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INEQUALITIES IN INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE SUPPORT PARENTS PROVIDE TO THEIR ADULT CHILDREN

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45, 47 - 70, 31.12.2023

Gülçin Con Wrıght

Öz

As life expectancy increases, parents and children enjoy longer time together, elevating the importance of intergenerational ties for the well- being of both generations. Intergenerational support exchanges are shaped by changes in population and family structure. Most research has studied the upward flow of support from adult children to their older parents in need of care. Yet, it is also known that the downward flow of support continues unless a parent is widowed or in need of care. The main objective of this qualitative study is to examine the changing mechanisms of parental support to adult children. The data for this study was collected through in-depth interviews with 21 mothers and 15 fathers on their intergenerational ties. To analyze within-family differences, I gathered data from parents on their ties with each of their adult children. Analyses revealed three forms of inequalities in the parental provision of financial and in-kind childcare support to adult children: inequalities between mothers and fathers, inequalities among children within the same family, and inequalities across families with different SES backgrounds. By examining the inequalities in intergenerational support mechanisms, this study aims to make a significant contribution to both the literature and social policies on intergenerational solidarity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parent-adult child ties intergenerational support within-family analysis SES

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, B. (2018). The politics of care in Turkey: Sacred familialism in a changing political context. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(1), 72-91.
  • Akkan, B., Buğra, A., ve Knijn, T. (2023). Gendered familialism in a Mediterranean context: women’s labor market participation and early childhood education and care in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 69, 111-127.
  • Aktaş, G. (2022). Kadın Emeğinin Bir Başka Görünümü: İnformal Yaşlı Bakımı. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (53), 119-142.
  • Ar, Y., ve Karanci, A. N. (2019). Turkish adult children as caregivers of parents with Alzheimer’s disease: Perceptions and caregiving experiences. Dementia, 18(3), 882-902.
  • Arpacı, F. (2009). Yaslıya bakan kadınların bakım yüklerinin incelenmesi. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 2(1), 61-72.
  • Atasü-Topçuoğlu, R. (2022). Gender inequality, the welfare state, disability, and distorted commodification of care in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 66, 61-87.
  • Buccieri, K. (2019). “My brother was his little angel; I was the problem child”: Perceived sibling favoritism in the narratives of youth who become homeless. Journal of Family Issues, 40(11), 1419-1437.
  • Bui, C. N., Kim, K., & Fingerman, K. L. (2022). Support now to care later: Intergenerational support exchanges and older parents’ care receipt and expectations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(7), 1315-1324.
  • Can, B. (2019). Caring for solidarity? The intimate politics of grandmother childcare and neoliberal conservatism in urban Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 85-107.
  • Con, G. (2013). Negotiating parent care among siblings. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Con, G., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M. ve Gilligan, M. (2019). Adult children’s perceptions of maternal favoritism during caregiving: Comparisons between Turkey and the United States. Research on Aging, 41(2), 139-163.
  • Con Wright, G. (2022). Grandmothers’ Agency in Care of Grandchildren during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. In Older Women in Europe; A Human Rights- Based Approach, edited by Isabella Paoletti. Routledge: London.
  • Craig, L., ve Jenkins, B. (2016). Grandparental Child-Care in Australia: Gender Differences in the Correlates of Providing Regular Grandparental Care While Parents Work. Community, Work & Family, 19(3), 281–301.
  • Daatland, S. O., ve Lowenstein, A. (2005). Intergenerational solidarity and the family– welfare state balance. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 174-182.
  • Drake, D., Dandy, J., Loh, J. M., ve Preece, D. (2018). Should parents financially support their adult children? Normative views in Australia. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39, 348-359.
  • Engin, C., Hürman, H., ve Harvey, K. (2020). Marriage and family in Turkey: trends and attitudes. International Handbook on the Demography of Marriage and the Family, 105-119.
  • Evandrou, M., Falkingham, J., Gomez-Leon, M., ve Vlachantoni, A. (2018). Intergenerational flows of support between parents and adult children in Britain. Ageing & Society, 38(2), 321-351.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg Jr., F. F., ve Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter Parents and Landing Pad Kids: Intense Parental Support of Grown Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880-896.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Huo, M., ve Birditt, K. S. (2020). Mothers, fathers, daughters, and sons: Gender differences in adults’ intergenerational ties. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1597-1625.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Davis, E. M., Furstenberg Jr, F. F., Birditt, K. S., ve Zarit, S. H. (2015). “I’ll give you the world”: Socioeconomic differences in parental support of adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(4), 844-865.
  • Furstenberg Jr., F. F. (2010). On a New Schedule: Transitions to Adulthood and Family Change. The Future of Children, 20(1), 67-87.
  • Gilligan, M., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M., Con, G., ve Pillemer, K. (2017). Adult Children’s Serious Health Conditions and the Flow of Support between the Generations. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 179-190.
