Araştırma Makalesi
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Suriye İç Savaşı’ndaki Yabancı (Terörist) Savaşçılara Genişletilmiş Bakış

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 131 - 146, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.682637

Öz

Yabancı (terörist) savaşçılar, pek çok açıdan yeni bir mesele değildir, çünkü yabancıların sivil çatışmalara dâhil olması tarihteki silahlı çatışmaların önemli özelliklerinden birisidir. Sorun yeni olmamakla birlikte Suriye İç Savaşı ile ortaya çıkan yabancı (terörist) savaşçılar dalgası, hem olguyu anlama hem bununla başa çıkmada yeni zorluklar sunmaktadır çünkü bu sefer daha çok sayıda, daha küresel ve daha çeşitli bir yabancı (terörist) savaşçılar olgusuyla karşı karşıyayız. Mevcut makale öncelikle konunun tarihini ve kavramsal tartışmalarını kısaca tartışmakta
ve sonrasında Suriye’deki mevcut yabancı (terörist) savaşçılar konusunu literatürdeki yaygın yaklaşımın aksine daha geniş bir perspektiften ele almaktadır. Bahse konu araştırmada temel olarak ikincil kaynaklar ile bazı birincil kaynaklar kullanılmaktadır. Netice itibarıyla bu makale, literatürde büyük çoğunlukla dini radikalleşme temelli yabancı (terörist) savaşçılara odaklanılmasına rağmen, konunun farklı tezahürlerinin olduğunu, bu anlamda Suriye İç Savaşı’nın etnik, ayrılıkçı, ideolojik ve dini olmak üzere farklı radikalleşme kaynaklarına göre yabancı
(terörist) savaşçılar konusunda zengin bir vaka sunduğunu savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AFP (2015), “Iraq, Iran fighters deployed to defend Damascus: security source”, Agence France Presse, 3 June, https://news.yahoo.com/iraq-iran-fighters-deployed-defend-damascus-security-source-143253360.html (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Al Jazeera (2015), “Suriye’deki ithal Şii savaşçılar”, Al Jazeera, 22 July, www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/suriyedeki-ithal-sii-savascilar (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Barfi, Barak (2016), Ascent of the PYD and the SDF, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Research Notes, No. 32, April.
  • Barrett, Richard (2014), Foreign Fighters in Syria, The Soufan Group, June.
  • Barrett, Richard (2017), Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees, The Soufan Center, October.
  • Conci, Giulia (2015), The Phenomenon of Foreign Fighters: The Case of the Islamic State in the Syrian and Iraqi Conflict, Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Libera.
  • CTED (2018), The Challenge of Returning and Relocating Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives, United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED), Trend Reports.
  • Hatahet, Sinan; Cengiz, Mehmet Emin and Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2019), The Phenomenon of YPG Transnational Fighters in Syria, Al-Sharq Forum, Paper Series, April.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas (2010/11), “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad”, Quarterly Journal: International Security, 35 (3), Winter, pp. 53-94.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas (2013), “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Westers Jıhadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting” American Political Science Review, 107 (1) pp. 1-15.
  • Holman, Timithy and Moore, Cerwyn (2017), Remainers and Leavers: Foreign Fighters after the Islamic State, Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats (CREST), CREST Security Review, Issue 4, Spring.
  • Horgan, John (2008), “From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives from Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618 (1), pp. 80–94.
  • Jawaid, Arsla (2017) “From Foreign Fighters to Returnees: The Challenges of Rehabilitation and Reintegration Policies”, Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 12 (2), pp. 102-107.
  • Koch, Ariel (2019), “The Non-Jihadi Foreign Fighters: Western Right-Wing and Left-Wing Extremists in Syria”, Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 1-28.
  • Kraehenmann, Sandra (2014), Foreign Fighters under International Law, Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Academy Briefing No. 7.
