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Evaluation of Environmental Performance of European Union Countries with MPI and AMPI Methods

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 225 - 253, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1297889

Öz

Due to industrialization, rapid urbanization, depletion of natural resources, and chemical waste, among other fundamental reasons, society's access to reliable water, air, soil, and food has been greatly restricted. This situation indicates that societies, in a more general sense, will not be able to ensure environmental sustainability. Taking action to protect the ecosystem and human health has become a necessity rather than a choice. This study was conducted to enable EU countries to assess their environmental performance, taking into account the time factor in performance measurement, which sets it apart from similar studies. It can be said that countries such as France, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Austria, and Sweden, mostly located in Northern Europe and relatively towards the West, have been successful in terms of environmental performance, according to the indicators examined.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, M., Babiker, Chen, Y.& de Coninck, H. C. (2018). IPCC SR15: Summary for Policymakers — Eindhoven University of Technology Research Portal. https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/ipcc-sr15-summary-for-policymakers
  • Baettig, M. B., Wild, M., & Imboden, D. M. (2007). A Climate Change Index: Where Climate Change May Be Most Prominent in the 21st Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028159
  • Bauer, S. (2007). The Ozone Secretariat. (No. 28).
  • Bericat, E. (2012). The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-011-9872-Z/TABLES/7
  • Bodansky, D. (2021). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary. Yale Journal of International Law. https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/6301
  • Brundtland G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future.
  • Casadio Tarabusi, E., & Guarini, G. (2013). An Unbalance Adjustment Method for Development Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-012-0070-4/TABLES/7
  • Chambers, N., Simmons, C., & Wackernagel, M. (2000). Sharing Nature’s Interest: Ecological Footprints as an Indicator of Sustainability. Earthscan. https://www.routledge.com/Sharing-Natures-Interest-Ecological-Footprints-as-an-Indicator-of-Sustainability/Chambers-Simmons-Wackernagel/p/book/9781853837395
  • Chan, K., Agard, J., Liu, J., Aguiar, A. P. D., Armenteras, D., Boedhihartono, A. K., Cheung, W. W. L., Hashimoto, S., Hernández-Pedraza, G. C., Hickler, T., Jetzkowitz, J., Kok, M., Murray-Hudson, M., O’Farrell, P., Satterfield, T., Saysel, A.
  • K., Seppelt, R., Strassburg, B., Xue, D., … Mohamed, A. A. A. (2019). Chapter 5. Pathways towards a Sustainable Future. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3832099
  • Chang, M., Dereczynski, C., Freitas, M. A. V., Chou, S. C., Chang, M., Dereczynski, C., Freitas, M. A. V., & Chou, S. C. (2014). Climate Change Index: A Proposed Methodology for Assessing Susceptibility to Future Climatic Extremes. American Journal of Climate Change, 3(3), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.4236/AJCC.2014.33029
  • de Muro, P., Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2011). Composite Indices of Development and Poverty: An Application to MDGs. Social Indicators Research, 104(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-010-9727-Z/FIGURES/4 EPI. (n.d.). Welcome | Environmental Performance Index. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://epi.yale.edu/
  • Esty, D. C., & Poerter, M. E. (2005). National Environmental Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Policy Results and Determinants. Environment and Development Economics, 10(4), 391–434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X05002275
  • EU. (2023). Environment Policy: General Principles and Basic Framework. European Commission. (n.d.). Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en
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  • Gallego-Álvarez, I., García-Sánchez, I. M., & da Silva Vieira, C. (2014). Climate Change and Financial Performance in Times of Crisis. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(6), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.1786
  • García-Álvarez, M. T., & Moreno, B. (2018). Environmental Performance Assessment in the EU: A Challenge for The Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 205, 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.08.284
  • García-Álvarez, M. T., Moreno, B., & Soares, I. (2016). Analyzing The Environmental and Resource Pressures from European Energy Activity: A Comparative Study of EU Member States. Energy, 115, 1375–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2016.01.035
  • Guijarro, F. (2019). A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16162868
