Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2023,
Sayı: 110, 97 - 122, 20.06.2023
Öz
Biyo-kapital tanımlamasının çeşitliliği sportif faaliyetlerden, taşıyıcı annelik, organ korsanlığı gibi değişik biçimlerde temayüz eden beden teknolojilerine kadar pek çok başlığı içeriyor. Öte yandan, bu çalışmaların giderek genişlemesi, beden için yeni imkanlar yaratırken, beden ile öznellik arasında yeni gerilimlere ve çatışmalara da yol açıyor.
Bu çatışmalı alana biyo-kapital deniliyor olsa da, bu noktaya birdenbire gelinmedi. Zira, modernizm özneyi bir yandan biyolojik bir ünite biyo-politikanın nesnesi olarak beden, diğer yandan da kapitalizmin nesnesi bir ünite, emek, olarak birbiriyle ilişkili iki temel mecrada inşa etti, konumlandırdı. Ne var ki, genetik, tıp, yazılım ve farmakoloji alanındaki gelişmelerle birlikte, endüstriyel kapitalizmin ve modern iktidarın bedeni yerleştirdiği pozisyonlarda temel bir değişiklik ortaya çıktı.
Bu çalışmada, kapitalizmin geleneksel üretim-dolaşım-temellük mekanizmasının hibridleşmesi, biyo-değer ile karşılaşma ve bu hibridleşmenin, kapitalist sistem içinde oluşturduğu alt başlıklar ele alınacak.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agamben, Giorgio. (2005) State of Exception. London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Bensaid, D. (2017) Mülksüzler: Marx, Odun Hırsızları ve Yoksulların Hukuku. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
- Braudel, Fernand (1992), Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, The Structure of Everyday Life. California: California: University of California Press
- Brezis, Elise S. (2003), "Mercantilism", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Cooper, M. (2007) Life, Autopoiesis, Debt: Inventing the Bioeconomy. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory. 8:1, 25-43. DOI: 10.1080/1600910X.2007.9672937 https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2007.9672937
- Cooper, M.(2008) Life as Surplus: Biotechnology and Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Cooper, M. and Waldby, C. (2014) Clinical Labor: Tissue Donors and Research Subjects in the Global Bioeconomy. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Davies, M. (Ed.). (2017). Babies for sale? Transnational surrogacy, human rights and the politics of reproduction. London: Zed Books.
- Dawson, A. (2015) Biocapitalism and Culture. Environments and Societies UK Davis. http://environmentsandsocieties.ucdavis.edu/files/2015/02/Dawson_Biocapitalism-Culture.pdf
- Engels, F. (1997 )İngiltere’de Emekçi Sınıfın Durumu. Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
- Engels, F. (1999) Köylüler Savaşı. Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
- European History Online/EGO. (2011) Colonialism and Imperialism 1450-1950 http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/colonialism-and-imperialism
- Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Random House, New York.
- Foucault, M. (1980) The History of Sexuality. Volume I: An Introduction. Vintage, New York
- Foucault, M. (2015) Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu, College de France Dersleri 1978-79. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
- Franklin, S. and Lock, M. (Eds) (2003) “Animation and Cessation: The Remaking of Life and Death” (editor’s introduction). In S. Franklin, & M. Lock (Eds.), Remaking life & death : toward an anthropology of the biosciences (pp. 3-22). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
- Fumagalli, A., Lucarelli, S., (2007) “A model of Cognitive Capitalism: A Preliminary Analysis” Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12026804.pdf
- Fumagalli, A. Morini, C. (2010) “Life Put To Work: Towards a Life Theory of Value,” Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization 10.3/4
- Galeano, E. (1973) Open Veins of Latin America. Monthly Review Press, London.
- Gupta, J. A. (2012). “Parenthood in the Era of Reproductive Outsourcing and Global Assemblages”. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 18(1), Taylor & Francis Online. 7–29. doi: 10.1080/12259276.2012.11666120
- Ha, J. O. (2015). “Pregnancy and Birth Transaction in Korea – Reproductive Technologies and the Intention of Parenthood”. Issues in Feminism, 15(1), 169–209. doi: 10.21287/iif.2015.04.15.1.169
- Heller, C. (2001) McDonalds, MTV, and Monsanto: resisting biotechnology in the age of informational capital, in: B. Tokar (Ed.) Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering, pp. 405–419 (London: Zed Books), Available at: http://www.social-ecology.org/article.php?story¼20031028150738895.
