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Loan Appraisal Protocol for Effective Microfinance Portfolio in Tanzania

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 193 - 210, 29.12.2020

Danstun Ngonyani Halil Serbes

https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.733207

Öz

The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis on loan application appraisal protocol for effective microfinance portfolio in Tanzania. This study utilizes random sampling method and ordinary least square regression model on 219 microfinance institutions collected from Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Dodoma regions. The results show that borrower business income, capital of borrower, membership duration of borrower and social collateral of borrowers have negative and significant impact on portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions. The findings therefore indicate that portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions can be reduced by (i) microfinance institutions to consider sound cash flow of the main business of microfinance client to enhance repayments; (ii) microfinance institutions must provide credit facilities to borrowers with relatively high capital in their business; (iii) microfinance institutions should extend credits to borrowers who are frequently willing to access credit facilities to enhance regular repayments; (iv) microfinance institutions should encourage borrowers to use group lending when accessing credits for effective repayments and diminish the risk of microfinance loan portfolio.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Portfolio at risk Loan appraisal protocol Non-member-based microfinance institutions

Kaynakça

  • Addo C. K. and Twum S.B. (2013). Sustainability of Microfinance in Developing Countries through Credit Risk Management: Evidence from Business Experience, Purpose of Loan, Long Term, Profit Maximization Motive, Global Journal Finance and Banking Issue (7) 9 – 18
  • Ahmed, S and Malik, A. Q. (2015). Credit Risk Management and Loan Performance: Empirical Investigation of Micro Finance Banks of Pakistan; International Journal of Economics and Financial. Issues, Vol 5, Issue 2, pp 574 – 579
  • Al-Azzam, M., Mimouni, K & Ali, M.A, (2012). The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Financial Access on Microfinance Institutions, International Journal of Economics and Finance. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp 61 – 71
  • Aliija, R and Muhangi, W.B (2015). The Effect of Loan Appraisal Process Management on Credit Performance in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): A Case of MFIs in Uganda, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 4, Issue No. 1, pp 150 -168
  • Angaine, F and Waari, D.N (2014). Factors Influencing Loan Repayment in Micro- Finance Institutions in Kenya, Journal of Business and Management, Volume 16, Issue 9. pp 66 -72.
  • Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J (2010). The Economics of Microfinance, The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England.
  • Armendariz B. and Morduch, J. (2000). Microfinance Beyond Group Lending. Economics of Transition, 8, 401-420. Arthur, J., Apanga, M. & Appiah, K.O. (2016). Credit Risk Management of Ghanian Listed Banks; International Journal of Law and Management, Vol. 58 Issue 2 pp. 162-178
  • Ayogyam, A., Goddana, M.D., Mohammed, H. & Boateng, E. (2013). Monitoring Loan Repayment among Farmers in Techiman, Ghana: Investigating the Effect of Cooperative Farming System; Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 5 (1) 32-37
  • Babu, S. & Singh, A. (2007). The Need for Individual Lending in Mature Microfinance Institutions, Eye on Microfinance, Vol. 4, pp 1-7.
  • Baiyegunhi, L.J.; Fraser, G.C.G & Darroch, M. A, (2010). Credit Constraints and Household Welfare in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 5, No. 16, pp 2243-2252
  • Bayeh A.K. (2012) Financial Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Ethiopia. European Journal of Business and Management Vol 4, No.15.pp 1 – 9
  • Chijoriga, M.M., Mori, N., and Olomi, D.R. (2009). Microfinance: In African Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, Context and Process, Oteman Ltd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Churchill, C. and Frankiewicz, C, (2006). Making Microfinance Work: Managing for Improved Performance, the International Training Centre of the ILO in Turin, Italy.
  • Clamara, N., Pena, X., and Tuesta, D. (2014). Factors that Matter for Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Peru, Working Paper No. 14/09, BBVA Research, Madrid
  • Dahir, M.A.M (2006). The Challenges Facing Microfinance Institutions in Poverty Eradication: A Case Study in Mogadishu, International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 2, Issue 2, pp 56 -62
  • D'Espallier, B., Guerin, I. and Mersland, R., (2011). Women and Repayment in Microfinance: A Global Analysis. World Development 39 (5): 758 – 772.
  • Feroze, S.M, Chauhan, A.K., Malhotra, R. and Kadian, K.S, (2011), Factors Influencing Group Repayment Performance in Haryana: Application of Tobit Model, Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 24, pp 57-65
  • Gatimu, E.M., and Frederick, M.K. (2014). Assessing Institutional Factors Contributing to Loan Defaulting in Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 19, 105-123.
  • Godquin, M, (2004) Microfinance Repayment Performance in Bangladesh: How to Improve the Allocation of Loans by MFIs; World Development Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1909–1926
  • Hamada, M. (2010). Financial Services to the Poor: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Microfinance, The Developing Economies, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 1-14.
  • Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis 6th Edition Pearson Education Inc. USA
  • Hair, J.F., Black. W.C., Babib. B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New York.
  • Hartarska, V and Nadolnya, D (2007), Do Regulated Microfinance Institutions Achieve better Sustainability and Outreach? Cross-country evidence, Applied Economics; Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 39. 1207 – 1222.