  • Hsu, A., & Zomer, A. (2016). Environmental Performance Index. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.STAT03789.PUB2
  • Jin, J., Zhou, D., & Zhou, P. (2014). Measuring Environmental Performance with Stochastic Environmental DEA: The Case of APEC Economies. Economic Modelling, 38, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2013.12.017
  • Matsumoto, K., Makridou, G., & Doumpos, M. (2020). Evaluating Environmental Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis: The Case of European Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122637. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122637
  • Mazziotta, C., Mazziotta, M., Pareto, A., & Vidoli, F. (2014). A Composite Index for Measuring Italian Regions Development Over Time. RIEDS - Rivista Italiana Di Economia, Demografia e Statistica - The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, 68(3–4), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.3280/REST2010-001002
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2012). A Non-compensatory Approach for the Measurement of the Quality of Life. 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3898-0_3
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2013). Methods for Constructing Composite Indices: One for all or all for One?
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2016). On a Generalized Non-compensatory Composite Index for Measuring Socio-economic Phenomena. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-015-0998-2/FIGURES/4
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2017). Synthesis of Indicators: The Composite Indicators Approach. 159–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60595-1_7
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2018). Measuring Well-Being Over Time: The Adjusted Mazziotta–Pareto Index Versus Other Non-Compensatory Indices. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 136(3), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-017-1577-5
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2019). Use and Misuse of PCA for Measuring Well-Being. Social Indicators Research, 142(2), 451–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-018-1933-0/FIGURES/9
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2022). Composite Indices Construction: The Performance Interval Approach. Social Indicators Research, 161(2–3), 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-020-02336-5/FIGURES/2
  • Moldan, B., Janoušková, S., & Hák, T. (2012). How to Understand and Measure Environmental Sustainability: Indicators and Targets. Ecological Indicators, 17, 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.033
  • Munda, G., & Nardo, M. (2011). Noncompensatory/Nonlinear Composite Indicators for Ranking Countries: A Defensible Setting. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019364, 41(12), 1513–1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019364
  • Rogge, N. (2012). Undesirable Specialization in The Construction of Composite Policy Indicators: The Environmental Performance Index. Ecological Indicators, 23, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2012.03.020
  • Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., & Tarantola, S. (2005). Uncertainty And Sensitivity Analysis Techniques as Tools for The Quality Assessment of Composite Indicators. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 168(2), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-985X.2005.00350.X
  • Sanz-Díaz, M. T., Velasco-Morente, F., Yñiguez, R., & Díaz-Calleja, E. (2017). An Analysis of Spain’s Global and Environmental Efficiency from A European Union Perspective. Energy Policy, 104, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.01.030
  • Senemoğlu, O. (2017). Tüketim, Tüketim Toplumu ve Tüketim Kültürü: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. İnsan ve İnsan, 4(12), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.29224/INSANVEINSAN.313030
  • Stoutenborough, J. W., & Vedlitz, A. (2014). The Effect of Perceived and Assessed Knowledge of Climate Change on Public Policy Concerns: An Empirical Comparison. Environmental Science & Policy, 37, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016 /J.ENVSCI.2013.08.002
  • Sueyoshi, T., & Yuan, Y. (2015). China’s Regional Sustainability and Diversified Resource Allocation: DEA Environmental Assessment on Economic Development and Air Pollution. Energy Economics, 49, 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2015.01.024
  • Tarantola, S. (n.d.). European Innovation Scoreboard: Strategies to Measure Country Progress Over Time. EUR 23526 EN. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): OPOCE; April, 2008. JRC46943
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Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin Çevresel Performanslarının MPI ve AMPI Yöntemleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 225 - 253, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1297889

