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The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out in the Relationship Between Individuals' Depression and Stress Level and Compulsive Social Media Use During Covid-19 Process

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 17 - 43, 23.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.783472

Öz

The novel Coronavirus (Covid-19), emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has rapidly spread to many parts of the world, causing thousands of people to die. In addition to its physical and biological effects, the virus has some psychological effects. Psychological disorders, such as depression, stress, and anxiety are some of these effects. In this process, people have started to use social media platforms to meet their information and social support needs more often. The current study aimed to analyze the mediator role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in the relationship between people's depression and stress level with compulsive social media use (CSMU) in Covid-19 process through a structural equation model (SEM). To this end, an online survey was conducted between 14-20 June 2020 in Turkey (N = 871, 60.7 % women, Mage = 28.70, SD = 9.99) and convenience sampling method used. The findings showed that while depression positively correlates with CSMU, there was no relationship between stress and CSMU. In addition, there was a positive relationship between depression and stress with FoMO, FoMO with CSMU, as well. Moreover, FoMO had a mediation role in the relationship between depression and stress with CSMU. The research’s findings are expected to contribute to the effective communication of the official institutions that manage the crisis related to Covid-19 with the public through social media.

Kaynakça

  • Altunışık, R. (2008). Anketlerde veri kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için öntest (pilot test) yöntemleri. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 1-17.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı (7. Baskı). Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D'Souza, C. ve Gilsanz, A. (2019). Mindfulness, compulsive mobile social media use, and derived stress: The mediating roles of self-esteem and social anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0681
  • Aslan, A. A., Sarı, B. A. ve Kuruoğlu, A. (2012). Depresif duygudurumdan major depresyona klinik spektrum. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15 (1), 56-64.
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J. ve DeFleur, M. L. (1976). A dependency model of mass-media effects. Communication Research, 3(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101
  • Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (2008). Stres ve başaçıkma yolları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J. ve Lu, L. (2020). 2019-ncov epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), e37-e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
  • Barry, J. M. (2009). Pandemics: Avoiding the mistakes of 1918. Nature, 459(7245), 324-325. https://doi.org/10.1038/459324a
  • Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. ve Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039
  • Brailovskaia, J., Schillack, H., ve Margraf, J. (2020). Tell me why are you using social media (SM)! Relationship between reasons for use of SM, SM flow, daily stress, depression, anxiety, and addictive SM use–An exploratory investigation of young adults in Germany. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106511
  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W. ve Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
  • Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K. ve Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect- Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252- 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Edition). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W. ve Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2018). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Casale, S. ve Flett, L. G. (2020). Interpersonally-based fears during the Covid-19 pandemic: Reflections on the fear of missing out and the fear of not mattering constructs. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200211
  • Chao, M., Xue, D., Liu, T., Yang, H. ve Hall, B. J. (2020). Media use and acute psychological outcomes during Covid-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102248
  • Dempsey, A. E., O'Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F. ve Elhai, J. D. (2019). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150 DiCiccio, T. J. ve Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence ıntervals. Statistical Science, 11(3), 189-212.
  • Diker, E. ve Taşdelen, B. (2017). Sosyal medya olmasaydı ne olurdu? Sosyal medya bağımlısı gençleri̇n görüşleri̇ne i̇li̇şki̇n ni̇tel bi̇r araştırma. Uluslararası Hakemli̇ İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergi̇si̇, 5(17), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.17361/UHIVE.2017.4.17
  • Elhai, J. D., Gallinari, E. F., Rozgonjuk, D. ve Yang, H. (2020). Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106335
  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. A. ve Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.020
  • Everts, J. (2013). Announcing swine flu and the interpretation of pandemic anxiety. Antipode, 45(4), 809-825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x
  • Fabris, M. A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C. ve Settanni, M. (2020). Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: The role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. Addictive Behaviors, 106, 106364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364
  • Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: And sex, drugs and rock "N" roll (3rd Edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
  • Fox, J. ve Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
  • Franco, J. A. ve Carrier, L. M. (2020). Social media use and depression, anxiety, and stress in Latinos: A correlational study. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.205/
  • Gao, C., Shi, D. ve Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2020). Estimating the maximum likelihood root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with non-normal data: A Monte-Carlo study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1637741
  • Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C. ve Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355- 357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
  • Garfin, D. R., Thompson, R. R. ve Holman, E. A. (2018). Acute stress and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 112, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.05.017
  • Gökler, M., Aydin, R., Ünal, E. ve Metintaş, S. (2016). Determining validity and reliability of turkish version of fear of missing out scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.195843
  • Gürün, O. A. (2000). Psikoloji sözlüğü. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th Edition). Harlow: Pearson.
  • Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  • Hou, X. L., Wang, H. Z., Hu, T. Q., Gentile, D. A., Gaskin, J. ve Wang, J. L. (2019). The relationship between perceived stress and problematic social networking site use among Chinese college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.26
  • Househ, M. (2015). Communicating Ebola through social media and electronic news media outlets: A cross-sectional study. Health Informatics Journal, 22(3), 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458214568037
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W. ve Wang, P. A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2013.V3.267
  • Kemp, S. (23 Nisan 2020). We are social: Digital around the world in April 2020. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2020, https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/04/digital-around-the-world-in-april- 2020.
  • LaRose, R., Lin, C. A. ve Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
  • Lee, S. T. ve Basnyat, I. (2013). From press release to news: Mapping the framing of the 2009 H1n1 a influenza pandemic. Health Communication, 28(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.658550
  • Leung, G. M., Ho, L. M., Chan, S. K. K., Ho, S. Y., Bacon-Shone, J., Choy, R. Y. L., Hedley, A. J., Lam, T.-H. ve Fielding, R. (2005). Longitudinal assessment of community psychobehavioral responses during and after the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(12), 1713-1720. https://doi.org/10.1086/429923