  • Hietalahti, J., and Linden, M. (2006). Socio-Economic Impacts of Microfinance and Repayment Performance: A Case Study of the Small Enterprise Foundation, South Africa. Progress in Development Studies, 6 (3), 201-210
  • Hunte, J (1996). Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific. Routledge; USA Kuhn M.E & Darroch.
  • Inkumbi, M. (2009). Beyond the 5Cs of Lending. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 16 (4), 640-661
  • Ishengoma, E. K. (2010) ‘Financial Linkages and Cost Efficiency: Lessons from Microfinance Cooperatives in Tanzania’, Business Management Review 14: 1-29.
  • Janda, K and Turbat, B (2013). Factors Influencing Portfolio Yield of Microfinance Institutions in Central Asia, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 49549, http://mpra.ub.uni- muenchen.de/49549/
  • Javid, A.Y. and Abrar, A. (2015). Microfinance Institutions and Poverty Reduction: A Cross Regional Analysis, The Pakistan Development Review, 54:4, Part II, pp, 371 -387
  • Kacem, S. B & Zouari, S. G (2013). The Determinants of Access of Financial Services for Sicrocredit Association: Application on Tunisian case, Journal of Business Management and Economics, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 031- 046
  • Kar, A.K., and Swain, R.B. (2014) Competition, performance and portfolio quality in microfinance markets, Working Paper Series 2014:8, Department of Economics, Uppsala University.
  • Kariuki, J. N. (2010). Effective Collection Policy, Nairobi; KASNEB Publishers.
  • Keenan, A, and Stevens, P. J. (2016), Applied Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences, Analysis with SAS and IBM’S SPSS, Six Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Kessy, S.A. and Urio, F.M. (2006). The Contribution of Microfinance Institutions to Poverty Reduction in Tanzania, REPOA Research Report, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
  • Kuhn M.E & Darroch. M. (1999). Factors Affecting Rural Medium-term Loan Repayment: Evidence from a South African Development Finance Institution. International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Ashgate Publishing Co. Ltd, UK.
  • Lagat, F.K.; Mugo, R. & Otuya, R. (2013). Effect of Credit Risk Management Practices on Lending Portfolio Among Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Kenya; International Journal of Science Commerce and Humanities, Vol. 1 No 5. Pp 93 – 106
  • Lilay, W.L.; Desta, T. & Wondmagehn. (2015) Factors Influencing MFIs Group Loan Repayment Performance: A Case of MSEs Service Sector in Mekelle City, Ethiopia; Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol.6, No.5; 154 – 170
  • Maata, D. (2004). Examining Determinants of Group Loan Repayment in the Dominican Republic. Master Thesis, The Ohio State University. United States of America.
  • Mapesa, H. J, (2012). Impact of Access to Microfinance Services on Farm Households’ Income in Iringa Region, Tanzania; PhD Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania.
  • Mwangi, I.W & Kihiu, E.N (2012). Impact of Financial Literacy on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, Internal Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3, No. 19. pp 212-222
  • Nawai, N & Shariff, M.M (2013). Loan Repayment Problems in Microfinance Programme that use Individual Lending Approach: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal, Vol. 1. (1) 88 – 97
  • Nyamsogoro, G.D (2010). Financial Sustainability of Rural Microfinance Institutions in Tanzania; PhD. Thesis, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom.
  • Pasha, S.A.M and Negese, T (2014) Performance of Loan Repayment Determinants in Ethiopian Micro Finance – An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics 7 (13), pp 29- 49
  • Peprah, J. A (2012). Access to Microcredit Well-being among Women Entrepreneurs in the Mfantsiman Municipality of Ghana; International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies. Vol.1 No. 1 pp 34-36
  • Quayes, S. (2012). Depth of Outreach and Financial Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions, Applied Economics, Vol. 44, pp. 3421–3433
  • Reta, F. K. (2011), Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance: A Case Study on Addis Credit and Saving Institution, Addis Ababa; Master Thesis, Wageningen University.
  • Rooyen, C. V., Stewart, R. and Wet, T.D. (2012) ‘The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence’, World Development, 40 (11), 2249–2262.
  • Sharma, S and Kalra, P (2015). An Overview of Credit Appraisal System with Special Reference to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Pacific Business Review International Volume 7, Issue 11. pp 94 – 104
  • Shu-Teng, L., Zariyawati, M.A., Suraya-Hanim, M., and Annuar, M.N (2015) Determinants of Microfinance Repayment Performance: Evidence from Small Medium Enterprises in Malaysia, International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol.7, No. 11, pp 110 – 120
  • Schreiner, M.; Navajas. S.; Meyer, R.L.; Gonzalenzvega, C.; & Rodriguezmeza, J. (2000), Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence from Bolivia, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp 333 – 346
  • Tabachnik, B.G and Fidell, L.S (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. U.S.A
  • Tundui, C and Tundui, H, (2013), Microcredit, Micro Enterprising and Repayment Myth: The Case of Micro and Small Women Business Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, American Journal of Business and Management Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 20 – 30
  • Van Deventer, D. R.; Imai, K. & Mesler, M (2013). Advanced Financial Risk Management Tools and Techniques for Integrated Credit Risk and Interest Rate Risk Management, Second Edition John. Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.
  • Vi Ngo, T, Mullineux, A.W & Anh Hoang Ly. A (2014), The impact of scale of operation on financial performance in microfinance, Eurasian Economic Review, DOI 10.1007/s40822-014-0011-4, ISSN 1309-422X
  • Wester, G. (1993). Essays on Regulation and Supervision, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 11, pp 35-46.

