Öz
This study investigates the pragmatic functions
of silence in two trauma narratives as a case study; one is a direct narration
by the person who experienced the trauma, and the supplementary other is an
excerpt from a conversation by three people talking about someone else’s
trauma. The contextual conversation analytic investigation is based on 376
tokens of silence and broadly draws on Jakobson’s (1971) six Communicative
Functions of Language, and the Relevance Theory with references to the
markedness concept from the pragmatic point of view, focusing on the study of
illocutionary force of silence and the corresponding speech acts at a
communicative level in inter and intra turn pauses. Limited to my data, the
analysis revealed that silence has three main functional categories: cognitive,
affective, and communicative/cooperative. Cognitive functions help remember the
details of the trauma, and re/structuring the ideas before expressing them
verbally. Affective ones are employed in
order to intensify the preceding or succeeding judgment, an evaluative opinion,
or emotional statement in addition to creating narrative expectancy in the
story narrated. Silence is, additionally, functional while achieving
communicative/cooperative purposes such as topic shift, distancing through
indirect speeches, calling for shared information, turn-taking, and improving
the narrativization. The data also showed that there are such linguistic
patterns as following or being followed by discourse markers or filters, and
positional changes depending on the environment as in the cognitive function
and the affective function respectively.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agyekum, K. (2002). The Communicative Role of Silence in Akan. Pragmatics 12 (1), 31-51.
- Bruneau, T. J. (1973). Communicative silences: forms and functions. The Journal of Communication, 23, 17–46.
- Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia.
- Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). Introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
- Jakobson, R. (1960). Linguistics and Poetics. In Thomas A. Sebeok (Ed.). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 350-377). The Hague: Mouton.
- Jakobson, R., & Halle, M. (1971). The Speech Event and the Functions of Language. Fundamentals of language. The Hague: Mouton.
- Jaworski, A. (1993). The Power of Silence: Social and Pragmatic Perspectives. Sage Publications: Newbury Park, CA.
- Jaworski, A. (1997). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Mouton.
- Jefferson, G. (1989). Preliminary notes on a possible metric which provides for a ‘standard maximum’ silence of approximately second in conversation. In Reger, D., Bull, P. (Eds.). Conversation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 166–196). Multilingual Matters: Clevedon and Philadelphia.
- Jensen, V. J. (1973). Communicative functions of silence. ETCA Review of General Semantics, 30, 249–257.
- Nakane, I. (2005). Negotiating silence and speech in the classroom. Multilingua, 24, 75-100.
- Nakane, I. (2007). Silence In Intercultural Communication. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
- Poyatos, F. (2002). Nonverbal Communication Across Disciplines. John Benjamins: Amsterdam and Philadelphia.
- Ritter, M. (2014). Silence as the Voice of Trauma. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 74(2), 176–194.
- Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735.
- Saville-Troike, M. (1994). Silence. In, Asher, R.E., Simpson, J.M.Y. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (pp. 3945–3947). Pergamon Press: Oxford. Sobkowiak, W. (1997). Silence and markedness theory. In Adam Jaworski (Ed.). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 39-61). Berlin; New York: Mouton.
- Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986). On defining relevance. In R. Grandy & R. Warner (Eds.). Philosophical Grounds of Rationality: Intentions, Categories, Ends. Oxford: OUP.
- Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
- Tannen, D. (1985). Silence: Anything but. In Tannen, D., Saville-Troike, M. (Eds.), Perspectives on Silence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Tritsmans, B. (1987). Poétique. In M. Delcroix and F. Hallyn (Eds.), Méthodes du texte. Introduction aux études littéraires (pp. 11-28). Paris: Duculot.
Öz
Bu çalışmada örnek olay incelemesi olarak biri
travmayı yaşayan kişinin doğrudan olan, diğeri üçüncü bir kişinin travması
hakkında konuşan üç kişinin konuşmasından bir parça olan iki travma anlatısında
sessizliğin pragmatik işlevleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan bağlam analitik inceleme
incelenen verideki 376 sessizlik göstergesine dayanmakta ve Jakobson’un (1971) Dilin
İletişimsel İşlevleri’ni ve ‘Bağıntı (Relevance) Kuramı’nı temel alarak
belirtisellik (markedness) kavramını pragmatik açıdan inceler. Ayrıca,
sessizliğin ‘eyleyici güç (illocutionary force)’ yönünü ve bu bağlamda
konuşma-içi ve konuşmalar-arası iletişimsel işlevlerini analiz eder.