  • Gilligan, M., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M., ve Silverstein, M. (2020). Multigenerational social support in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(4), 431-447.
  • Gönül, I. (2008). Yaşlılar ve yetişkin çocuklar. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 29-38.
  • Huang, Y., Perales, F., ve Western, M. (2021). The long arm of parental advantage: Socio-economic background and parental financial transfers over adult children’s life courses. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 71, 100582.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitlikçi, sürdürülebilir büyüme ve kalkınma için mor ekonomi. Feminist sosyal politika: bakım, emek, göç, 31-67.
  • Jensen, A. C., Jorgensen-Wells, M. A., Andrus, L. E., Pickett, J. M., Leiter, V. K., Hadlock, M. E. B., ve Dayley, J. C. (2023). Sibling differences and parents’ differential treatment of siblings: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 59(4), 644.
  • Jensen, A. C., Whiteman, S. D., Fingerman, K. L., ve Birditt, K. S. (2013). “Life still isn’t fair”: Parental differential treatment of young adult siblings. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 438-452.
  • Kahn, J. R., McGill, B. S., ve Bianchi, S. M. (2011). Help to Family and Friends: Are there Gender Differences at Older Ages? Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 77-92.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S., Çelik, K., Çelen, Ü., & Türkyılmaz, S. (2010). Temsili bir örneklemde sosyo-ekonomik statü (SES) ölçüm aracı geliştirilmesi: Ankara kent merkezi örneği. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 182-220.
  • Kalayci og lu, S., ve Rittersberger-Tilic, H. (2000). Intergenerational solidarity networks of instrumental and cultural transfers within migrant families in Turkey. Ageing & Society, 20(5), 523-542.
  • Kalmijn, M. (2013). How Mothers Allocate Support among Adult Children: Evidence from a Multifactor Survey. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 268–277.
  • Kalmijn, M. (2019). The Effects of Ageing on Intergenerational Support Exchange: A New Look at the Hypothesis of Flow Reversal. European Journal of Population, 35(2), 263-284.
  • Kim, K., Birditt, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Typology of Parent– Child Ties within Families: Associations with Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 448.
  • Kirby, J. N., ve Hoang, N. P. T. (2018). Parenting of adult children: A neglected area of parenting studies. Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan, 653-675.
  • Leopold, T., Raab, M., ve Engelhardt, H. (2014). The transition to parent care: Costs, commitments, and caregiver selection among children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(2), 300-318.
  • Leopold, T., ve Skopek, J. (2014). Gender and the Division of Labor in Older Couples: How European Grandparents Share Market Work and Childcare. Social Forces, 93(1), 63-91.
  • Lynott, P. P., ve Roberts, R. E. (1997). The developmental stake hypothesis and changing perceptions of intergenerational relations, 1971–1985. The Gerontologist, 37(3), 394-405.
  • Min, J., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, J. R., ve Yurkiw, J. (2022). Support exchanges between adult children and their parents across life transitions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(2), 367-392.
  • Mottram, S. A., ve Hortaçsu, N. (2005). Adult daughter aging mother relationship over the life cycle: The Turkish case. Journal of Aging Studies, 19(4), 471-488.
  • Napolitano, L., Furstenberg, F., ve Fingerman, K. L. (2021). How families give and receive: A cross-class qualitative study of familial exchange. Journal of Family Issues, 42(9), 2159-2180.
  • Ocaklı , B. (2017). Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey. Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Oxford Üniversitesi.
  • Özdemir Ocaklı, B., Yalçın, B., Arslan Özdemir, E. & Özmete, E. (2021). COVID-19 Salgının Türkiye’de Kuşaklararası Dayanışma Üzerine Etkisi. TÜBİTAK SOBAG 1001 Proje Sonuç Raporu. Proje No: 120K490
  • Öztop, H., Şener, A., Güven, S., & Doğan, N. (2009). Influences of intergenerational support on life satisfaction of the elderly: A Turkish sample. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(7), 957-969.
  • Roksa, J. (2019). Intergenerational Exchange of Support in Low-Income Families: Understanding Resource Dilution and Increased Contribution. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(3), 601-615.
  • Seltzer, J. A., ve Bianchi, S. M. (2013). Demographic change and parent-child relationships in adulthood. Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 275-290.
  • Siren, A., ve Casier, F. (2019). Socio-Economic and Lifestyle Determinants of Giving Practical Support to Adult Children in the Era of Changing Late Life. Ageing & Society, 39(9), 1933-1950.
  • Spitze, G., Ward, R., Deane, G., ve Zhuo, Y. (2012). Cross-Sibling Effects in Parent- Adult Child Exchanges of Socioemotional Support. Research on Aging, 34(2), 197-221.
  • Stokes, J. E., ve Patterson, S. E. (2020). Intergenerational relationships, family caregiving policy, and COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 416-424.
  • Suitor, J. J., ve Pillemer, K. (2006). Choosing Daughters: Exploring Why Mothers Favor Adult Daughters over Sons. Sociological Perspectives, 49(2), 139-160. Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M.,
  • Peng, S., Con, G., Rurka, M., ve Pillemer, K. (2016). My pride and joy? Predicting favoritism and disfavoritism in mother–adult child relations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 908-925.
  • Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., Pillemer, K., Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Silverstein, M., ve Bengtson, V. L. (2018). Applying within-family differences approaches to enhance understanding of the complexity of intergenerational relations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(1), 40-53.
  • Taşkın, M., ve Akçay, S. (2019). Torunlarına bakan büyükannelerin deneyimlerine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30(2), 583-606.
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KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45, 47 - 70, 31.12.2023

Gülçin Con Wrıght

Öz

Yaşam sürelerindeki artışla birlikte ebeveynler ve çocuklarının birlikte daha uzun yıllar geçirmesi, kuşaklararası bağların her iki kuşağın iyiliğinde önemli bir rol sahibi olmasını sağlamaktadır. Bir diğer yandan, ebeveyn-yetişkin çocuk arasındaki kuşaklararası destek alışverişi özellikle nüfusta ve aile yapısındaki değişimlerle biçimlenmekte ve karmaşıklaşmaktadır. Her ne kadar yaşlılık dönemi yetişkin çocuklardan bakıma muhtaç yaşlı ebeveynlere doğru artan destek akışı ile bağdaştırılsa da yapılan çalışmalar dulluk ve muhtaçlık dışında ebeveynlerin çocuklarına yetişkinlikten sonra da destek sağlamaya devam ettiklerini göstermektedir. Bu nitel çalışmanın temel amacı, ebeveynlerin yetişkin çocuklarına verdikleri desteğin mekanizmalarını incelemektir. Bu çalışmanın verileri, 21 anne ve 15 baba ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelerden elde edilmiştir. Aile içi farklılıkları analiz etmek için ebeveynlerden yetişkin çocuklarının her birine sağladıkları destek hakkında kapsamlı veri toplanmıştır. Analizler ışığında, ebeveynlerin yetişkin çocuklara maddi ve çocuk bakımı destek mekanizmalarında üç eşitsizlik örüntüsü ortaya konmuştur: anne ve babalar arasındaki eşitsizlik, aynı ailedeki çocuklar arasındaki eşitsizlik ve farklı sosyoekonomik seviyeye sahip aileler arasındaki eşitsizlik. Bu çalışma, kuşaklararası destek mekanizmalarındaki eşitsizlikleri inceleyerek hem yazına hem de kuşaklararası dayanışmayı hedef alan sosyal politikalara bir katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ebeveyn-yetişkin çocuk ilişkileri kuşaklararası destek aile içi analiz SES