Öz

Sanayileşme, hızlı kentleşme, doğal kaynakların yok edilmesi ve kimyasal atıklar gibi birçok temel sebepten, toplumların güvenilir suya, havaya, toprağa ve gıdaya ulaşabilme imkanları büyük ölçüde kısıtlanmıştır. Bu durum toplumların daha da genel anlamda dünyanın, çevresel sürdürülebilirliğini sağlayamayacağına işaret etmektedir. Bu noktada ekosistemin ve insan sağlığının korunması adına girişimde bulunmak gereklilikten öte zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma AB ülkelerinin çevresel performanslarını değerlendirmelerine olanak sağlamak için ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma performans ölçümünde zamanı da dikkate almasından dolayı benzer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda Fransa, Almanya, Danimarka, İrlanda, Avusturya ve İsveç gibi çoğunluğu Kuzey Avrupa’da ve görece batıda yer alan ülkelerin ele alınana göstergeler çerçevesinde çevresel performans yönünden daha başarılı oldukları söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, M., Babiker, Chen, Y.& de Coninck, H. C. (2018). IPCC SR15: Summary for Policymakers — Eindhoven University of Technology Research Portal. https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/ipcc-sr15-summary-for-policymakers
  • Baettig, M. B., Wild, M., & Imboden, D. M. (2007). A Climate Change Index: Where Climate Change May Be Most Prominent in the 21st Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028159
  • Bauer, S. (2007). The Ozone Secretariat. (No. 28).
  • Bericat, E. (2012). The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-011-9872-Z/TABLES/7
  • Bodansky, D. (2021). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary. Yale Journal of International Law. https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/6301
  • Brundtland G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future.
  • Casadio Tarabusi, E., & Guarini, G. (2013). An Unbalance Adjustment Method for Development Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-012-0070-4/TABLES/7
  • Chambers, N., Simmons, C., & Wackernagel, M. (2000). Sharing Nature’s Interest: Ecological Footprints as an Indicator of Sustainability. Earthscan. https://www.routledge.com/Sharing-Natures-Interest-Ecological-Footprints-as-an-Indicator-of-Sustainability/Chambers-Simmons-Wackernagel/p/book/9781853837395
  • Chan, K., Agard, J., Liu, J., Aguiar, A. P. D., Armenteras, D., Boedhihartono, A. K., Cheung, W. W. L., Hashimoto, S., Hernández-Pedraza, G. C., Hickler, T., Jetzkowitz, J., Kok, M., Murray-Hudson, M., O’Farrell, P., Satterfield, T., Saysel, A.
  • K., Seppelt, R., Strassburg, B., Xue, D., … Mohamed, A. A. A. (2019). Chapter 5. Pathways towards a Sustainable Future. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3832099
  • Chang, M., Dereczynski, C., Freitas, M. A. V., Chou, S. C., Chang, M., Dereczynski, C., Freitas, M. A. V., & Chou, S. C. (2014). Climate Change Index: A Proposed Methodology for Assessing Susceptibility to Future Climatic Extremes. American Journal of Climate Change, 3(3), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.4236/AJCC.2014.33029
  • de Muro, P., Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2011). Composite Indices of Development and Poverty: An Application to MDGs. Social Indicators Research, 104(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-010-9727-Z/FIGURES/4 EPI. (n.d.). Welcome | Environmental Performance Index. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://epi.yale.edu/
  • Esty, D. C., & Poerter, M. E. (2005). National Environmental Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Policy Results and Determinants. Environment and Development Economics, 10(4), 391–434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X05002275
  • EU. (2023). Environment Policy: General Principles and Basic Framework. European Commission. (n.d.). Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en
  • European Commission. (2023). CAP 2023-27. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27_en
  • European Environment Agency. (2021, February 9). EU Achieves 20-20-20 Climate Targets, 55 % Emissions Cut by 2030 Reachable with More Efforts and Policies — European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/eu-achieves-20-20-20
  • European Environment Agency. (2023, February 7). Continued Drop in EU’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Confirms Achievement of 2020 Target — European Environment Agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/continued-drop-in-eus-greenhouse
  • European Parliament. (2011). One in Six People Have No Access to Clean Water | News | European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/world/20110513STO19335/one-in-six-people-have-no-access-to-clean-water
  • Gallego-Álvarez, I., García-Sánchez, I. M., & da Silva Vieira, C. (2014). Climate Change and Financial Performance in Times of Crisis. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(6), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.1786
  • García-Álvarez, M. T., & Moreno, B. (2018). Environmental Performance Assessment in the EU: A Challenge for The Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 205, 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.08.284
  • García-Álvarez, M. T., Moreno, B., & Soares, I. (2016). Analyzing The Environmental and Resource Pressures from European Energy Activity: A Comparative Study of EU Member States. Energy, 115, 1375–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2016.01.035
  • Guijarro, F. (2019). A Multicriteria Model for the Assessment of Countries’ Environmental Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16162868
  • Hsu, A., & Zomer, A. (2016). Environmental Performance Index. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.STAT03789.PUB2
  • Jin, J., Zhou, D., & Zhou, P. (2014). Measuring Environmental Performance with Stochastic Environmental DEA: The Case of APEC Economies. Economic Modelling, 38, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2013.12.017
  • Matsumoto, K., Makridou, G., & Doumpos, M. (2020). Evaluating Environmental Performance Using Data Envelopment Analysis: The Case of European Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122637. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122637
  • Mazziotta, C., Mazziotta, M., Pareto, A., & Vidoli, F. (2014). A Composite Index for Measuring Italian Regions Development Over Time. RIEDS - Rivista Italiana Di Economia, Demografia e Statistica - The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, 68(3–4), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.3280/REST2010-001002
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2012). A Non-compensatory Approach for the Measurement of the Quality of Life. 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3898-0_3
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2013). Methods for Constructing Composite Indices: One for all or all for One?
