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“Yalnız Yürümeyeceksin”: Çevrim İçi Feminist Tanıklık ve Örtünmenin Dönüşen Öznellikleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 185 - 209, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1175902

Öz

1990’lı yıllar boyunca kadınların dini giyinme biçimleri (tesettür) kamusal alanda çeşitli kısıtlamalara maruz kalırken, bu durum Türkiye’de inanç ve toplumsal cinsiyet temelli ayrımcılıkların gerçekleşmesine neden olmuştur. 2000’li yıllardan günümüze dek İslam’ın kamusal görünürlüğü artmış ve 2013 yılında başörtüsü yasağının kalkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Bu dönemden itibaren tesettür üzerine tartışmalar politik alandan kültürel alana taşınmıştır. Son yıllarda muhafazakar toplumsal sınıf içerisinde tesettüre eleştirel yaklaşma eğiliminde olan yeni bir jenerasyon ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu makale, kadınların zorunlu örtünme deneyimlerine görünürlük sağlamayı amaçlamak için Temmuz 2018’de kurulan “Yalnız Yürümeyeceksin” dijital aktivizmini analiz etmektedir. Belirlenen 10 adet tanıklığın tematik analizi sonucunda bu makale, aktivizmin feminist tanıklık aracılığı ile, tesettürün kültürel anlamlandırmasını dönüştürdüğünü ve bu doğrultuda egemen dinsel beden politikalarına meydan okuduğunu öne sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Lughod, Lila. Do Muslim Women Need Saving? (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2013).
  • Ackerly, Brooke, and Jacqui True. “Back to the Future: Feminist Theory, Activism, and Doing Feminist Research in an Age of Globalization” Women’s Studies International Forum 33, no. 5 (2010): 464–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.06.004.
  • Aksoy, Hürcan Aslı. "Invigorating Democracy in Turkey: The Agency of Organized Islamist Women" Politics & Gender 11, no. 1 (2015): 146-170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X1500001X.
  • Akyol, Mustafa. Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam (April 16, 2018). https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/04/turkey-why-so-many-turks-are-losing-faith-in-islam.html.
  • Aldikacti Marshall, Gul. "A Question of Compatibility: Feminism and Islam in Turkey" Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 17, no. 3 (2008): 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920802405563.
  • Altınay, Rüstem Ertuğ. "'There Is a Massacre of Women': Violence against Women, Feminist Activism, and Hashtags in Turkey" Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 4 (2014): 1102–1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.975445.
  • Arat, Yeşim. "Feminists, Islamists, and Political Change in Turkey." Political Psychology no. 19 (1998): 117-131. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792117.
  • Arat, Yeşim. "Islamist Women and Feminist Concerns in Contemporary Turkey: Prospects for Women’s Rights and Solidarity" Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 37, no. 3 (2016): 125–150. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.37.3.0125.
  • Arda, Balca, and Ayşegül Akdemir. "Activist communication design on social media: The case of online solidarity against forced Islamic lifestyle" Media, Culture & Society (2021): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720986002.
  • Bakiner, Onur. "A key to Turkish politics? the center–periphery framework revisited" Turkish Studies 19, no. 4 (2018): 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1438846.
  • Berg, Anne‐Jorunn. "Silence and Articulation—Whiteness, Racialization and Feminist Memory Work." NORA—Nordic Journal of Women's Studies 16, no. 4 (2008): 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740802446492.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
  • Butler, Daren. “Special Report: With more Islamic schooling, Erdogan aims to reshape Turkey,” Reuters, January 25, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-erdogan-education-idINKBN1FE1FZ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Buyruk, Halil. "The role of religious education in hegemony construction: the case of imam hatip schools in Turkey" Paedagogica Historica 57, no. 6 (2021): 657-674. https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2020.1762677.
  • Cebeci, Büşra, and Nevşin Mengü. “Herkes istediği gibi yaşasın”: Türkiye ve İran’daki kadınların başörtüsünü çıkarma pratikleri (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021).
