jersey: Pearson College Div.
  • Shonk, K. (2023, 07 31). What is Conflict Resolution, and How Does It Work? How to manage conflict at work through conflict resolution. https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/conflict-resolution/what-is-conflict-resolution-and-how-does-it-work/
  • Sönmez, S. (2010). Yakın Çevre Doktrini Bağlamında Yeltsin Dönemi Rusya Federasyonu'nun Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu Ülkeleriyle İlişkileri. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 277-290.
  • Tecer, Ö. Ç. (2014). Jeopolitik ve Tarihsel Bir Rekabet Sahası Olarak Ukrayna Ve Dış Politika Parametreleri. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi , 97-125.
  • Macfarquhar, N. (2014, 03 15). Russia Keeps Its Distance After Ukraine Secession Referendums. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/world/europe/ukraine.html
  • Time. (2022, 09 22). kraine Hands Over Key Putin Ally, Among Others, in Exchange for Hundreds of Prisoners of War. https://time.com/6215671/ukraine-russia-swap-prisoners-of-war
  • Tolksdorf, D. (2014, Fall). The European Union to Ukraine’s Rescue. politique étrangère, s. 109-119.
  • Treisman, D. (2016). Why Putin Took Crimea: The Gambler in the Kremlin. Foreign Affairs, 47-54.
  • TRTHaber. (2021, 10 21). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Rusya-Ukrayna barışında ara bulucu olabiliriz. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-rusya-ukrayna-barisinda-ara-bulucu-olabiliriz-647456.html
  • TRTHaber. (2022, 10 04). Zelenskiy, Ukrayna'nın Putin ile savaşı müzakere edemeyeceğine dair bir kararname imzaladı. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/zelenskiy-ukraynanin-putin-ile-savasi-muzakere-edemeyecegine-dair-bir-kararname-imzaladi-713457.html
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, 03 10). Türkiye-Rusya-Ukrayna Üçlü Dışişleri Bakanları Toplantısı, 10 Mart 2022. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-rusya-ukrayna-uclu-disisleri-bakanlari-toplantisi--10-mart-2022.tr.mfa
  • Tüysüzoğlu, G. (2011). Ukrayna'da Turuncu Devrim'in Sonu. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 62-79.
  • United Nations. (2014, 03 27). General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region. https://press.un.org/en/2014/ga11493.doc.htm
  • United Nations. (2015, 02 24). Annex II to the letter dated 24 February 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UA_140919_MemoImplementationPeacePlan_en.pdf
  • Ury, W. (2000). The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop. London: Penguin Books. Wallensteen, P. (2007). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. NewYork: ‎SAGE Publications.
  • Weinstein, R. J. (2000). Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for training, practice, and administration. Virginia: Praeger Publishers Inc.
  • Zartman, I. W. (1995). Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Burhan Barlas 0000-0002-2932-3941

Publication Date August 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Barlas, B. (2023). Çatışma Çözümünde Üçüncü Tarafların Zafiyeti: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Örneği. Barış Araştırmaları Ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 11(2), 186-224.