Loan Appraisal Protocol for Effective Microfinance Portfolio in Tanzania

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 193 - 210, 29.12.2020

Danstun Ngonyani Halil Serbes

https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.733207

Öz

The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis on loan application appraisal protocol for effective microfinance portfolio in Tanzania. This study utilizes random sampling method and ordinary least square regression model on 219 microfinance institutions collected from Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Dodoma regions. The results show that borrower business income, capital of borrower, membership duration of borrower and social collateral of borrowers have negative and significant impact on portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions. The findings therefore indicate that portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions can be reduced by (i) microfinance institutions to consider sound cash flow of the main business of microfinance client to enhance repayments; (ii) microfinance institutions must provide credit facilities to borrowers with relatively high capital in their business; (iii) microfinance institutions should extend credits to borrowers who are frequently willing to access credit facilities to enhance regular repayments; (iv) microfinance institutions should encourage borrowers to use group lending when accessing credits for effective repayments and diminish the risk of microfinance loan portfolio.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Portfolio at risk Loan appraisal protocol Non-member-based microfinance institutions

Kaynakça

  • Addo C. K. and Twum S.B. (2013). Sustainability of Microfinance in Developing Countries through Credit Risk Management: Evidence from Business Experience, Purpose of Loan, Long Term, Profit Maximization Motive, Global Journal Finance and Banking Issue (7) 9 – 18
  • Ahmed, S and Malik, A. Q. (2015). Credit Risk Management and Loan Performance: Empirical Investigation of Micro Finance Banks of Pakistan; International Journal of Economics and Financial. Issues, Vol 5, Issue 2, pp 574 – 579
  • Al-Azzam, M., Mimouni, K & Ali, M.A, (2012). The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Financial Access on Microfinance Institutions, International Journal of Economics and Finance. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp 61 – 71
  • Aliija, R and Muhangi, W.B (2015). The Effect of Loan Appraisal Process Management on Credit Performance in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): A Case of MFIs in Uganda, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 4, Issue No. 1, pp 150 -168
  • Angaine, F and Waari, D.N (2014). Factors Influencing Loan Repayment in Micro- Finance Institutions in Kenya, Journal of Business and Management, Volume 16, Issue 9. pp 66 -72.
  • Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J (2010). The Economics of Microfinance, The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England.
  • Armendariz B. and Morduch, J. (2000). Microfinance Beyond Group Lending. Economics of Transition, 8, 401-420. Arthur, J., Apanga, M. & Appiah, K.O. (2016). Credit Risk Management of Ghanian Listed Banks; International Journal of Law and Management, Vol. 58 Issue 2 pp. 162-178
  • Ayogyam, A., Goddana, M.D., Mohammed, H. & Boateng, E. (2013). Monitoring Loan Repayment among Farmers in Techiman, Ghana: Investigating the Effect of Cooperative Farming System; Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 5 (1) 32-37
  • Babu, S. & Singh, A. (2007). The Need for Individual Lending in Mature Microfinance Institutions, Eye on Microfinance, Vol. 4, pp 1-7.
  • Baiyegunhi, L.J.; Fraser, G.C.G & Darroch, M. A, (2010). Credit Constraints and Household Welfare in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 5, No. 16, pp 2243-2252
  • Bayeh A.K. (2012) Financial Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Ethiopia. European Journal of Business and Management Vol 4, No.15.pp 1 – 9
  • Chijoriga, M.M., Mori, N., and Olomi, D.R. (2009). Microfinance: In African Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, Context and Process, Oteman Ltd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Churchill, C. and Frankiewicz, C, (2006). Making Microfinance Work: Managing for Improved Performance, the International Training Centre of the ILO in Turin, Italy.