  • Cebeci, Büşra (@nojnest). “Ay dayanamadım, ben de geldim.” Twitter, January 18, 2019. https://twitter.com/nojnest/status/1086272969913991169?s=20&t=j1fnBwU1c7EUideh87Sd8g (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Celep, Ödül. "The moderation of Turkey’s Kurdish left: the Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP)" Turkish Studies 19, no. 5 (2018): 723-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1483195.
  • Chidgey, Red. "Reassess Your Weapons: the making of feminist memory in young women's zines” Women's History Review 22, no. 4 (2013): 658-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2012.751773.
  • Coşar, Simten, and Metin Yeğenoğlu. "New Grounds for Patriarchy in Turkey? Gender Policy in the Age of AKP" South European Society and Politics 16, no. 4 (2011): 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2011.571919.
  • Duvar English, “Children must be protected from ideologies other than Islam: Turkey's top religious body,” March 29, 2021, https://www.duvarenglish.com/children-must-be-protected-from-ideologies-other-than-islam-turkeys-top-religious-body-news-56839 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Dursun, Sevda. “#10yearschallenge değil, BBC Production,” Gerçek Hayat, January 28, 2019, https://www.gercekhayat.com.tr/gundem/10yearschallenge-degil-bbc-production/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Eslen-Ziya, Hande. "Social Media and Turkish Feminism: New resources for social activism" Feminist Media Studies 13, no. 5 (2013): 860-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013.838369.
  • Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Routledge, 1992).
  • Gilmore, Leigh. Autobiographics: A Feminist Theory of Women's Self-Representation (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1994).
  • Göçmen, İpek, and Volkan Yılmaz. "Exploring Perceived Discrimination Among LGBT Individuals in Turkey in Education, Employment, and Health Care: Results of an Online Survey" Journal of Homosexuality 64, no. 8 (2017): 1052-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236598.
  • Goker, Zeynep Gulru. 2019. "Memories, Stories and Deliberation: Digital Sisterhood on Feminist Websites in Turkey" European Journal of Women’s Studies 26, no. 3 (2019): 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506819855414.
  • Göle Nilüfer. The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996).
  • Göle, Nilüfer. "The gendered nature of the public sphere" Public Culture 10, n.1 (1997): 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-10-1-61.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).
  • Güneş, Ayşe, and Çağlar Ezikoğlu. "Legal and Political Challenges of Gender Equality and Crimes Against Women in Turkey: The Question of Istanbul Convention" Women & Criminal Justice (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2022.2040695.
  • Hamilton, Carrie. "Feminist testimony in the internet age: sex work, blogging and the politics of witnessing" Journal of Romance Studies 9, no. 3 (2009): 86-101. https://doi.org/10.3828/jrs.9.3.86.
  • Hurriyet.com.tr, “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: 'Sosyal ve kültürel iktidarımız konusunda sıkıntılarımız var',” May 28, 2017, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-sosyal-ve-kulturel-iktidarimiz-konusunda-sikintilarimiz-var-40472482 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023)
  • Jenkins, Gareth. Political Islam in Turkey Running West, Heading East? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. "Emancipated but Unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case" Feminist Studies 13, no. 2 (1987): 317-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/3177804.
  • Kasapoğlu, Çağıl. “Başörtüsünü çıkaranlar: Neden bu kararı alıyorlar, neler yaşıyorlar?” BBC Türkçe, January 4. 2019. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-46758752 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Kavakci Islam, Merve. Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
  • Koca, Sümeyye. “The Changing Dynamics of the Headscarf Question in Turkey: The Women’s Struggle to Take off the Headscarf” Unpublished MA Thesis (Istanbul: Sabancı University, 2020). https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/41263/1/10219673_Koca_Sumeyye.pdf.
