Research Article
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Year 2022, Issue: 12, 355 - 368, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1085379

Abstract

References

  • Adeyemo, B. (2021, Aralık 15). I’m a Black woman and the metaverse scares me – here’s how to make the next iteration of the internet inclusive. https://theconversation.com/im-a-black-woman-and-the-metaverse-scares-me-heres-how-to-make-the-next-iteration-of-the-internet-inclusive-173310
  • Anderson, L. & Barnes, M. (2022). Hate Speech. İçinde E. N. Zalta (Editör), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition) https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/hate-speech. Stanford University
  • Arcila-Calderón, C., Blanco-Herrero, D., Frías-Vázquez, M. & Seoane, F. (2021). Refugees welcome? Online hate speech and sentiments in Twitter in Spain during the reception of the boat aquarius. Sustainability(Switzerland), 13(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052728
  • Bajt, V. (2018). Online Hate Speech and The Refugee Crisis in Slovenia. İçinde I. Ž. Žagar, N. K. Šalamon ve Hacin M. L. (Editörler), The Disaster of European Refugee Policy: Perspectives from the “Balkan Route” (ss. 133 - 156). Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  • Bostancı, M. & Uncu, G. (2021). Metaverse: Sanal mı Gerçek mi?. İçinde Y. Adıgüzel & M. Bostancı (Editörler), Dijital İletişimi Anlamak 2 (ss. 58 - 69). Palet Yayınları
  • boyd, d. (2010). Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications. İçinde Z. Papacharissi (Editör), Networked Self (ss. 39 - 58). Routledge
  • Carles, W. (2021, Şubat 5). Crowdfunding hate: How white supremacists and other extremists raise money from legions of online followers. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/02/05/bitcoin-crowdfunding-used-white-supremacists-far-right-extremists/4300688001/
  • Cohen-Almagor, R. (2011), Fighting Hate and Bigotry on the Internet. Policy & Internet, 3, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1059
  • Colombo, C. (2022, Şubat 17). Telegram chat for site creating George Floyd NFT collection filled with racial slurs, derogatory image. https://www.dailydot.com/debug/george-floyd-nft-platform-racism-antisemitism/
  • Daniels, J. (2008). Race, Civil Rights, and Hate Speech in Digital Era. İçinde A. Everett (Editör), Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media (ss. 129-154). The MIT Press.
  • Decentraland. (2022). Publishing Wearables. https://docs.decentraland.org/decentraland/publishing-wearables/
  • Dojčinović, I. (2014). An introductory report on legal matters regarding online hate speech in Croatia and Europe. Pravnik: časopis za pravna i društvena pitanja, 47(95), 145-158. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/199880
  • Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of hate: A fantasy theme analysis of the rhetorical vision of hate groups online. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 27(3), 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0196859903252850
  • Fawcett, S. E., Waller, M. A., Miller, J. W., Schwieterman, M. A., Hazen, B. T., & Overstreet, R. E. (2014). A Trail Guide to Publishing Success: Tips on Writing Influential Conceptual, Qualitative, and Survey Research. Journal of Business Logistics, 1(35), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12039
  • Gartner Group (2022, Ocak 28). What is Metaverse? https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/what-is-a-metaverse
  • Heath, A (2021, Aralık 9). Meta opens up access to its VR social platform Horizon Worlds. https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/9/22825139/meta-horizon-worlds-access-open-metaverse
  • Kinetz, E. (2021, Eylül 30). How cryptocurrency has become the ‘currency of the alt-right,’ white supremacists, hate groups. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/9/30/22703200/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-andrew-anglin-white-surpemacists-alt-right-richard-spencer-daily-stormer
  • Kocabay Şener, N. (2021). Facebook Nasıl “Meta” laştı?. Yeni Medya, (11), 174-179. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/67044/1038310
  • Kurt, G. (2019). Yeni medyada nefret söylemi: YouTube’da Suriyeli mültecilere karşı üretilen nefret söylemi üzerine bir araştırma. The Journal of International Lingual Social and Educational Sciences, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.34137/jilses.490129
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Kovid-19 salgını ve mültecilere yönelik dijital nefret söylemi: Büyük veri perspektifinden metin madenciliği tekniği ile kullanıcı kaynaklı içeriklerin analizi. TRT Akademi, 6(11), 106-131. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.830736
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘Dijital Büyük Patlamada’ Fırsatlar ve Endişelere Yönelik Algılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8(15) 245-266. https://doi.org/10.21645/intermedia.2021.109
  • Künüçen, H. H., Samur, S. (2021). Dijital çağın gerçeklikleri: Sanal, artırılmış, karma ve genişletilmiş gerçeklikler üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yeni Medya, (11), 37-62. 10.34189/ymd.2021.11.003
  • Lean Lau, P. (2022, Şubat 1). The metaverse: three legal issues we need to address. https://theconversation.com/the-metaverse-three-legal-issues-we-need-to-address-175891
  • Lee, B. K. (2021). The Metaverse World and Our Future. Review of Korea Contents Association, 19(1), 13-17. https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202119759273785.page
  • Meta (2021, Ekim 28). Introducing Meta: A Social Technology Company. https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta
  • Meza, R., Vincze, H. O. & Mogoş, A. (2018). Targets of online hate speech in context. A comparative digital social science analysis of comments on Public Facebook Pages from Romania and Hungary. Intersections East European Journal of Society and Politics, 4(4),26-50. https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v4i4.503
  • OpenSea. (2021, Aralık 31). Terms Of Service. https://opensea.io/tos
  • Ojala, M. (2021). The role of networked publics in immigration debates. İçinde M. McAuliffe (Editör), Research Handbook on International Migration and Digital Technology (ss. 330 - 343). Edward Elgar.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble What The Internet Is Hiding From You. Penguin Press.
  • Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Hadani, H. S., Golinkoff, R. M., Clark, K., Donohue, C. & Wartella, E. (2022). A whole new world: Education meets the metaverse. Center for Education at Brookings.
  • Rogers, A (2021, Mayıs 14). Hate Zines: Understanding 40 Years of Neo-Nazi Self-Publishing. https://brokenpencil.com/news/hate-zines-understanding-40-years-of-neo-nazi-self-publishing/
  • Tech@Facebook (2019, Mart 13). Facebook is building the future of connection with lifelike avatars. https://tech.fb.com/codec-avatars-facebook-reality-labs
  • Thomason, J. (2021). MetaHealth - How will the Metaverse Change Health Care? . Journal of Metaverse , 1 (1) , 13-16. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmv/issue/67581/1051379
  • Todd, E., Gates, T., Avraham, N., Bartnick, W., Zanczak, H., Aw, C., Bruce, K. & Splittgerber, A. (2021). Data protection and privacy. İçinde Reed Smith (Editör) Reed Smith Guide to the Metaverse. (ss. 41-46).
  • Udupa, S., Gagliardone, I., & Hervik, P. (2021). Introduction: Hate Cultures in the Digital Age. İçinde S. Udupa, I. Gagliardone ve P. Hervik (Editörler), Digital Hate: The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech (ss. 1 - 20). Indiana University Press
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial Musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.29234.editorial
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021, Ekim 28). Founder’s Letter, 2021. https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/