Covid-19 Sürecinde Depresyon, Stres, Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ve Zorlayıcı Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Arasındaki İlişkiler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 17 - 43, 23.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.783472

Öz

Aralık 2019’da Çin’in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan yeni tip Koronavirüs (Covid-19) hızlı bir şekilde dünyanın birçok yerine yayılmış ve binlerce kişinin yaşamını yitirmesine yol açmıştır. Bu virüsün fiziksel ve biyolojik etkisinin yanı sıra, önemli psikolojik etkileri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu etkilerin başında, depresyon, stres ve kaygı gibi bazı psikolojik rahatsızlıklar gelmektedir. Bu süreçte, insanlar özellikle bilgi edinme ve sosyal destek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla sosyal medya platformlarını daha çok kullanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 sürecinde insanların depresyon ve stres yaşantıları ile zorlayıcı sosyal medya kullanımları (ZSMK) arasındaki ilişkide gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (GKK) aracılık rolünü bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) çalışmasıyla incelemektir. Bunun için Türkiye genelinde (N = 871, %60,7 kadın, Ortyaş = 28.70, S.S. = 9.99), 14-20 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasında kolayda örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak verilerin toplandığı çevrimiçi bir anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, depresyonun ZSMK ile pozitif yönde doğrudan bir ilişkisi varken, stres ile ZSMK arasında bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Öte yandan, depresyon ve stres ile GKK arasında ve GKK ile ZSMK arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca depresyon ve stres ile ZSMK arasındaki ilişkide GKK’nin aracılık rolünün olduğu araştırmada belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularının, Covid-19 ile ilgili kriz yönetimini gerçekleştiren resmî kurumların, sosyal medya üzerinden kamuoyu ile gerçekleştirdiği etkin iletişime katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Altunışık, R. (2008). Anketlerde veri kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için öntest (pilot test) yöntemleri. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 1-17.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı (7. Baskı). Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D'Souza, C. ve Gilsanz, A. (2019). Mindfulness, compulsive mobile social media use, and derived stress: The mediating roles of self-esteem and social anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0681
  • Aslan, A. A., Sarı, B. A. ve Kuruoğlu, A. (2012). Depresif duygudurumdan major depresyona klinik spektrum. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15 (1), 56-64.
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J. ve DeFleur, M. L. (1976). A dependency model of mass-media effects. Communication Research, 3(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101
  • Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (2008). Stres ve başaçıkma yolları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J. ve Lu, L. (2020). 2019-ncov epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), e37-e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
  • Barry, J. M. (2009). Pandemics: Avoiding the mistakes of 1918. Nature, 459(7245), 324-325. https://doi.org/10.1038/459324a
  • Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. ve Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039
  • Brailovskaia, J., Schillack, H., ve Margraf, J. (2020). Tell me why are you using social media (SM)! Relationship between reasons for use of SM, SM flow, daily stress, depression, anxiety, and addictive SM use–An exploratory investigation of young adults in Germany. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106511
  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W. ve Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
  • Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K. ve Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect- Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252- 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Edition). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W. ve Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2018). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Casale, S. ve Flett, L. G. (2020). Interpersonally-based fears during the Covid-19 pandemic: Reflections on the fear of missing out and the fear of not mattering constructs. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200211
  • Chao, M., Xue, D., Liu, T., Yang, H. ve Hall, B. J. (2020). Media use and acute psychological outcomes during Covid-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102248