  • Levitt, Matthew (2015), Waking up the Neighbours. How Regional Intervention is Transforming Hezbollah, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Institute, 23 July.
  • Malet, David (2010), “Why Foreign Fighters? Historical Perspectives and Solutions”, Orbis, 54 (1), Winter, pp. 97-114.
  • Malet, David (2013), Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Malet, David (2016), The Foreign Fighter Project Data, http://davidmalet.com/The_Foreign_Fighter_Project.php (Accessed on 20 May 2019).
  • Malet, David (2017), The Foreign Fighter Project, http://davidmalet.com/The_Foreign_Fighter_Project.php (Accessed on 20 May 2019).
  • Martin, Nora (2019), “Terrorism policing: the YPG/YPJ, an ally abroad but a danger at home?” 9 January 2019, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/terrorism-policing-ypgypj-ally-abroad-but-danger-at-home/ (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Mendelsohn, Barak (2011), “Foreign Fighters-Recent Trends”, Orbis, 55 (2), Spring, pp. 189-202.
  • Miodownik, Dan; Barak, Oren; Mor, Maayan and Yair, Omer (2014) “Introduction”, Dan Miodownik and Oren Barak (eds.), Nonstate Actors in Intrastate Conflicts, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1-11.
  • Moslih Hashmatallah (2016), “Iran ‘foreign legion’ leans on Afghan Shia in Syria war”, Al Jazeera, 22 January, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iran-foreign-legion-leans-afghan-shia-syria-war-160122130355206.html (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Mullins, Sam (2014), “Foreign Fighters in Syria”, per Concordiam, 5 (3), pp.36-43.
  • Orton, Kyle (2017), The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria, The Henry Jackson Society.
  • OSCE (2018), Guidelines for Addressing the Threats and Challenges of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” within a Human Rights Framework, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  • Öztürk, Selim (2018), “Kuruluşundan Günümüze Bir Terör Örgütü Olarak DEAŞ”, Salih Zeki Haklı (ed.), Radikalleşme Şiddet ve Terörizm, Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları, pp. 299-317.
  • Öztürk, Selim (2019), “Küresel Terör Örgütü el-Kaide’nin Gelişimi ve Ön Plana Çıkan Liderleri Bağlamında “Cihad” Anlayışının Geçirdiği Değişimler”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6 (2), pp. 167-196.
  • RAN (2017), RAN Manuel: Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families, Radicalisation Awareness Network, European Union Centre of Excellence, July.
  • Sageman, Marc (2008) Leaderless Jihad. Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Schmid, Alex P. (2015), Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters Estimates: Conceptual and Data Issues, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) - The Hague, ICCT Policy Brief.
  • Stern, Jessica and Berger, J. M. (2015a), “ISIS and the Foreign-Fighter Phenomenon”, The Atlantic, 8 March.
  • Stern, Jessica and Berger, J.M. (2015b), ISIS The State of Terror, London: William Collins Publishers.
  • Tuck, Henry; Silverman, Tanya and Smalley, Candace (2016), Shooting in the right direction: Anti-ISIS Foreign Fighters in Syria &Iraq, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Horizons Series No. 1.
  • UNODC (2018), Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication of Foreign Terrorist Fighter Cases for South and South-East Asia, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna: United Nations.
  • UNSC (2014a), Resolution 2170, S/RES/2170, United Nations Security Council, Adopted on 15 August 2014.
  • UNSC (2014b), Resolution 2178, S/RES/2178, United Nations Security Council, Adopted on 24 September 2014.
  • Van Ginkel, Bibi and Entenmann, Eva (2016), The foreign fighters phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, threats & policies, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) – The Hague, ICCT Research Paper, April.
  • Yıldız, Şengül (2016), Yıldız, Radicalization in Europe: European Foreign Fighters in Syria, Unpublished Master Thesis, Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2001), “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad”, Middle East Policy, 8 (4), pp. 18-38.