  • Clamara, N., Pena, X., and Tuesta, D. (2014). Factors that Matter for Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Peru, Working Paper No. 14/09, BBVA Research, Madrid
  • Dahir, M.A.M (2006). The Challenges Facing Microfinance Institutions in Poverty Eradication: A Case Study in Mogadishu, International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 2, Issue 2, pp 56 -62
  • D'Espallier, B., Guerin, I. and Mersland, R., (2011). Women and Repayment in Microfinance: A Global Analysis. World Development 39 (5): 758 – 772.
  • Feroze, S.M, Chauhan, A.K., Malhotra, R. and Kadian, K.S, (2011), Factors Influencing Group Repayment Performance in Haryana: Application of Tobit Model, Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 24, pp 57-65
  • Gatimu, E.M., and Frederick, M.K. (2014). Assessing Institutional Factors Contributing to Loan Defaulting in Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 19, 105-123.
  • Godquin, M, (2004) Microfinance Repayment Performance in Bangladesh: How to Improve the Allocation of Loans by MFIs; World Development Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1909–1926
  • Hamada, M. (2010). Financial Services to the Poor: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Microfinance, The Developing Economies, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 1-14.
  • Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. and Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis 6th Edition Pearson Education Inc. USA
  • Hair, J.F., Black. W.C., Babib. B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New York.
  • Hartarska, V and Nadolnya, D (2007), Do Regulated Microfinance Institutions Achieve better Sustainability and Outreach? Cross-country evidence, Applied Economics; Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 39. 1207 – 1222.
  • Hietalahti, J., and Linden, M. (2006). Socio-Economic Impacts of Microfinance and Repayment Performance: A Case Study of the Small Enterprise Foundation, South Africa. Progress in Development Studies, 6 (3), 201-210
  • Hunte, J (1996). Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific. Routledge; USA Kuhn M.E & Darroch.
  • Inkumbi, M. (2009). Beyond the 5Cs of Lending. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 16 (4), 640-661
  • Ishengoma, E. K. (2010) ‘Financial Linkages and Cost Efficiency: Lessons from Microfinance Cooperatives in Tanzania’, Business Management Review 14: 1-29.
  • Janda, K and Turbat, B (2013). Factors Influencing Portfolio Yield of Microfinance Institutions in Central Asia, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 49549, http://mpra.ub.uni- muenchen.de/49549/
  • Javid, A.Y. and Abrar, A. (2015). Microfinance Institutions and Poverty Reduction: A Cross Regional Analysis, The Pakistan Development Review, 54:4, Part II, pp, 371 -387
  • Kacem, S. B & Zouari, S. G (2013). The Determinants of Access of Financial Services for Sicrocredit Association: Application on Tunisian case, Journal of Business Management and Economics, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 031- 046
  • Kar, A.K., and Swain, R.B. (2014) Competition, performance and portfolio quality in microfinance markets, Working Paper Series 2014:8, Department of Economics, Uppsala University.
  • Kariuki, J. N. (2010). Effective Collection Policy, Nairobi; KASNEB Publishers.
  • Keenan, A, and Stevens, P. J. (2016), Applied Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences, Analysis with SAS and IBM’S SPSS, Six Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Kessy, S.A. and Urio, F.M. (2006). The Contribution of Microfinance Institutions to Poverty Reduction in Tanzania, REPOA Research Report, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
  • Kuhn M.E & Darroch. M. (1999). Factors Affecting Rural Medium-term Loan Repayment: Evidence from a South African Development Finance Institution. International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Ashgate Publishing Co. Ltd, UK.
  • Lagat, F.K.; Mugo, R. & Otuya, R. (2013). Effect of Credit Risk Management Practices on Lending Portfolio Among Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Kenya; International Journal of Science Commerce and Humanities, Vol. 1 No 5. Pp 93 – 106