  • Kumpasoğlu, Güler Beril, Dilara Hasdemir, and Deniz Canel-Çınarbaş. "Between two worlds: Turkish religious LGBTs relationships with islam and coping strategies" Psychology & Sexuality 13, no. 2 (2022): 302-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1772354.
  • Küçükalp, Derda. “The Headscarf Problem in Turkey in the Context of Discussions on Freedom” Ilahiyat Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 239–55. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2013.42.87.
  • Mutluer, Nil. "The intersectionality of gender, sexuality, and religion: novelties and continuities in Turkey during the AKP era" Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, no. 1 (2019): 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1578049.
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  • Parkins, Ilya. "Feminist Witnessing and Social Difference: The Trauma of Heterosexual Otherness in Vera Brittain's Testament of Youth" Women's Studies 36, no. 2 (2007): 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497870601115385.
  • Parla, Zeynep Gül. “2015 Sonrası Kadınların Başörtüsünü Çıkarma Pratikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Unpublished MA Thesis (Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2022). http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/26807/ZEYNEP%20G%C3%9CL%20PARLA%20TEZ%20BASILI.pdf?sequence=1. Saka, Erkan. Social Media and Politics in Turkey: A Journey through Citizen Journalism, Political Trolling, and Fake News (London: Lexington Books, 2019).
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  • Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson. Women, Autobiography and Theory: A Reader (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1998).
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  • Topal, Semiha. “Rethinking Piety and the Veil Under Political Islam: Unveiling Among Turkish Women After 2016.” American Journal of Qualitative Research 6 no. 3 (2022): 99–123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12527.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı, " Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Külliyesi Açılış Töreni’ne katıldı," October 19, 2020, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/122413/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-ibn-haldun-universitesi-kulliyesi-acilis-toreni-ne-katildi (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "Being a lesbian woman wearing a headscarf was very heavy," August 5, 2020. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2020/08/05/being-a-lesbian-woman-wearing-a-headscarf-was-very-heavy/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "Do I want to take off the hijab to be accepted by a certain circle?" November 7, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/11/07/do-i-want-to-take-off-the-hijab-to-be-accepted-by-a-certain-circle/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I want to play the violin, but my father broke the violin that I bought with the money I secretly saved," December 17, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/17/i-want-to-play-the-violin-but-my-father-broke-the-violin-that-i-bought-with-the-money-i-secretly-saved/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I was treated as if I was invisible," December 4, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/04/i-was-treated-as-if-i-was-invisible/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I wish to be a good scientist and prevent my siblings from crushing under this ignorance," December 18, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/18/i-wish-to-be-a-good-scientist-and-prevent-my-siblings-from-crushing-under-this-ignorance/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "If I go to university, I will take my headscarf off," December 11, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/11/if-i-go-to-university-i-will-take-my-headscarf-off/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "It was as if it was putting me in a mold," December 29, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/29/it-was-as-if-it-was-putting-me-in-a-mold/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My dad kept us up all night reading Quran verses, giving examples from February 28th," December 1, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/01/my-dad-kept-us-up-all-night-reading-quran-verses-giving-examples-from-february-28th/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My dad turned around and suddenly took my headscarf off," November 21, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/11/21/my-dad-turned-around-and-suddenly-took-my-headscarf-off/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My father would kill me if I told him, so I wanted to kill myself to escape," December, 20, 2021, https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/20/my-father-would-kill-me-if-i-told-him-so-i-wanted-to-kill-myself-to-escape/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).

“You Won’t Walk Alone”: Online Feminist Testimony and Transforming Subjectivities of Veiling

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 185 - 209, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1175902

Öz

Throughout the 1990s, women’s Islamic headcover (hijab or headscarf) has been subject to restrictions in public offices, leading to faith and gender discrimination in Turkey. In the last two decades, the visibility of Islam in politics and the public sphere has increased, leading to the resolution of the “headscarf ban” in 2013. Since then, discussions about veiling have moved from the official sphere to the cultural sphere. In recent years, there has been a growing tendency among a new generation of conservative women to problematise veiling. In this regard, this article analyses the digital activism of “You Won't Walk Alone,” which was founded in July 2018 as a platform aiming to give visibility to women who experience forced veiling. Through a thematic analysis of ten different testimonies, this article argues that the activism transforms the cultural meaning of veiling and challenges hegemonic religious body politics by facilitating feminist witnessing.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Lughod, Lila. Do Muslim Women Need Saving? (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2013).