- Kain, R. Chapman, J., Oliver, R., (2010) “The Enclosure Maps of England and Wales, 1595-19182” Keynes, John Maynard (1936). “The General Theory of Employment, Interest And Money”. Nature. 137 (3471): 761.
- Kindleberger, C.P. (2010) Cinnet Panik ve Çöküş: Mali Krizler Tarihi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Klein, H. S. (1986) African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York-Oxford: Penguin Publishing.
- Lazzarato, Maurizio (1996). “Immaterial labor”. In Paolo Virno, Michael Hardt (eds.). Radical Thought in Italy : A Potential Politics. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 142–157.
- Lazzarato, Maurizio (2002). From biopower to biopolitics. Pli 13:112-125.
- Lemke, Thomas. (2012) Foucault, Governmentality and Critique. Newyork: Routledge.
- Loomba, Ania (2000) Koloniyalizm Post-Koloniyalizm. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları
- Lundin, S. (2008) “The Valuable Body. Organ trafficking in Eastern Europe”. Baltic Worlds, 2008, 1: 6-9. Marks, K.. (2015) Kapital Cilt I.. Yordam Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Marwah, V. (2014). “How surrogacy is challenging our feminisms”. Virinda Marwah ve Nadimpally Sarojini (Ed.) in, Reconfiguring Reproduction: Feminist Health Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (pp. 4554–5271) Delhi: Zubaan Publish.
- Marx, K. (1933) Wage-Labour and Capital. International Publishers&Co, London.
- Mendieta, Eduardo. (2011) “The Practice of Freedom” (Ed.) Diana Taylor. In Michel Foucault Key Concepts. London&Newyork: Routledge.
- Neeson, J.M. (2010) Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700-1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Negri, A., & Hardt, M. (2000). Empire. London: Harvard University Press.
- Negri, A., &Hardt, M. (2004). Multitude. London: Penguin Press
- Ojakangas, Mika. (2005) “Impossible dialogue on Bio-Power, Agamben and Foucault”. Foucault Studies, No 2, 5-28.
- OSCE (2013) “Trafficking in Human Beings for the purpose of organ removal in the OSCE Region: Analysis and Findings” Occasional Paper Series no.6.
- Rajan, K.S.(2006) Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenemic Life. Duke University Press: Durham.
- Rajan, K.S. (2012) “Introduction: The Capitalization of Life and the Liveliness of Capital” Lively Capital: Biotechnologies, Ethics, and Governance in Global Markets. Duke University Press, Durham.
- Reynolds, Edward. (2004) Fırtınaya Karşı Ayakta Kalmak: Atlantik Köle Ticareti Tarihi. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. Ricardo, D. (2000) Ekonomi Politiğin ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri Üzerine. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
- Sahlins, P. (1994) Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Scheper-Hughes, N. (2017). “Kidney Pirates: How to End Human Trafficking in Organs for Illegal Transplants”. Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation, 2017(2), 259-270.
- Shiller, R.J. (2000) Irrational Exuberance. Sussex&Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Shiva, V. (1999) Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Berkeley/Califorina: North Atlantic Books.
- Smith, A. (2014) Milletlerin Zenginliği. İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Thompson E. P. (1963) The Making of the English Working Class. Gollancz Publish, London.
- Thompson, C. (2005) Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies (Cambridge: MIT Press).
- Thompson, E.P. (1975) Whigs and hunters: The origins of the Black Act. Pantheon Books, New York.
- Virno, Paolo (2013). An equivocal concept: Biopolitics. In Timothy C. Campbell & Adam Sitze (eds.), Biopolitics: A Reader. Duke University Press.
- Waldby, C. and Mitchell, R. (2006) Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Weber, M. (2012) Ekonomi ve Toplum. Yarın Yayınları, İstanbul.