Broadened Perspective On Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters In Syrian Civil War

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 131 - 146, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.682637

Öz

The issue of foreign (terrorist) fighters is hardly a new phenomenon because the inclusion of foreigners into civil conflicts has been one of the substantial features of armed conflicts in the history. However, the current wave presents new challenges because it is larger, more global, and more diverse. This paper aims to elaborate the issue by firstly discussing the history of the phenomena and conceptual debates. Then, the paper elaborates profiles of foreign (terrorist) fighters in Syria with a broader perspective than mainstream literature. In its analysis, this paper relies on the secondary and some primary sources. By doing so, this paper argues that although most of studies focus on religious foreign (terrorist) fighters, there are different kinds of foreign (terrorist) fighters in Syria in different manifestations of the phenomena according to their radicalization sources like ethnic, separatist, ideological and religious.

Kaynakça

  • AFP (2015), “Iraq, Iran fighters deployed to defend Damascus: security source”, Agence France Presse, 3 June, https://news.yahoo.com/iraq-iran-fighters-deployed-defend-damascus-security-source-143253360.html (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Al Jazeera (2015), “Suriye’deki ithal Şii savaşçılar”, Al Jazeera, 22 July, www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/suriyedeki-ithal-sii-savascilar (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Barfi, Barak (2016), Ascent of the PYD and the SDF, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Research Notes, No. 32, April.
  • Barrett, Richard (2014), Foreign Fighters in Syria, The Soufan Group, June.
  • Barrett, Richard (2017), Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees, The Soufan Center, October.
  • Conci, Giulia (2015), The Phenomenon of Foreign Fighters: The Case of the Islamic State in the Syrian and Iraqi Conflict, Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Libera.
  • CTED (2018), The Challenge of Returning and Relocating Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives, United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED), Trend Reports.
  • Hatahet, Sinan; Cengiz, Mehmet Emin and Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2019), The Phenomenon of YPG Transnational Fighters in Syria, Al-Sharq Forum, Paper Series, April.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas (2010/11), “The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad”, Quarterly Journal: International Security, 35 (3), Winter, pp. 53-94.
  • Hegghammer, Thomas (2013), “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Westers Jıhadists’ Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting” American Political Science Review, 107 (1) pp. 1-15.
  • Holman, Timithy and Moore, Cerwyn (2017), Remainers and Leavers: Foreign Fighters after the Islamic State, Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats (CREST), CREST Security Review, Issue 4, Spring.
  • Horgan, John (2008), “From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives from Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618 (1), pp. 80–94.
  • Jawaid, Arsla (2017) “From Foreign Fighters to Returnees: The Challenges of Rehabilitation and Reintegration Policies”, Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 12 (2), pp. 102-107.
  • Koch, Ariel (2019), “The Non-Jihadi Foreign Fighters: Western Right-Wing and Left-Wing Extremists in Syria”, Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 1-28.
  • Kraehenmann, Sandra (2014), Foreign Fighters under International Law, Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Academy Briefing No. 7.
  • Levitt, Matthew (2015), Waking up the Neighbours. How Regional Intervention is Transforming Hezbollah, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Institute, 23 July.
  • Malet, David (2010), “Why Foreign Fighters? Historical Perspectives and Solutions”, Orbis, 54 (1), Winter, pp. 97-114.
  • Malet, David (2013), Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Malet, David (2016), The Foreign Fighter Project Data, http://davidmalet.com/The_Foreign_Fighter_Project.php (Accessed on 20 May 2019).
  • Malet, David (2017), The Foreign Fighter Project, http://davidmalet.com/The_Foreign_Fighter_Project.php (Accessed on 20 May 2019).
  • Martin, Nora (2019), “Terrorism policing: the YPG/YPJ, an ally abroad but a danger at home?” 9 January 2019, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/terrorism-policing-ypgypj-ally-abroad-but-danger-at-home/ (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Mendelsohn, Barak (2011), “Foreign Fighters-Recent Trends”, Orbis, 55 (2), Spring, pp. 189-202.
  • Miodownik, Dan; Barak, Oren; Mor, Maayan and Yair, Omer (2014) “Introduction”, Dan Miodownik and Oren Barak (eds.), Nonstate Actors in Intrastate Conflicts, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1-11.
  • Moslih Hashmatallah (2016), “Iran ‘foreign legion’ leans on Afghan Shia in Syria war”, Al Jazeera, 22 January, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iran-foreign-legion-leans-afghan-shia-syria-war-160122130355206.html (Accessed on 10 December 2019).
  • Mullins, Sam (2014), “Foreign Fighters in Syria”, per Concordiam, 5 (3), pp.36-43.
  • Orton, Kyle (2017), The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria, The Henry Jackson Society.
  • OSCE (2018), Guidelines for Addressing the Threats and Challenges of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” within a Human Rights Framework, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  • Öztürk, Selim (2018), “Kuruluşundan Günümüze Bir Terör Örgütü Olarak DEAŞ”, Salih Zeki Haklı (ed.), Radikalleşme Şiddet ve Terörizm, Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları, pp. 299-317.
  • Öztürk, Selim (2019), “Küresel Terör Örgütü el-Kaide’nin Gelişimi ve Ön Plana Çıkan Liderleri Bağlamında “Cihad” Anlayışının Geçirdiği Değişimler”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6 (2), pp. 167-196.
  • RAN (2017), RAN Manuel: Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families, Radicalisation Awareness Network, European Union Centre of Excellence, July.
  • Sageman, Marc (2008) Leaderless Jihad. Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Schmid, Alex P. (2015), Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters Estimates: Conceptual and Data Issues, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) - The Hague, ICCT Policy Brief.
  • Stern, Jessica and Berger, J. M. (2015a), “ISIS and the Foreign-Fighter Phenomenon”, The Atlantic, 8 March.
  • Stern, Jessica and Berger, J.M. (2015b), ISIS The State of Terror, London: William Collins Publishers.
  • Tuck, Henry; Silverman, Tanya and Smalley, Candace (2016), Shooting in the right direction: Anti-ISIS Foreign Fighters in Syria &Iraq, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Horizons Series No. 1.
  • UNODC (2018), Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication of Foreign Terrorist Fighter Cases for South and South-East Asia, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna: United Nations.
  • UNSC (2014a), Resolution 2170, S/RES/2170, United Nations Security Council, Adopted on 15 August 2014.
  • UNSC (2014b), Resolution 2178, S/RES/2178, United Nations Security Council, Adopted on 24 September 2014.
  • Van Ginkel, Bibi and Entenmann, Eva (2016), The foreign fighters phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, threats & policies, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) – The Hague, ICCT Research Paper, April.
  • Yıldız, Şengül (2016), Yıldız, Radicalization in Europe: European Foreign Fighters in Syria, Unpublished Master Thesis, Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2001), “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad”, Middle East Policy, 8 (4), pp. 18-38.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Murat Tınas

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97

Kaynak Göster

APA Tınas, M. (2020). Broadened Perspective On Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters In Syrian Civil War. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(97), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.682637