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2016). On a Generalized Non-compensatory Composite Index for Measuring Socio-economic Phenomena. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-015-0998-2/FIGURES/4
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2017). Synthesis of Indicators: The Composite Indicators Approach. 159–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60595-1_7
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2018). Measuring Well-Being Over Time: The Adjusted Mazziotta–Pareto Index Versus Other Non-Compensatory Indices. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 136(3), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-017-1577-5
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2019). Use and Misuse of PCA for Measuring Well-Being. Social Indicators Research, 142(2), 451–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-018-1933-0/FIGURES/9
  • Mazziotta, M., & Pareto, A. (2022). Composite Indices Construction: The Performance Interval Approach. Social Indicators Research, 161(2–3), 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-020-02336-5/FIGURES/2
  • Moldan, B., Janoušková, S., & Hák, T. (2012). How to Understand and Measure Environmental Sustainability: Indicators and Targets. Ecological Indicators, 17, 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.033
  • Munda, G., & Nardo, M. (2011). Noncompensatory/Nonlinear Composite Indicators for Ranking Countries: A Defensible Setting. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019364, 41(12), 1513–1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019364
  • Rogge, N. (2012). Undesirable Specialization in The Construction of Composite Policy Indicators: The Environmental Performance Index. Ecological Indicators, 23, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2012.03.020
  • Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., & Tarantola, S. (2005). Uncertainty And Sensitivity Analysis Techniques as Tools for The Quality Assessment of Composite Indicators. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 168(2), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-985X.2005.00350.X
  • Sanz-Díaz, M. T., Velasco-Morente, F., Yñiguez, R., & Díaz-Calleja, E. (2017). An Analysis of Spain’s Global and Environmental Efficiency from A European Union Perspective. Energy Policy, 104, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.01.030
  • Senemoğlu, O. (2017). Tüketim, Tüketim Toplumu ve Tüketim Kültürü: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. İnsan ve İnsan, 4(12), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.29224/INSANVEINSAN.313030
  • Stoutenborough, J. W., & Vedlitz, A. (2014). The Effect of Perceived and Assessed Knowledge of Climate Change on Public Policy Concerns: An Empirical Comparison. Environmental Science & Policy, 37, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016 /J.ENVSCI.2013.08.002
  • Sueyoshi, T., & Yuan, Y. (2015). China’s Regional Sustainability and Diversified Resource Allocation: DEA Environmental Assessment on Economic Development and Air Pollution. Energy Economics, 49, 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2015.01.024
  • Tarantola, S. (n.d.). European Innovation Scoreboard: Strategies to Measure Country Progress Over Time. EUR 23526 EN. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): OPOCE; April, 2008. JRC46943
  • Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002). Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices. Nature 2002 418:6898, 418(6898), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
  • UN. (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • UN. (2015, September 25). United Nations News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/508202-deforestation-slows-we-need-do-better-sustainable-forest-use-un-agriculture.
  • UNFCCC. (n.d.). The Paris Agreement. Retrieved April 29, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
  • Vidoli, F., & Maintainer, E. F. (2023). Type Package Title Composite Indicators Functions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0710-y
  • Weiss, E. B. (2009). The Vienna Convention for The Protection of The Ozone Layer and The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. www.un.org/law/avl
  • Whitmore, J. L. (1999). The Social and Environmental Importance of Forest Plantations with Emphasis on Latin America. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 11(1), 255–269.
  • WHO. (2014). 7 million Premature Deaths Annually Linked to Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution
  • WHO. (2022). Billions of People Still Breathe Unhealthy Air: New WHO Data. https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2022-billions-of-people-still-breathe-unhealthy-air-new-who-data
  • Woo, C., Chung, Y., Chun, D., Seo, H., & Hong, S. (2015). The Static and Dynamic Environmental Efficiency of Renewable Energy: A Malmquist Index Analysis of OECD Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2015.03.070
  • World Bank. (2018). Global Waste to Grow by 70 Percent by 2050 Unless Urgent Action is Taken: World Bank Report. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/09/20/global-waste-to-grow-by-70-percent-by-2050-unless-urgent-action-is-taken-world-bank-report
  • Würth Karsten. (n.d.). What is the Kyoto Protocol? | UNFCCC. Retrieved April 29, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
  • WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2017. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Paris, UNESCO.
  • WWF. (2022). Living Planet Report. https://livingplanet.panda.org/
  • Yu-Ying Lin, E., Chen, P. Y., & Chen, C. C. (2013). Measuring Green Productivity of Country: A Generlized Metafrontier Malmquist Productivity Index Approach. Energy, 55, 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.03.055
  • Zhang, J., Zeng, W., & Shi, H. (2016). Regional Environmental Efficiency in China: Analysis Based on A Regional Slack-Based Measure with Environmental Undesirable Outputs. Ecological Indicators, 71, 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2016.04.040
  • Zhang, N., Zhou, P., & Kung, C. C. (2015). Total-Factor Carbon Emission Performance of The Chinese Transportation Industry: A Bootstrapped Non-Radial Malmquist Index Analysis. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 584–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2014.08.076
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Türe 0000-0002-1975-9063

Seyyide Doğan 0000-0001-7835-7905

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2023
Kabul Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Türe, H., & Doğan, S. (2023). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin Çevresel Performanslarının MPI ve AMPI Yöntemleri ile Değerlendirilmesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 8(2), 225-253. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1297889