Araştırmanın dayandığı veriyle sınırlı olarak, yapılan analizde sessizlik
anlarının üç temel işlevsel kategorisi olduğu görülmüştür: bilişsel, duygusal
ve iletişimsel/işbirliğine dayalı. Bilişsel işlev travma detaylarının
hatırlanmasında ve fikirlerin dile getirilmeden yeniden şekillendirilmesinde
kullanılmaktadır. Duygusal işlev öncesinde ya da sonrasında gelen yargıyı,
duygusal bir ifadeyi, değerlendirmeyi güçlendirmek ve anlatıda bir beklenti ve
heyecan yaratmak için kullanılmaktadır. Sessizlik anlarının
iletişimsel/işbirliğine dayalı işlevi ise konu değiştirme, dolaylı cümlelerle
anlatıyla anlatıcı arasına mesafe koyma, konuşma sırası alabilme ve anlatıyı
geliştirme gibi amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca sonuçlar göstermiştir ki
sessizlik anlarının bilişsel işlevde görülebileceği üzere çeşitli söylem
işaretçilerinden önce veya sonra gelmesi ve duygusal işlevde görülebileceği
üzere bulunduğu sözdizimsel ortama göre cümle içerisinde yer değiştirmesi de
mümkündür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agyekum, K. (2002). The Communicative Role of Silence in Akan. Pragmatics 12 (1), 31-51.
- Bruneau, T. J. (1973). Communicative silences: forms and functions. The Journal of Communication, 23, 17–46.
- Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia.
- Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). Introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
- Jakobson, R. (1960). Linguistics and Poetics. In Thomas A. Sebeok (Ed.). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 350-377). The Hague: Mouton.
- Jakobson, R., & Halle, M. (1971). The Speech Event and the Functions of Language. Fundamentals of language. The Hague: Mouton.
- Jaworski, A. (1993). The Power of Silence: Social and Pragmatic Perspectives. Sage Publications: Newbury Park, CA.
- Jaworski, A. (1997). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Mouton.
- Jefferson, G. (1989). Preliminary notes on a possible metric which provides for a ‘standard maximum’ silence of approximately second in conversation. In Reger, D., Bull, P. (Eds.). Conversation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 166–196). Multilingual Matters: Clevedon and Philadelphia.
- Jensen, V. J. (1973). Communicative functions of silence. ETCA Review of General Semantics, 30, 249–257.
- Nakane, I. (2005). Negotiating silence and speech in the classroom. Multilingua, 24, 75-100.
- Nakane, I. (2007). Silence In Intercultural Communication. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
- Poyatos, F. (2002). Nonverbal Communication Across Disciplines. John Benjamins: Amsterdam and Philadelphia.
- Ritter, M. (2014). Silence as the Voice of Trauma. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 74(2), 176–194.
- Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735.
- Saville-Troike, M. (1994). Silence. In, Asher, R.E., Simpson, J.M.Y. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (pp. 3945–3947). Pergamon Press: Oxford. Sobkowiak, W. (1997). Silence and markedness theory. In Adam Jaworski (Ed.). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 39-61). Berlin; New York: Mouton.
- Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986). On defining relevance. In R. Grandy & R. Warner (Eds.). Philosophical Grounds of Rationality: Intentions, Categories, Ends. Oxford: OUP.
- Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
- Tannen, D. (1985). Silence: Anything but. In Tannen, D., Saville-Troike, M. (Eds.), Perspectives on Silence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Tritsmans, B. (1987). Poétique. In M. Delcroix and F. Hallyn (Eds.), Méthodes du texte. Introduction aux études littéraires (pp. 11-28). Paris: Duculot.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |