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, B. (2018). The politics of care in Turkey: Sacred familialism in a changing political context. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(1), 72-91.
  • Akkan, B., Buğra, A., ve Knijn, T. (2023). Gendered familialism in a Mediterranean context: women’s labor market participation and early childhood education and care in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 69, 111-127.
  • Aktaş, G. (2022). Kadın Emeğinin Bir Başka Görünümü: İnformal Yaşlı Bakımı. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (53), 119-142.
  • Ar, Y., ve Karanci, A. N. (2019). Turkish adult children as caregivers of parents with Alzheimer’s disease: Perceptions and caregiving experiences. Dementia, 18(3), 882-902.
  • Arpacı, F. (2009). Yaslıya bakan kadınların bakım yüklerinin incelenmesi. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 2(1), 61-72.
  • Atasü-Topçuoğlu, R. (2022). Gender inequality, the welfare state, disability, and distorted commodification of care in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 66, 61-87.
  • Buccieri, K. (2019). “My brother was his little angel; I was the problem child”: Perceived sibling favoritism in the narratives of youth who become homeless. Journal of Family Issues, 40(11), 1419-1437.
  • Bui, C. N., Kim, K., & Fingerman, K. L. (2022). Support now to care later: Intergenerational support exchanges and older parents’ care receipt and expectations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(7), 1315-1324.
  • Can, B. (2019). Caring for solidarity? The intimate politics of grandmother childcare and neoliberal conservatism in urban Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 85-107.
  • Con, G. (2013). Negotiating parent care among siblings. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Con, G., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M. ve Gilligan, M. (2019). Adult children’s perceptions of maternal favoritism during caregiving: Comparisons between Turkey and the United States. Research on Aging, 41(2), 139-163.
  • Con Wright, G. (2022). Grandmothers’ Agency in Care of Grandchildren during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. In Older Women in Europe; A Human Rights- Based Approach, edited by Isabella Paoletti. Routledge: London.
  • Craig, L., ve Jenkins, B. (2016). Grandparental Child-Care in Australia: Gender Differences in the Correlates of Providing Regular Grandparental Care While Parents Work. Community, Work & Family, 19(3), 281–301.
  • Daatland, S. O., ve Lowenstein, A. (2005). Intergenerational solidarity and the family– welfare state balance. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 174-182.
  • Drake, D., Dandy, J., Loh, J. M., ve Preece, D. (2018). Should parents financially support their adult children? Normative views in Australia. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39, 348-359.
  • Engin, C., Hürman, H., ve Harvey, K. (2020). Marriage and family in Turkey: trends and attitudes. International Handbook on the Demography of Marriage and the Family, 105-119.
  • Evandrou, M., Falkingham, J., Gomez-Leon, M., ve Vlachantoni, A. (2018). Intergenerational flows of support between parents and adult children in Britain. Ageing & Society, 38(2), 321-351.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg Jr., F. F., ve Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter Parents and Landing Pad Kids: Intense Parental Support of Grown Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880-896.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Huo, M., ve Birditt, K. S. (2020). Mothers, fathers, daughters, and sons: Gender differences in adults’ intergenerational ties. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1597-1625.
  • Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Davis, E. M., Furstenberg Jr, F. F., Birditt, K. S., ve Zarit, S. H. (2015). “I’ll give you the world”: Socioeconomic differences in parental support of adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(4), 844-865.
  • Furstenberg Jr., F. F. (2010). On a New Schedule: Transitions to Adulthood and Family Change. The Future of Children, 20(1), 67-87.
  • Gilligan, M., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M., Con, G., ve Pillemer, K. (2017). Adult Children’s Serious Health Conditions and the Flow of Support between the Generations. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 179-190.