- WIPO (2000) Patent Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/about-ip/en/studies/pdf/iipi_hiv.pdf
Yıl 2023,
Sayı: 110, 97 - 122, 20.06.2023
Öz
The spectrum and issues of bio-capital, are wide from sportive activities and bodily technologies to surrogacy motherhood, and organ piracy. On the other hand, while the development of this work opens up new possibilities for the body, it also creates new tensions and conflicts between the body and subjectivity.
Although this conflicted field is called bio-capital, this point was not reached suddenly. For, modernism constructed and positioned the subject in two interrelated basic channels: The body as a biological unit, the object of bio-politics, on the one hand, and labor, the object of capitalism, on the other. However, with advances in genetics, medicine, software and pharmacology, there has been a fundamental shift in the positioning of the body by industrial capitalism and modern power.
In this study, the hybridization of the traditional production-circulation-commodification mechanism of capitalism, the encounter with bio-value and the sub-headings that this hybridization creates within the capitalist system will be discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agamben, Giorgio. (2005) State of Exception. London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Bensaid, D. (2017) Mülksüzler: Marx, Odun Hırsızları ve Yoksulların Hukuku. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
- Braudel, Fernand (1992), Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, The Structure of Everyday Life. California: California: University of California Press
- Brezis, Elise S. (2003), "Mercantilism", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Cooper, M. (2007) Life, Autopoiesis, Debt: Inventing the Bioeconomy. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory. 8:1, 25-43. DOI: 10.1080/1600910X.2007.9672937 https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2007.9672937
- Cooper, M.(2008) Life as Surplus: Biotechnology and Capitalism in the Neoliberal Era. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Cooper, M. and Waldby, C. (2014) Clinical Labor: Tissue Donors and Research Subjects in the Global Bioeconomy. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Davies, M. (Ed.). (2017). Babies for sale? Transnational surrogacy, human rights and the politics of reproduction. London: Zed Books.
- Dawson, A. (2015) Biocapitalism and Culture. Environments and Societies UK Davis. http://environmentsandsocieties.ucdavis.edu/files/2015/02/Dawson_Biocapitalism-Culture.pdf
- Engels, F. (1997 )İngiltere’de Emekçi Sınıfın Durumu. Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
- Engels, F. (1999) Köylüler Savaşı. Ankara: Sol Yayınları.
- European History Online/EGO. (2011) Colonialism and Imperialism 1450-1950 http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/colonialism-and-imperialism
- Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Random House, New York.
- Foucault, M. (1980) The History of Sexuality. Volume I: An Introduction. Vintage, New York
- Foucault, M. (2015) Biyopolitikanın Doğuşu, College de France Dersleri 1978-79. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. İstanbul
- Franklin, S. and Lock, M. (Eds) (2003) “Animation and Cessation: The Remaking of Life and Death” (editor’s introduction). In S. Franklin, & M. Lock (Eds.), Remaking life & death : toward an anthropology of the biosciences (pp. 3-22). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
- Fumagalli, A., Lucarelli, S., (2007) “A model of Cognitive Capitalism: A Preliminary Analysis” Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12026804.pdf
- Fumagalli, A. Morini, C. (2010) “Life Put To Work: Towards a Life Theory of Value,” Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization 10.3/4
- Galeano, E. (1973) Open Veins of Latin America. Monthly Review Press, London.
- Gupta, J. A. (2012). “Parenthood in the Era of Reproductive Outsourcing and Global Assemblages”. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 18(1), Taylor & Francis Online. 7–29. doi: 10.1080/12259276.2012.11666120
- Ha, J. O. (2015). “Pregnancy and Birth Transaction in Korea – Reproductive Technologies and the Intention of Parenthood”. Issues in Feminism, 15(1), 169–209. doi: 10.21287/iif.2015.04.15.1.169
- Heller, C. (2001) McDonalds, MTV, and Monsanto: resisting biotechnology in the age of informational capital, in: B. Tokar (Ed.) Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge to Genetic Engineering, pp. 405–419 (London: Zed Books), Available at: http://www.social-ecology.org/article.php?story¼20031028150738895.
