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DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2, 213 - 233, 08.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1397736

Öz

Although Human Capital Theory asserts post-school investment as an important mechanism in the wage differentials, it is not adequately scrutinized by the literature. Post-school investment is linked to demographic factors like gender, age, education, marital status, etc., and has a dual effect in the wage differentials of individuals (Blaug, 1976; Mincer J. A., 1974a; Polachek, 1975; Rodríguez, Saltiel, & Urzua, 2018). Moreover, PSI can mediate the effect of education on wages which has been widely discussed in the literature. In light of these, this study aims to understand the dynamics of post-school investment, education, and wages in relation with other demographics ignoring the causal relationship between these variables using Adult Education Survey (TURKSTAT, 2007). Results indicate that PSI is high for observations who are young, non-married, women, high wage earner, non-routine job holder, and vocational collage school graduate. Interestingly, results indicate that low wage earners have to invest on their human capital to compete in the labor market against job losses most probably as they are low skilled workers, and their abilities are prone to depreciation easily. Moreover, men can earn more than women, even if they have a lower education level.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Pischke, J.-S. (1998). The Structure of Wages and Investment in General Training. NBER working paper 6357.
  • Becker, G., & Chiswick, B. (1966). Education and the Distribution of Earnings. The American Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1/2, 358-369.
  • Blaug, M. (1976). The Emprical Status of Human Capital Theory: A Slightly Jaundicated Survey. The Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 14, No. 3, 827-855.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., & Goll, D. (2020). Wages, Experience and Training of Women over the Lifecycle. NBER working paper No. 25776.
  • Cilasun, S. M., Demir-Şeker, S., Dinçer, N. N., & Tekin Koru, A. (2018). Adult Education as a Stepping-Stone to Better Jobs: An Analysis of the Adult Education Survey in Turkey. Adult Education Quarterly, Vol. 68 (4), 316-346.
  • Constantine , J., & Neumark, D. (1994). Training and The Growth of Wage Inequality. NBER Working Paper No. 4729.
  • Dave, D., Reichman, N., & Corman, H. (2008). Effects of Welfare Reform on Educational Acquisition of Young Adult Women. NBER Working Paper No. 14466.
  • Dinçer, N., Tekin-Koru , A., & Aşkar, P. (2015). Investigation of Participation in Adult Education in Turkey: AES Data Analysis. MPRA Paper No. 64364.
  • Dinçer, N., & Tekin-Koru, A. (2013). Adult Education in Turkey: Stylized Facts, Determinants and Further Issues. MRPA working paper 49496.
  • Hirsch, B. T. (1978). Earnings, Occupation, and Human. Atlantic Economic Journal, volume 6, 31-39.
  • ILO. (2012). International Standard Classifi cation of Occupations: ISCO-08; Structure, group defi nitions and correspondence tables. Geneva: International Labor Office.
  • Lentz, R., & Roys, N. (2015). Training and Search on the Job. NBER Working Paper No. 21702.
  • Lynch, L. M. (1992). Differential Effects of Post-School Training on Early Career Mobility. NBER working paper 4034.
  • Mincer, J. (1970). The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Spesial Reference to Human Capital Aproach. Journal of Economic Literature, 1-26.
  • Mincer, J. (1970). The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Spesial Reference to Human Capital Aproach. Journal of Economic Literature, 1-26.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974a). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York and London: NBER.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974b). Individual Acquisition of Earning Power. In J. Mincer, Schooling Experience and Earnings (pp. 5-23). NBER.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1989). Job Training: Costs, Returns, and Wage Profiles. NBER Working Paper No. 3208.
  • Polachek, S. W. (1975). Differences in Expected Post-School Investment as a Determinant of Market Wage Differentials. International Economic Review , Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jun., 1975), 451-470.
  • Popli, G., & Yılmaz, O. (2017). Educational attainment and wage inequality in Turkey. Labour, 31(1), 73–104.
  • Rodríguez, J., Saltiel, F., & Urzua, S. (2018). Dynamic Treatment Effects of Job Training. NBER Working Paper 25408.
  • Rubinstein , Y., & Weiss, Y. (2007). Post Schooling Wage Growth: Investment, Search and Learning. In E. Hanushek , & F. Welch, Handbook of the Economics of Education, Volume 1 (pp. 1-69).
  • Shaw, K. L. (1984). A Formulation of the Earnings Function Using the Concept of Occupational Investment. The Journal of Human Resources , Vol. 19, No. 3, 319-340.
  • Tansel, A. (2010). Changing Returns to Education for Men and Women in a Developing Country: Turkey, 1994-2005. IZA Paper.
  • Tansel, A. (2016). Returns to Education in Turkey: IV Estimates From a Developing Country. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Bonn, Germany. Bonn, Germany: IZA.
  • Tansel, A., & Bodur, F. (2012). Wage inequality and returns to education in Turkey: A Quantile regression analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 107-121.
  • Thewissen, S., & Rueda, D. (2016). Employment, Equity and Growth programme. Automation and the Welfare State: Technological Change as a Determinant of Redistribution Preferences. INET Oxford Working Paper no. 2016M02.
  • TURKSTAT. (2007). Adult Education Survey . TURKSTAT Micro Dataset. TURKSTAT.