  • Lilay, W.L.; Desta, T. & Wondmagehn. (2015) Factors Influencing MFIs Group Loan Repayment Performance: A Case of MSEs Service Sector in Mekelle City, Ethiopia; Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol.6, No.5; 154 – 170
  • Maata, D. (2004). Examining Determinants of Group Loan Repayment in the Dominican Republic. Master Thesis, The Ohio State University. United States of America.
  • Mapesa, H. J, (2012). Impact of Access to Microfinance Services on Farm Households’ Income in Iringa Region, Tanzania; PhD Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania.
  • Mwangi, I.W & Kihiu, E.N (2012). Impact of Financial Literacy on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, Internal Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3, No. 19. pp 212-222
  • Nawai, N & Shariff, M.M (2013). Loan Repayment Problems in Microfinance Programme that use Individual Lending Approach: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal, Vol. 1. (1) 88 – 97
  • Nyamsogoro, G.D (2010). Financial Sustainability of Rural Microfinance Institutions in Tanzania; PhD. Thesis, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom.
  • Pasha, S.A.M and Negese, T (2014) Performance of Loan Repayment Determinants in Ethiopian Micro Finance – An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics 7 (13), pp 29- 49
  • Peprah, J. A (2012). Access to Microcredit Well-being among Women Entrepreneurs in the Mfantsiman Municipality of Ghana; International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies. Vol.1 No. 1 pp 34-36
  • Quayes, S. (2012). Depth of Outreach and Financial Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions, Applied Economics, Vol. 44, pp. 3421–3433
  • Reta, F. K. (2011), Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance: A Case Study on Addis Credit and Saving Institution, Addis Ababa; Master Thesis, Wageningen University.
  • Rooyen, C. V., Stewart, R. and Wet, T.D. (2012) ‘The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence’, World Development, 40 (11), 2249–2262.
  • Sharma, S and Kalra, P (2015). An Overview of Credit Appraisal System with Special Reference to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Pacific Business Review International Volume 7, Issue 11. pp 94 – 104
  • Shu-Teng, L., Zariyawati, M.A., Suraya-Hanim, M., and Annuar, M.N (2015) Determinants of Microfinance Repayment Performance: Evidence from Small Medium Enterprises in Malaysia, International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol.7, No. 11, pp 110 – 120
  • Schreiner, M.; Navajas. S.; Meyer, R.L.; Gonzalenzvega, C.; & Rodriguezmeza, J. (2000), Microcredit and the Poorest of the Poor: Theory and Evidence from Bolivia, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp 333 – 346
  • Tabachnik, B.G and Fidell, L.S (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. U.S.A
  • Tundui, C and Tundui, H, (2013), Microcredit, Micro Enterprising and Repayment Myth: The Case of Micro and Small Women Business Entrepreneurs in Tanzania, American Journal of Business and Management Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 20 – 30
  • Van Deventer, D. R.; Imai, K. & Mesler, M (2013). Advanced Financial Risk Management Tools and Techniques for Integrated Credit Risk and Interest Rate Risk Management, Second Edition John. Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.
  • Vi Ngo, T, Mullineux, A.W & Anh Hoang Ly. A (2014), The impact of scale of operation on financial performance in microfinance, Eurasian Economic Review, DOI 10.1007/s40822-014-0011-4, ISSN 1309-422X
  • Wester, G. (1993). Essays on Regulation and Supervision, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 11, pp 35-46.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Danstun Ngonyani 0000-0003-2903-1962

Halil Serbes 0000-0002-6145-2102

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2020
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ngonyani, D., & Serbes, H. (2020). Loan Appraisal Protocol for Effective Microfinance Portfolio in Tanzania. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.733207
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