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The Use of Loaded Language in The Soviet Union's Anti-U.S. Propaganda During The Cold War

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1 - 14, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.985594

Öz

Loaded language propaganda, in its shortest definition, refers to the persuasion of the masses on a certain issue by highlighting various emotions such as fear, sadness and anger. In this process, it is tried to influence the emotions of the individual directly on the decision-making process and it is aimed to adopt the thought, attitude and behavior in the desired direction. In the 20th century, it was used by various countries to build enemies in loaded language propaganda. One of these countries was the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union effectively benefited from loaded language propaganda in order to strengthen public opposition to the USA. In this study, it was tried to reveal how the Soviet Union benefited from loaded language propaganda in its anti-US propaganda during the Cold War. In this way, it was aimed to shed light on the use of anti-US loaded language propaganda of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. For this purpose, propaganda posters prepared against the USA in the Soviet Union during the Cold War were examined in the context of loaded language propaganda using semiotics method. In the findings, it was revealed that the feeling of anger was brought to the forefront in the loaded language propaganda of the Soviet Union and included hate speech against the USA.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, A., & Cupery, D. (2013), “Anti-Americanism in Latin America: Economic Exchange, Foreign Policy Legacies, and Mass Attitudes toward the Colossus of the North”, Latin American Research Review, Volume: 48, Issue: 2, p.106-130.
  • Bykov, I. A. (2014), “Anti-American Policy in Contemporary Russia: Examining Political Campaign on Dima Iakovlev Bill”, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, Volume: 22, Issue: 6, p.894-899.
  • Capraro, V., & Vanzo, A. (2019), “The Power of Moral Words: Loaded Language Generates Framing Effects in the Extreme Dictator Game,” Judgment and Decision Making, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, p.309-317.
  • Corstange, D. (2016), “Anti-American Behavior in the Middle East: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Lebanon”, The Journal of Politics, Volume: 78, Issue: 1, p.311-325.
  • Çalışkan, S. (2020), “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği'nin İsrail Karşıtı Söylemlerinin Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu”, Selçuk İletişim, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 2, s.694-714.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2002), “The Domestic Sources of European Anti‐Americanism”, Government and Opposition, Volume: 37, Issue: 1, p.3-14.
  • Fiske, J. (2017), İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Çev., Süleyman İrvan, 5. Basım, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Friedman, M. P. (2008), “Anti-Americanism and US Foreign Relations”, Diplomatic History, Volume: 32, Issue: 4, p.497-514.
  • Grigoriadis, I. N. (2010), “Friends no more? The Rise of Anti-American Nationalism in Turkey”, The Middle East Journal, Volume: 64, Issue: 1, p.51-66.
  • Gülada, M. O. (2019), “İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyetler Birliği'nin Casusluk Karşıtı Propagandasının Posterlerdeki Sunumu”, Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 1, s.49-68.
  • Haddad, F. (2008), “The Terrorists of Today are the Heroes of Tomorrow: The Anti-British and Anti-American Insurgencies in Iraqi History”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume: 19, Issue: 4, p.451-483.
  • Herbst, P., & Herbst, R. (2003), Talking Terrorism: A Dictionary of The Loaded Language of Political Violence, Greenwood Publishing Group, The United States.
  • Hunter, H. (1973), “The Overambitious First Soviet Five-Year Plan,” Slavic Review, Volume: 32, Issue: 2, p.237-257.
  • Jamal, A. A., Keohane, R. O., Romney, D., & Tingley, D. (2015), “Anti-Americanism and Anti-Interventionism in Arabic Twitter Discourses”, Perspectives on Politics, Volume: 13, Issue: 1, p.55-73.
  • Kizilbash, H. H. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in Pakistan”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.58-67.
  • Lester, L. (2005), “Wilderness and the Loaded Language of News,” Media International Australia, Volume: 115, Issue: 1, p.123-134.