  • Ackerly, Brooke, and Jacqui True. “Back to the Future: Feminist Theory, Activism, and Doing Feminist Research in an Age of Globalization” Women’s Studies International Forum 33, no. 5 (2010): 464–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.06.004.
  • Aksoy, Hürcan Aslı. "Invigorating Democracy in Turkey: The Agency of Organized Islamist Women" Politics & Gender 11, no. 1 (2015): 146-170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X1500001X.
  • Akyol, Mustafa. Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam (April 16, 2018). https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/04/turkey-why-so-many-turks-are-losing-faith-in-islam.html.
  • Aldikacti Marshall, Gul. "A Question of Compatibility: Feminism and Islam in Turkey" Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 17, no. 3 (2008): 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669920802405563.
  • Altınay, Rüstem Ertuğ. "'There Is a Massacre of Women': Violence against Women, Feminist Activism, and Hashtags in Turkey" Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 4 (2014): 1102–1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.975445.
  • Arat, Yeşim. "Feminists, Islamists, and Political Change in Turkey." Political Psychology no. 19 (1998): 117-131. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792117.
  • Arat, Yeşim. "Islamist Women and Feminist Concerns in Contemporary Turkey: Prospects for Women’s Rights and Solidarity" Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 37, no. 3 (2016): 125–150. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.37.3.0125.
  • Arda, Balca, and Ayşegül Akdemir. "Activist communication design on social media: The case of online solidarity against forced Islamic lifestyle" Media, Culture & Society (2021): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720986002.
  • Bakiner, Onur. "A key to Turkish politics? the center–periphery framework revisited" Turkish Studies 19, no. 4 (2018): 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1438846.
  • Berg, Anne‐Jorunn. "Silence and Articulation—Whiteness, Racialization and Feminist Memory Work." NORA—Nordic Journal of Women's Studies 16, no. 4 (2008): 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740802446492.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
  • Butler, Daren. “Special Report: With more Islamic schooling, Erdogan aims to reshape Turkey,” Reuters, January 25, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-erdogan-education-idINKBN1FE1FZ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Buyruk, Halil. "The role of religious education in hegemony construction: the case of imam hatip schools in Turkey" Paedagogica Historica 57, no. 6 (2021): 657-674. https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2020.1762677.
  • Cebeci, Büşra, and Nevşin Mengü. “Herkes istediği gibi yaşasın”: Türkiye ve İran’daki kadınların başörtüsünü çıkarma pratikleri (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021).
  • Cebeci, Büşra (@nojnest). “Ay dayanamadım, ben de geldim.” Twitter, January 18, 2019. https://twitter.com/nojnest/status/1086272969913991169?s=20&t=j1fnBwU1c7EUideh87Sd8g (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Celep, Ödül. "The moderation of Turkey’s Kurdish left: the Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP)" Turkish Studies 19, no. 5 (2018): 723-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1483195.
  • Chidgey, Red. "Reassess Your Weapons: the making of feminist memory in young women's zines” Women's History Review 22, no. 4 (2013): 658-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2012.751773.
  • Coşar, Simten, and Metin Yeğenoğlu. "New Grounds for Patriarchy in Turkey? Gender Policy in the Age of AKP" South European Society and Politics 16, no. 4 (2011): 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2011.571919.