TÜRK İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINDA OKUL SONRASI YATIRIM, EĞİTİM VE ÜCRET DİNAMİKLERİ: BETİMSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2, 213 - 233, 08.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1397736

Öz

Beşerî Sermaye Teorisi, okul sonrası yatırımın ücret farklılıklarında önemli bir mekanizma olduğunu öne sürse de literatürde yeterince incelenmemiştir. Okul sonrası yatırım, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim ve medeni durum gibi demografik faktörlerle bağlantılıdır ve ücret farklılıklarında çift yönlü bir etki yaratabilmektedir (Blaug, 1976; Mincer J. A., 1974a; Polachek, 1975; Rodríguez, Saltiel, & Urzua, 2018). Ayrıca literatürde çokça tartışılan eğitimin ücretler üzerindeki etkisi üzerinde okul sonrası yatırımların aracılık etkisi bulunabilir. Bu sebeple bu çalışma okul sonrası yatırım, eğitim ve ücret değişkenlerinin dinamiklerini diğer demografik değişkenlerle ilintili olarak ve aralarındaki nedensel ilişkiyi göz ardı ederek incelemeyi amaçlar. Çalışmada TUIK tarafından yayımlanan Yetişkin Eğitimi Araştırması kullanılmıştır (TURKSTAT, 2007). Sonuçlar, okul sonrası yatırımın genç, evli olmayan, kadın, yüksek ücretli, rutin olmayan işlerde çalışan ve meslek lisesi mezunu gruplarda yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar arasında, düşük ücretlilerin okul sonrası yatırımlarının yaşa bağlı olarak arttığı görülmektedir. Bu durum düşük ücretlilerin büyük olasılıkla düşük vasıflı oldukları için, iş gücü piyasasında iş kayıplarının önüne geçebilmek ve rekabet edebilmek için kolayca kaybolabilen yeteneklerini geliştirmek zorunda olduklarını gösterir. Ek olarak, erkeklerin daha düşük eğitim düzeyine sahip olsalar bile kadınlardan daha fazla ücret aldıkları gözlenir.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Pischke, J.-S. (1998). The Structure of Wages and Investment in General Training. NBER working paper 6357.
  • Becker, G., & Chiswick, B. (1966). Education and the Distribution of Earnings. The American Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1/2, 358-369.
  • Blaug, M. (1976). The Emprical Status of Human Capital Theory: A Slightly Jaundicated Survey. The Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 14, No. 3, 827-855.
  • Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., & Goll, D. (2020). Wages, Experience and Training of Women over the Lifecycle. NBER working paper No. 25776.
  • Cilasun, S. M., Demir-Şeker, S., Dinçer, N. N., & Tekin Koru, A. (2018). Adult Education as a Stepping-Stone to Better Jobs: An Analysis of the Adult Education Survey in Turkey. Adult Education Quarterly, Vol. 68 (4), 316-346.
  • Constantine , J., & Neumark, D. (1994). Training and The Growth of Wage Inequality. NBER Working Paper No. 4729.
  • Dave, D., Reichman, N., & Corman, H. (2008). Effects of Welfare Reform on Educational Acquisition of Young Adult Women. NBER Working Paper No. 14466.
  • Dinçer, N., Tekin-Koru , A., & Aşkar, P. (2015). Investigation of Participation in Adult Education in Turkey: AES Data Analysis. MPRA Paper No. 64364.
  • Dinçer, N., & Tekin-Koru, A. (2013). Adult Education in Turkey: Stylized Facts, Determinants and Further Issues. MRPA working paper 49496.
  • Hirsch, B. T. (1978). Earnings, Occupation, and Human. Atlantic Economic Journal, volume 6, 31-39.
  • ILO. (2012). International Standard Classifi cation of Occupations: ISCO-08; Structure, group defi nitions and correspondence tables. Geneva: International Labor Office.
  • Lentz, R., & Roys, N. (2015). Training and Search on the Job. NBER Working Paper No. 21702.
  • Lynch, L. M. (1992). Differential Effects of Post-School Training on Early Career Mobility. NBER working paper 4034.