  • Dempsey, A. E., O'Brien, K. D., Tiamiyu, M. F. ve Elhai, J. D. (2019). Fear of missing out (FoMO) and rumination mediate relations between social anxiety and problematic Facebook use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100150 DiCiccio, T. J. ve Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence ıntervals. Statistical Science, 11(3), 189-212.
  • Diker, E. ve Taşdelen, B. (2017). Sosyal medya olmasaydı ne olurdu? Sosyal medya bağımlısı gençleri̇n görüşleri̇ne i̇li̇şki̇n ni̇tel bi̇r araştırma. Uluslararası Hakemli̇ İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergi̇si̇, 5(17), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.17361/UHIVE.2017.4.17
  • Elhai, J. D., Gallinari, E. F., Rozgonjuk, D. ve Yang, H. (2020). Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106335
  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. A. ve Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.020
  • Everts, J. (2013). Announcing swine flu and the interpretation of pandemic anxiety. Antipode, 45(4), 809-825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01021.x
  • Fabris, M. A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C. ve Settanni, M. (2020). Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: The role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. Addictive Behaviors, 106, 106364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364
  • Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: And sex, drugs and rock "N" roll (3rd Edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
  • Fox, J. ve Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
  • Franco, J. A. ve Carrier, L. M. (2020). Social media use and depression, anxiety, and stress in Latinos: A correlational study. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.205/
  • Gao, C., Shi, D. ve Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2020). Estimating the maximum likelihood root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with non-normal data: A Monte-Carlo study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1637741
  • Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C. ve Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355- 357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
  • Garfin, D. R., Thompson, R. R. ve Holman, E. A. (2018). Acute stress and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 112, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.05.017
  • Gökler, M., Aydin, R., Ünal, E. ve Metintaş, S. (2016). Determining validity and reliability of turkish version of fear of missing out scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.195843
  • Gürün, O. A. (2000). Psikoloji sözlüğü. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th Edition). Harlow: Pearson.
  • Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  • Hou, X. L., Wang, H. Z., Hu, T. Q., Gentile, D. A., Gaskin, J. ve Wang, J. L. (2019). The relationship between perceived stress and problematic social networking site use among Chinese college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.26
  • Househ, M. (2015). Communicating Ebola through social media and electronic news media outlets: A cross-sectional study. Health Informatics Journal, 22(3), 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458214568037
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W. ve Wang, P. A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2013.V3.267
  • Kemp, S. (23 Nisan 2020). We are social: Digital around the world in April 2020. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2020, https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/04/digital-around-the-world-in-april- 2020.
  • LaRose, R., Lin, C. A. ve Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
  • Lee, S. T. ve Basnyat, I. (2013). From press release to news: Mapping the framing of the 2009 H1n1 a influenza pandemic. Health Communication, 28(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.658550
  • Leung, G. M., Ho, L. M., Chan, S. K. K., Ho, S. Y., Bacon-Shone, J., Choy, R. Y. L., Hedley, A. J., Lam, T.-H. ve Fielding, R. (2005). Longitudinal assessment of community psychobehavioral responses during and after the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(12), 1713-1720. https://doi.org/10.1086/429923
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatih Çelik 0000-0002-3765-5284

Ersin Diker 0000-0002-3973-0639

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Şubat 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 18 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, F., & Diker, E. (2021). Covid-19 Sürecinde Depresyon, Stres, Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ve Zorlayıcı Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Arasındaki İlişkiler. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 17-43. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.783472

Cited By







Türkiye’de Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ve Kullanımı Araştırması
Turkish Academic Research Review - Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR]
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.933479