- Kain, R. Chapman, J., Oliver, R., (2010) “The Enclosure Maps of England and Wales, 1595-19182” Keynes, John Maynard (1936). “The General Theory of Employment, Interest And Money”. Nature. 137 (3471): 761.
- Kindleberger, C.P. (2010) Cinnet Panik ve Çöküş: Mali Krizler Tarihi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Klein, H. S. (1986) African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York-Oxford: Penguin Publishing.
- Lazzarato, Maurizio (1996). “Immaterial labor”. In Paolo Virno, Michael Hardt (eds.). Radical Thought in Italy : A Potential Politics. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 142–157.
- Lazzarato, Maurizio (2002). From biopower to biopolitics. Pli 13:112-125.
- Lemke, Thomas. (2012) Foucault, Governmentality and Critique. Newyork: Routledge.
- Loomba, Ania (2000) Koloniyalizm Post-Koloniyalizm. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları
- Lundin, S. (2008) “The Valuable Body. Organ trafficking in Eastern Europe”. Baltic Worlds, 2008, 1: 6-9. Marks, K.. (2015) Kapital Cilt I.. Yordam Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Marwah, V. (2014). “How surrogacy is challenging our feminisms”. Virinda Marwah ve Nadimpally Sarojini (Ed.) in, Reconfiguring Reproduction: Feminist Health Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (pp. 4554–5271) Delhi: Zubaan Publish.
- Marx, K. (1933) Wage-Labour and Capital. International Publishers&Co, London.
- Mendieta, Eduardo. (2011) “The Practice of Freedom” (Ed.) Diana Taylor. In Michel Foucault Key Concepts. London&Newyork: Routledge.
- Neeson, J.M. (2010) Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700-1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Negri, A., & Hardt, M. (2000). Empire. London: Harvard University Press.
- Negri, A., &Hardt, M. (2004). Multitude. London: Penguin Press
- Ojakangas, Mika. (2005) “Impossible dialogue on Bio-Power, Agamben and Foucault”. Foucault Studies, No 2, 5-28.
- OSCE (2013) “Trafficking in Human Beings for the purpose of organ removal in the OSCE Region: Analysis and Findings” Occasional Paper Series no.6.
- Rajan, K.S.(2006) Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenemic Life. Duke University Press: Durham.
- Rajan, K.S. (2012) “Introduction: The Capitalization of Life and the Liveliness of Capital” Lively Capital: Biotechnologies, Ethics, and Governance in Global Markets. Duke University Press, Durham.
- Reynolds, Edward. (2004) Fırtınaya Karşı Ayakta Kalmak: Atlantik Köle Ticareti Tarihi. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. Ricardo, D. (2000) Ekonomi Politiğin ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri Üzerine. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
- Sahlins, P. (1994) Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Scheper-Hughes, N. (2017). “Kidney Pirates: How to End Human Trafficking in Organs for Illegal Transplants”. Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation, 2017(2), 259-270.
- Shiller, R.J. (2000) Irrational Exuberance. Sussex&Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Shiva, V. (1999) Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Berkeley/Califorina: North Atlantic Books.
- Smith, A. (2014) Milletlerin Zenginliği. İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Thompson E. P. (1963) The Making of the English Working Class. Gollancz Publish, London.
- Thompson, C. (2005) Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies (Cambridge: MIT Press).
- Thompson, E.P. (1975) Whigs and hunters: The origins of the Black Act. Pantheon Books, New York.
- Virno, Paolo (2013). An equivocal concept: Biopolitics. In Timothy C. Campbell & Adam Sitze (eds.), Biopolitics: A Reader. Duke University Press.
- Waldby, C. and Mitchell, R. (2006) Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Weber, M. (2012) Ekonomi ve Toplum. Yarın Yayınları, İstanbul.
- WIPO (2000) Patent Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/about-ip/en/studies/pdf/iipi_hiv.pdf
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 13 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Haziran 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Mart 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Sayı: 110 |
- Makale Dosyaları