  • Mincer, J. (1970). The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Spesial Reference to Human Capital Aproach. Journal of Economic Literature, 1-26.
  • Mincer, J. (1970). The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Spesial Reference to Human Capital Aproach. Journal of Economic Literature, 1-26.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974a). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York and London: NBER.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1974b). Individual Acquisition of Earning Power. In J. Mincer, Schooling Experience and Earnings (pp. 5-23). NBER.
  • Mincer, J. A. (1989). Job Training: Costs, Returns, and Wage Profiles. NBER Working Paper No. 3208.
  • Polachek, S. W. (1975). Differences in Expected Post-School Investment as a Determinant of Market Wage Differentials. International Economic Review , Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jun., 1975), 451-470.
  • Popli, G., & Yılmaz, O. (2017). Educational attainment and wage inequality in Turkey. Labour, 31(1), 73–104.
  • Rodríguez, J., Saltiel, F., & Urzua, S. (2018). Dynamic Treatment Effects of Job Training. NBER Working Paper 25408.
  • Rubinstein , Y., & Weiss, Y. (2007). Post Schooling Wage Growth: Investment, Search and Learning. In E. Hanushek , & F. Welch, Handbook of the Economics of Education, Volume 1 (pp. 1-69).
  • Shaw, K. L. (1984). A Formulation of the Earnings Function Using the Concept of Occupational Investment. The Journal of Human Resources , Vol. 19, No. 3, 319-340.
  • Tansel, A. (2010). Changing Returns to Education for Men and Women in a Developing Country: Turkey, 1994-2005. IZA Paper.
  • Tansel, A. (2016). Returns to Education in Turkey: IV Estimates From a Developing Country. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Bonn, Germany. Bonn, Germany: IZA.
  • Tansel, A., & Bodur, F. (2012). Wage inequality and returns to education in Turkey: A Quantile regression analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 107-121.
  • Thewissen, S., & Rueda, D. (2016). Employment, Equity and Growth programme. Automation and the Welfare State: Technological Change as a Determinant of Redistribution Preferences. INET Oxford Working Paper no. 2016M02.
  • TURKSTAT. (2007). Adult Education Survey . TURKSTAT Micro Dataset. TURKSTAT.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İstihdam, Çalışma Ekonomisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hande Kul Gelal 0000-0002-9492-4161

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kul Gelal, H. (2023). DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 45(2), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1397736
AMA Kul Gelal H. DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. Aralık 2023;45(2):213-233. doi:10.14780/muiibd.1397736
Chicago Kul Gelal, Hande. “DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 45, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 213-33. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1397736.
EndNote Kul Gelal H (01 Aralık 2023) DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 45 2 213–233.
IEEE H. Kul Gelal, “DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, c. 45, sy. 2, ss. 213–233, 2023, doi: 10.14780/muiibd.1397736.
ISNAD Kul Gelal, Hande. “DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 45/2 (Aralık 2023), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1397736.
JAMA Kul Gelal H. DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;45:213–233.
MLA Kul Gelal, Hande. “DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, c. 45, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 213-3, doi:10.14780/muiibd.1397736.
Vancouver Kul Gelal H. DYNAMICS OF POST-SCHOOL INVESTMENT, EDUCATION AND WAGES IN TURKISH LABOR MARKET: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;45(2):213-3.