  • Lipoński, W. (1990), “Anti-American Propaganda in Poland From 1948 to 1954: A Story of An Ideological Failure”, American Studies International, Volume: 28, Issue: 2, p.80-92.
  • Matthews, J. (1947), “The Effect of Loaded Language on Audience Comprehension of Speeches”, Communications Monographs, Volume: 14, Issue: 1-2, p.176-186.
  • Nolan, M. (2005), “Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany”, Politics & Society, Volume: 33, Issue: 1, p.88-122.
  • Parker, R. B. (1988), “Anti-American Attitudes in the Arab World”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.46-57.
  • Redavantgarde (2021a), Sergo Grigorian’ın Koleksiyonundan Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD Karşıtı Propaganda Posterleri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021b), Cellât Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/1630-curse-of-the-executioners-american-warmongers---enemies-of-mankind-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021c), Katil Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/2087-stop-the-killers-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021d), Tepki Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/406-be-damned-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021e), Vandal Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/844-vandals-of-the-20th-century-.html?themeId=1, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021f), Ahlak Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/294-two-armies---two-morals-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021g), Suçlu Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/62-call-the-criminal-to-account-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021h), Hesap Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/493-murderers-must-answer-for-their-crimes-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Roland, C. G., & Cox, B. G. (1973), “Loaded Language and Drug Use”, JAMA, Volume: 226, Issue: 6, p.660-661.
  • Sanders, M. L. (1975). “Wellington House and British Propaganda during the First World War”, The Historical Journal, Volume: 18, Issue: 1, p.119-146.
  • Shambaugh, D. L. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in China”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.142-156.
  • Shen, S. (2007), “‘Holding Nationalist Flags Against Red Flags’—Anti-American Icons in Contemporary China and their Reconstruction by the Public (1999–2003)”, East Asia, Volume: 24, Issue: 3, p.229-250.
  • Shin, G. W. (1996), “South Korean Anti-Americanism: A Comparative Perspective”, Asian Survey, Volume: 36, Issue: 8, p.787-803.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016), Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sokolov, B., Inglehart, R. F., Ponarin, E., Vartanova, I., & Zimmerman, W. (2018), “Disillusionment and Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Pro-American to Anti-American Attitudes, 1993–2009”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume: 62, Issue: 3, p.534-547.
  • Spiro, H. J. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in Western Europe”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.120-132.
  • Şahan, S. (2020), “Sovyetler Birliği'nde Batı Blok'unun Radyo Yayınlarının Karikatürler Üzerinden Eleştirisi”, TRT Akademi, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 9, s.270-291.
  • Rifat, M. (2013), Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Turner, F. C. (1967), “Anti-Americanism in Mexico, 1910-1913”, Hispanic American Historical Review, Volume: 47, Issue: 4, p.502-518.
  • Türk, M. S., Avcı, Ö. ve Baytimur, T. (2021), “Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne Karşı Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı”, Türk Kütüphaneciliği, Cilt: 35, Sayı: 2, s.159-182.
  • Volkov, D. (2018), “Anti-American Sentiment in Post-Soviet Russia: Dynamics and Contemporary Characteristics”, Russian Politics & Law, Volume: 56, Issue: 1-2, p.105-143.
  • Yılmaz, M. B. (2020). “İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon Medyasının ABD'ye Yönelik Faaliyetleri: Tokyo Rose Radyo Yayınları Üzerine İnceleme”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 9, Sayı:1, s.541-563.
  • Wittmann, A. M. (2016), Talking Conflict: The Loaded Language of Genocide, Political Violence, Terrorism, and Warfare, ABC-CLIO, The United State.
  • Xu, G. (1998), “The Chinese anti-American nationalism in the 1990s”, Asian perspective, Volume: 22, Issue: 2, p.193-218.

Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD Karşıtı Propagandasında Duygu Merkezli Dil Kullanımı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 1 - 14, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.985594

Öz

Duygu merkezli propaganda, en kısa tanımıyla korku, hüzün, öfke gibi çeşitli duyguların ön plana çıkarılarak kitlelerin belirli bir konuda ikna edilmeni ifade etmektedir. Bu süreçte bireyin duygularının karar alma sürecine doğrudan etki etmesine çalışılmakta ve bireyin istenilen yönde düşünce, tutum ve davranışı benimsemesi amaçlamaktadır. 20. yüzyılda duygu merkezli propagandada çeşitli ülkeler tarafından düşman inşasında kullanılmıştır. Bu ülkelerden biri de Sovyetler Birliği’dir. Sovyetler Birliği, Soğuk Savaş döneminde kamuoyunda ABD karşıtlığını güçlendirmek amacıyla duygu merkezli propagandadan etkin bir şekilde yararlanmıştır. Çalışmada Soğuk Savaş döneminde Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD karşıtı propagandasında duygu merkezli propagandadan ne şekilde yararlandığı ortaya konulmaya çalışmıştır. Bu şekilde Soğuk Savaş döneminde Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD karşıtı duygu merkezli propaganda kullanımına ışık tutulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada Soğuk Savaş döneminde Sovyetler Birliği’nde ABD karşıtı hazırlanan propaganda posterleri duygu merkezli propaganda bağlamında göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda, Sovyetler Birliği’nin duygu merkezli propagandasında öfke duygusunun ön plana çıkarılarak ABD’ye karşı nefret söylemine yer verdiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, A., & Cupery, D. (2013), “Anti-Americanism in Latin America: Economic Exchange, Foreign Policy Legacies, and Mass Attitudes toward the Colossus of the North”, Latin American Research Review, Volume: 48, Issue: 2, p.106-130.
  • Bykov, I. A. (2014), “Anti-American Policy in Contemporary Russia: Examining Political Campaign on Dima Iakovlev Bill”, Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, Volume: 22, Issue: 6, p.894-899.
  • Capraro, V., & Vanzo, A. (2019), “The Power of Moral Words: Loaded Language Generates Framing Effects in the Extreme Dictator Game,” Judgment and Decision Making, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, p.309-317.
  • Corstange, D. (2016), “Anti-American Behavior in the Middle East: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Lebanon”, The Journal of Politics, Volume: 78, Issue: 1, p.311-325.
  • Çalışkan, S. (2020), “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği'nin İsrail Karşıtı Söylemlerinin Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu”, Selçuk İletişim, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 2, s.694-714.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2002), “The Domestic Sources of European Anti‐Americanism”, Government and Opposition, Volume: 37, Issue: 1, p.3-14.
  • Fiske, J. (2017), İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Çev., Süleyman İrvan, 5. Basım, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Friedman, M. P. (2008), “Anti-Americanism and US Foreign Relations”, Diplomatic History, Volume: 32, Issue: 4, p.497-514.
  • Grigoriadis, I. N. (2010), “Friends no more? The Rise of Anti-American Nationalism in Turkey”, The Middle East Journal, Volume: 64, Issue: 1, p.51-66.
  • Gülada, M. O. (2019), “İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyetler Birliği'nin Casusluk Karşıtı Propagandasının Posterlerdeki Sunumu”, Medeniyet ve Toplum Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 1, s.49-68.
  • Haddad, F. (2008), “The Terrorists of Today are the Heroes of Tomorrow: The Anti-British and Anti-American Insurgencies in Iraqi History”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume: 19, Issue: 4, p.451-483.
  • Herbst, P., & Herbst, R. (2003), Talking Terrorism: A Dictionary of The Loaded Language of Political Violence, Greenwood Publishing Group, The United States.
  • Hunter, H. (1973), “The Overambitious First Soviet Five-Year Plan,” Slavic Review, Volume: 32, Issue: 2, p.237-257.
  • Jamal, A. A., Keohane, R. O., Romney, D., & Tingley, D. (2015), “Anti-Americanism and Anti-Interventionism in Arabic Twitter Discourses”, Perspectives on Politics, Volume: 13, Issue: 1, p.55-73.
  • Kizilbash, H. H. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in Pakistan”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.58-67.
  • Lester, L. (2005), “Wilderness and the Loaded Language of News,” Media International Australia, Volume: 115, Issue: 1, p.123-134.
  • Lipoński, W. (1990), “Anti-American Propaganda in Poland From 1948 to 1954: A Story of An Ideological Failure”, American Studies International, Volume: 28, Issue: 2, p.80-92.