  • Duvar English, “Children must be protected from ideologies other than Islam: Turkey's top religious body,” March 29, 2021, https://www.duvarenglish.com/children-must-be-protected-from-ideologies-other-than-islam-turkeys-top-religious-body-news-56839 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Dursun, Sevda. “#10yearschallenge değil, BBC Production,” Gerçek Hayat, January 28, 2019, https://www.gercekhayat.com.tr/gundem/10yearschallenge-degil-bbc-production/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Eslen-Ziya, Hande. "Social Media and Turkish Feminism: New resources for social activism" Feminist Media Studies 13, no. 5 (2013): 860-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013.838369.
  • Felman, Shoshana, and Dori Laub. Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Routledge, 1992).
  • Gilmore, Leigh. Autobiographics: A Feminist Theory of Women's Self-Representation (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1994).
  • Göçmen, İpek, and Volkan Yılmaz. "Exploring Perceived Discrimination Among LGBT Individuals in Turkey in Education, Employment, and Health Care: Results of an Online Survey" Journal of Homosexuality 64, no. 8 (2017): 1052-1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236598.
  • Goker, Zeynep Gulru. 2019. "Memories, Stories and Deliberation: Digital Sisterhood on Feminist Websites in Turkey" European Journal of Women’s Studies 26, no. 3 (2019): 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506819855414.
  • Göle Nilüfer. The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996).
  • Göle, Nilüfer. "The gendered nature of the public sphere" Public Culture 10, n.1 (1997): 61-81. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-10-1-61.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).
  • Güneş, Ayşe, and Çağlar Ezikoğlu. "Legal and Political Challenges of Gender Equality and Crimes Against Women in Turkey: The Question of Istanbul Convention" Women & Criminal Justice (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2022.2040695.
  • Hamilton, Carrie. "Feminist testimony in the internet age: sex work, blogging and the politics of witnessing" Journal of Romance Studies 9, no. 3 (2009): 86-101. https://doi.org/10.3828/jrs.9.3.86.
  • Hurriyet.com.tr, “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: 'Sosyal ve kültürel iktidarımız konusunda sıkıntılarımız var',” May 28, 2017, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-sosyal-ve-kulturel-iktidarimiz-konusunda-sikintilarimiz-var-40472482 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023)
  • Jenkins, Gareth. Political Islam in Turkey Running West, Heading East? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. "Emancipated but Unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case" Feminist Studies 13, no. 2 (1987): 317-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/3177804.
  • Kasapoğlu, Çağıl. “Başörtüsünü çıkaranlar: Neden bu kararı alıyorlar, neler yaşıyorlar?” BBC Türkçe, January 4. 2019. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-46758752 (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • Kavakci Islam, Merve. Headscarf Politics in Turkey: A Postcolonial Reading (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
  • Koca, Sümeyye. “The Changing Dynamics of the Headscarf Question in Turkey: The Women’s Struggle to Take off the Headscarf” Unpublished MA Thesis (Istanbul: Sabancı University, 2020). https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/41263/1/10219673_Koca_Sumeyye.pdf.
  • Kumpasoğlu, Güler Beril, Dilara Hasdemir, and Deniz Canel-Çınarbaş. "Between two worlds: Turkish religious LGBTs relationships with islam and coping strategies" Psychology & Sexuality 13, no. 2 (2022): 302-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1772354.
  • Küçükalp, Derda. “The Headscarf Problem in Turkey in the Context of Discussions on Freedom” Ilahiyat Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 239–55. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2013.42.87.
  • Mutluer, Nil. "The intersectionality of gender, sexuality, and religion: novelties and continuities in Turkey during the AKP era" Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, no. 1 (2019): 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1578049.
  • Nas, Alparlan. Media Representations of the Cultural other in Turkey (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
  • Nas, Alparslan. "“Women in Mosques”: mapping the gendered religious space through online activism" Feminist Media Studies 22, no. 5 (2022): 1163-1178. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1878547.
  • Okumuş, Beyza. “The Examination of Taking Off Headscarf Behaviour in the Context of the Cognitive Dissonance Theory” Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi, 21, no.1 (2022): 281-308. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1057989.
  • Ozgur, Iren. Islamic Schools in Modern Turkey: Faith, Politics, and Education (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
  • Oztig, Lacin Idil. "The Turkish Constitutional Court, laicism and the headscarf issue" Third World Quarterly 39, no. 3 (2018): 594-608. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1396536.
  • Parkins, Ilya. "Feminist Witnessing and Social Difference: The Trauma of Heterosexual Otherness in Vera Brittain's Testament of Youth" Women's Studies 36, no. 2 (2007): 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497870601115385.
  • Parla, Zeynep Gül. “2015 Sonrası Kadınların Başörtüsünü Çıkarma Pratikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Unpublished MA Thesis (Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2022). http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/26807/ZEYNEP%20G%C3%9CL%20PARLA%20TEZ%20BASILI.pdf?sequence=1. Saka, Erkan. Social Media and Politics in Turkey: A Journey through Citizen Journalism, Political Trolling, and Fake News (London: Lexington Books, 2019).
  • Saktanber, Ayşe. "Becoming The “Other” as a Muslim in Turkey: Turkish Women vs. Islamist Women" New Perspectives on Turkey no. 11 (1994): 99-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S089663460000100X.
  • Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson. Women, Autobiography and Theory: A Reader (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1998).
  • Somer, Murat. "Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681 no. 1 (2019): 42-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218818056.
  • Topal, Semiha. “Rethinking Piety and the Veil Under Political Islam: Unveiling Among Turkish Women After 2016.” American Journal of Qualitative Research 6 no. 3 (2022): 99–123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12527.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı, " Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Külliyesi Açılış Töreni’ne katıldı," October 19, 2020, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/122413/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-ibn-haldun-universitesi-kulliyesi-acilis-toreni-ne-katildi (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "Being a lesbian woman wearing a headscarf was very heavy," August 5, 2020. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2020/08/05/being-a-lesbian-woman-wearing-a-headscarf-was-very-heavy/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "Do I want to take off the hijab to be accepted by a certain circle?" November 7, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/11/07/do-i-want-to-take-off-the-hijab-to-be-accepted-by-a-certain-circle/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I want to play the violin, but my father broke the violin that I bought with the money I secretly saved," December 17, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/17/i-want-to-play-the-violin-but-my-father-broke-the-violin-that-i-bought-with-the-money-i-secretly-saved/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I was treated as if I was invisible," December 4, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/04/i-was-treated-as-if-i-was-invisible/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "I wish to be a good scientist and prevent my siblings from crushing under this ignorance," December 18, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/18/i-wish-to-be-a-good-scientist-and-prevent-my-siblings-from-crushing-under-this-ignorance/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "If I go to university, I will take my headscarf off," December 11, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/11/if-i-go-to-university-i-will-take-my-headscarf-off/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "It was as if it was putting me in a mold," December 29, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/29/it-was-as-if-it-was-putting-me-in-a-mold/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My dad kept us up all night reading Quran verses, giving examples from February 28th," December 1, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/01/my-dad-kept-us-up-all-night-reading-quran-verses-giving-examples-from-february-28th/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My dad turned around and suddenly took my headscarf off," November 21, 2021. https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/11/21/my-dad-turned-around-and-suddenly-took-my-headscarf-off/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
  • YWA, "My father would kill me if I told him, so I wanted to kill myself to escape," December, 20, 2021, https://yalnizyurumeyeceksin.com/en/2021/12/20/my-father-would-kill-me-if-i-told-him-so-i-wanted-to-kill-myself-to-escape/ (Date of Access: 05.06.2023).
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Alparslan Nas 0000-0002-1759-4357

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Nas, Alparslan. “‘You Won’t Walk Alone’: Online Feminist Testimony and Transforming Subjectivities of Veiling”. Fe Dergi 15, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 185-209. https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1175902.