Metaverse ve dijital nefret söylemi: toksik içeriğin potansiyel yayılım örüntüleri ve proaktif çözüm önerileri hakkında bir tartışma

Year 2022, Issue: 12, 355 - 368, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1085379

Abstract

Toplumsal bir tehdit olarak nitelendirilebilecek dijital nefret söyleminin Metaverse’ün sürükleyici etkileşim olanakları kanalıyla sunduğu siber toplumsal uzamda risk potansiyeli taşıdığını belirtmek mümkündür. Çünkü dijital nefret söylemi hem yeni teknolojilere adapte olma hem de gündeme eklemlenme eğilimindedir. Ağlı kamu kavramı ekseninde nefret söyleminin dolaşıma girmesi üzerine düşünüldüğünde, nefret söyleminin gündemsel ve teknolojik adaptasyonunun, ağ bileşenlerini kullanarak bir kamuoyu yaratma riski ve kolektif bir dijital nefret fırtınasına yol açma tehlikesi oluşturduğundan söz etmek mümkündür. Bu çalışma Metaverse kavramının bileşenleri ve dijital nefret söyleminin doğasını koşut şekilde tartışarak, Metaverse’te dijital nefret söyleminin yaratabileceği potansiyel riskleri ortaya koymayı ve proaktif çözüm önerileri geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu bağlamda yeterli regülasyonun sağlanamadığı bir Metaverse düzleminde nefret gruplarının kendilerine fon yaratmak üzere dijital paraları ve pazar yerlerini kullanması muhtemel risklerdendir; etkinlikler ve toplantılar nefret gruplarının fon oluşturması için bir araca dönüşebilme tehlikesi barındırmaktadır; nefret içerikli NFT’lerin mevcudiyetine ve alternatif kanallar aracılığı ile dağıtımına rastlanmaktadır; merkeziyetsiz yapılarda nefret söyleminin çerçevesinin çizilememesi ihtimali ortaya çıkmaktadır; dijital gerçeklik nefret söylemi travmasının daha derin bir şekilde deneyimlenmesi riskini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu bağlamda kullanıcı kaynaklı karar alma mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi, toksik içeriklere anlık müdahale etmek üzere çok kültürlü denetim mekanizmalarının oluşturulması ve kullanıcıların dahil edici bir kültürün parçaları olması yönünde eğitilmesi Metaverse’te nefret söyleminin engellenmesine yönelik önerilerdir.