  • Matthews, J. (1947), “The Effect of Loaded Language on Audience Comprehension of Speeches”, Communications Monographs, Volume: 14, Issue: 1-2, p.176-186.
  • Nolan, M. (2005), “Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany”, Politics & Society, Volume: 33, Issue: 1, p.88-122.
  • Parker, R. B. (1988), “Anti-American Attitudes in the Arab World”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.46-57.
  • Redavantgarde (2021a), Sergo Grigorian’ın Koleksiyonundan Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD Karşıtı Propaganda Posterleri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021b), Cellât Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/1630-curse-of-the-executioners-american-warmongers---enemies-of-mankind-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021c), Katil Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/2087-stop-the-killers-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021d), Tepki Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/406-be-damned-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021e), Vandal Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/844-vandals-of-the-20th-century-.html?themeId=1, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021f), Ahlak Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/294-two-armies---two-morals-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021g), Suçlu Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/62-call-the-criminal-to-account-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Redavantgarde (2021h), Hesap Konulu Propaganda Posteri, http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/493-murderers-must-answer-for-their-crimes-.html?themeId=14, 01.08.2021.
  • Roland, C. G., & Cox, B. G. (1973), “Loaded Language and Drug Use”, JAMA, Volume: 226, Issue: 6, p.660-661.
  • Sanders, M. L. (1975). “Wellington House and British Propaganda during the First World War”, The Historical Journal, Volume: 18, Issue: 1, p.119-146.
  • Shambaugh, D. L. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in China”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.142-156.
  • Shen, S. (2007), “‘Holding Nationalist Flags Against Red Flags’—Anti-American Icons in Contemporary China and their Reconstruction by the Public (1999–2003)”, East Asia, Volume: 24, Issue: 3, p.229-250.
  • Shin, G. W. (1996), “South Korean Anti-Americanism: A Comparative Perspective”, Asian Survey, Volume: 36, Issue: 8, p.787-803.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016), Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sokolov, B., Inglehart, R. F., Ponarin, E., Vartanova, I., & Zimmerman, W. (2018), “Disillusionment and Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Pro-American to Anti-American Attitudes, 1993–2009”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume: 62, Issue: 3, p.534-547.
  • Spiro, H. J. (1988), “Anti-Americanism in Western Europe”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 497, Issue: 1, p.120-132.
  • Şahan, S. (2020), “Sovyetler Birliği'nde Batı Blok'unun Radyo Yayınlarının Karikatürler Üzerinden Eleştirisi”, TRT Akademi, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 9, s.270-291.
  • Rifat, M. (2013), Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Turner, F. C. (1967), “Anti-Americanism in Mexico, 1910-1913”, Hispanic American Historical Review, Volume: 47, Issue: 4, p.502-518.
  • Türk, M. S., Avcı, Ö. ve Baytimur, T. (2021), “Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne Karşı Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı”, Türk Kütüphaneciliği, Cilt: 35, Sayı: 2, s.159-182.
  • Volkov, D. (2018), “Anti-American Sentiment in Post-Soviet Russia: Dynamics and Contemporary Characteristics”, Russian Politics & Law, Volume: 56, Issue: 1-2, p.105-143.
  • Yılmaz, M. B. (2020). “İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon Medyasının ABD'ye Yönelik Faaliyetleri: Tokyo Rose Radyo Yayınları Üzerine İnceleme”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 9, Sayı:1, s.541-563.
  • Wittmann, A. M. (2016), Talking Conflict: The Loaded Language of Genocide, Political Violence, Terrorism, and Warfare, ABC-CLIO, The United State.
  • Xu, G. (1998), “The Chinese anti-American nationalism in the 1990s”, Asian perspective, Volume: 22, Issue: 2, p.193-218.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Karaca 0000-0002-8204-6154

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Abdülhakim Bahadır Darı 0000-0003-3525-5823

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaca, M., Çakı, C., & Darı, A. B. (2021). Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği’nin ABD Karşıtı Propagandasında Duygu Merkezli Dil Kullanımı. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.985594

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