References

  • Adeyemo, B. (2021, Aralık 15). I’m a Black woman and the metaverse scares me – here’s how to make the next iteration of the internet inclusive. https://theconversation.com/im-a-black-woman-and-the-metaverse-scares-me-heres-how-to-make-the-next-iteration-of-the-internet-inclusive-173310
  • Anderson, L. & Barnes, M. (2022). Hate Speech. İçinde E. N. Zalta (Editör), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition) https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/hate-speech. Stanford University
  • Arcila-Calderón, C., Blanco-Herrero, D., Frías-Vázquez, M. & Seoane, F. (2021). Refugees welcome? Online hate speech and sentiments in Twitter in Spain during the reception of the boat aquarius. Sustainability(Switzerland), 13(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052728
  • Bajt, V. (2018). Online Hate Speech and The Refugee Crisis in Slovenia. İçinde I. Ž. Žagar, N. K. Šalamon ve Hacin M. L. (Editörler), The Disaster of European Refugee Policy: Perspectives from the “Balkan Route” (ss. 133 - 156). Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  • Bostancı, M. & Uncu, G. (2021). Metaverse: Sanal mı Gerçek mi?. İçinde Y. Adıgüzel & M. Bostancı (Editörler), Dijital İletişimi Anlamak 2 (ss. 58 - 69). Palet Yayınları
  • boyd, d. (2010). Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications. İçinde Z. Papacharissi (Editör), Networked Self (ss. 39 - 58). Routledge
  • Carles, W. (2021, Şubat 5). Crowdfunding hate: How white supremacists and other extremists raise money from legions of online followers. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/02/05/bitcoin-crowdfunding-used-white-supremacists-far-right-extremists/4300688001/
  • Cohen-Almagor, R. (2011), Fighting Hate and Bigotry on the Internet. Policy & Internet, 3, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1059
  • Colombo, C. (2022, Şubat 17). Telegram chat for site creating George Floyd NFT collection filled with racial slurs, derogatory image. https://www.dailydot.com/debug/george-floyd-nft-platform-racism-antisemitism/
  • Daniels, J. (2008). Race, Civil Rights, and Hate Speech in Digital Era. İçinde A. Everett (Editör), Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media (ss. 129-154). The MIT Press.
  • Decentraland. (2022). Publishing Wearables. https://docs.decentraland.org/decentraland/publishing-wearables/
  • Dojčinović, I. (2014). An introductory report on legal matters regarding online hate speech in Croatia and Europe. Pravnik: časopis za pravna i društvena pitanja, 47(95), 145-158. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/199880
  • Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of hate: A fantasy theme analysis of the rhetorical vision of hate groups online. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 27(3), 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0196859903252850
  • Fawcett, S. E., Waller, M. A., Miller, J. W., Schwieterman, M. A., Hazen, B. T., & Overstreet, R. E. (2014). A Trail Guide to Publishing Success: Tips on Writing Influential Conceptual, Qualitative, and Survey Research. Journal of Business Logistics, 1(35), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12039
  • Gartner Group (2022, Ocak 28). What is Metaverse? https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/what-is-a-metaverse
  • Heath, A (2021, Aralık 9). Meta opens up access to its VR social platform Horizon Worlds. https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/9/22825139/meta-horizon-worlds-access-open-metaverse
  • Kinetz, E. (2021, Eylül 30). How cryptocurrency has become the ‘currency of the alt-right,’ white supremacists, hate groups. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/9/30/22703200/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-andrew-anglin-white-surpemacists-alt-right-richard-spencer-daily-stormer
  • Kocabay Şener, N. (2021). Facebook Nasıl “Meta” laştı?. Yeni Medya, (11), 174-179. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yenimedya/issue/67044/1038310
  • Kurt, G. (2019). Yeni medyada nefret söylemi: YouTube’da Suriyeli mültecilere karşı üretilen nefret söylemi üzerine bir araştırma. The Journal of International Lingual Social and Educational Sciences, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.34137/jilses.490129
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Kovid-19 salgını ve mültecilere yönelik dijital nefret söylemi: Büyük veri perspektifinden metin madenciliği tekniği ile kullanıcı kaynaklı içeriklerin analizi. TRT Akademi, 6(11), 106-131. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.830736
  • Kuş, O. (2021). Metaverse: ‘Dijital Büyük Patlamada’ Fırsatlar ve Endişelere Yönelik Algılar. Intermedia International e-Journal, 8(15) 245-266. https://doi.org/10.21645/intermedia.2021.109
  • Künüçen, H. H., Samur, S. (2021). Dijital çağın gerçeklikleri: Sanal, artırılmış, karma ve genişletilmiş gerçeklikler üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yeni Medya, (11), 37-62. 10.34189/ymd.2021.11.003
  • Lean Lau, P. (2022, Şubat 1). The metaverse: three legal issues we need to address. https://theconversation.com/the-metaverse-three-legal-issues-we-need-to-address-175891
  • Lee, B. K. (2021). The Metaverse World and Our Future. Review of Korea Contents Association, 19(1), 13-17. https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202119759273785.page
  • Meta (2021, Ekim 28). Introducing Meta: A Social Technology Company. https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta
  • Meza, R., Vincze, H. O. & Mogoş, A. (2018). Targets of online hate speech in context. A comparative digital social science analysis of comments on Public Facebook Pages from Romania and Hungary. Intersections East European Journal of Society and Politics, 4(4),26-50. https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v4i4.503
  • OpenSea. (2021, Aralık 31). Terms Of Service. https://opensea.io/tos
  • Ojala, M. (2021). The role of networked publics in immigration debates. İçinde M. McAuliffe (Editör), Research Handbook on International Migration and Digital Technology (ss. 330 - 343). Edward Elgar.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble What The Internet Is Hiding From You. Penguin Press.
  • Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Hadani, H. S., Golinkoff, R. M., Clark, K., Donohue, C. & Wartella, E. (2022). A whole new world: Education meets the metaverse. Center for Education at Brookings.
  • Rogers, A (2021, Mayıs 14). Hate Zines: Understanding 40 Years of Neo-Nazi Self-Publishing. https://brokenpencil.com/news/hate-zines-understanding-40-years-of-neo-nazi-self-publishing/
  • Tech@Facebook (2019, Mart 13). Facebook is building the future of connection with lifelike avatars. https://tech.fb.com/codec-avatars-facebook-reality-labs
  • Thomason, J. (2021). MetaHealth - How will the Metaverse Change Health Care? . Journal of Metaverse , 1 (1) , 13-16. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmv/issue/67581/1051379
  • Todd, E., Gates, T., Avraham, N., Bartnick, W., Zanczak, H., Aw, C., Bruce, K. & Splittgerber, A. (2021). Data protection and privacy. İçinde Reed Smith (Editör) Reed Smith Guide to the Metaverse. (ss. 41-46).
  • Udupa, S., Gagliardone, I., & Hervik, P. (2021). Introduction: Hate Cultures in the Digital Age. İçinde S. Udupa, I. Gagliardone ve P. Hervik (Editörler), Digital Hate: The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech (ss. 1 - 20). Indiana University Press
  • Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Ready (or Not) Player One: Initial Musings on the Metaverse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.29234.editorial
  • Zuckerberg, M. (2021, Ekim 28). Founder’s Letter, 2021. https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/founders-letter/
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Oğuz Kuş 0000-0002-2593-4980

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 12

Cite

APA Kuş, O. (2022). Metaverse ve dijital nefret söylemi: toksik içeriğin potansiyel yayılım örüntüleri ve proaktif çözüm önerileri hakkında bir tartışma. Yeni Medya, 2022(12), 355-368. https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1085379

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