  • Gilligan, M., Suitor, J. J., Rurka, M., ve Silverstein, M. (2020). Multigenerational social support in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(4), 431-447.
  • Gönül, I. (2008). Yaşlılar ve yetişkin çocuklar. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 29-38.
  • Huang, Y., Perales, F., ve Western, M. (2021). The long arm of parental advantage: Socio-economic background and parental financial transfers over adult children’s life courses. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 71, 100582.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitlikçi, sürdürülebilir büyüme ve kalkınma için mor ekonomi. Feminist sosyal politika: bakım, emek, göç, 31-67.
  • Jensen, A. C., Jorgensen-Wells, M. A., Andrus, L. E., Pickett, J. M., Leiter, V. K., Hadlock, M. E. B., ve Dayley, J. C. (2023). Sibling differences and parents’ differential treatment of siblings: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 59(4), 644.
  • Jensen, A. C., Whiteman, S. D., Fingerman, K. L., ve Birditt, K. S. (2013). “Life still isn’t fair”: Parental differential treatment of young adult siblings. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 438-452.
  • Kahn, J. R., McGill, B. S., ve Bianchi, S. M. (2011). Help to Family and Friends: Are there Gender Differences at Older Ages? Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 77-92.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S., Çelik, K., Çelen, Ü., & Türkyılmaz, S. (2010). Temsili bir örneklemde sosyo-ekonomik statü (SES) ölçüm aracı geliştirilmesi: Ankara kent merkezi örneği. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 182-220.
  • Kalayci og lu, S., ve Rittersberger-Tilic, H. (2000). Intergenerational solidarity networks of instrumental and cultural transfers within migrant families in Turkey. Ageing & Society, 20(5), 523-542.
  • Kalmijn, M. (2013). How Mothers Allocate Support among Adult Children: Evidence from a Multifactor Survey. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 268–277.
  • Kalmijn, M. (2019). The Effects of Ageing on Intergenerational Support Exchange: A New Look at the Hypothesis of Flow Reversal. European Journal of Population, 35(2), 263-284.
  • Kim, K., Birditt, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Typology of Parent– Child Ties within Families: Associations with Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 448.
  • Kirby, J. N., ve Hoang, N. P. T. (2018). Parenting of adult children: A neglected area of parenting studies. Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan, 653-675.
  • Leopold, T., Raab, M., ve Engelhardt, H. (2014). The transition to parent care: Costs, commitments, and caregiver selection among children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(2), 300-318.
  • Leopold, T., ve Skopek, J. (2014). Gender and the Division of Labor in Older Couples: How European Grandparents Share Market Work and Childcare. Social Forces, 93(1), 63-91.
  • Lynott, P. P., ve Roberts, R. E. (1997). The developmental stake hypothesis and changing perceptions of intergenerational relations, 1971–1985. The Gerontologist, 37(3), 394-405.
  • Min, J., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, J. R., ve Yurkiw, J. (2022). Support exchanges between adult children and their parents across life transitions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(2), 367-392.
  • Mottram, S. A., ve Hortaçsu, N. (2005). Adult daughter aging mother relationship over the life cycle: The Turkish case. Journal of Aging Studies, 19(4), 471-488.
  • Napolitano, L., Furstenberg, F., ve Fingerman, K. L. (2021). How families give and receive: A cross-class qualitative study of familial exchange. Journal of Family Issues, 42(9), 2159-2180.
  • Ocaklı , B. (2017). Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey. Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Oxford Üniversitesi.
  • Özdemir Ocaklı, B., Yalçın, B., Arslan Özdemir, E. & Özmete, E. (2021). COVID-19 Salgının Türkiye’de Kuşaklararası Dayanışma Üzerine Etkisi. TÜBİTAK SOBAG 1001 Proje Sonuç Raporu. Proje No: 120K490
  • Öztop, H., Şener, A., Güven, S., & Doğan, N. (2009). Influences of intergenerational support on life satisfaction of the elderly: A Turkish sample. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(7), 957-969.
  • Roksa, J. (2019). Intergenerational Exchange of Support in Low-Income Families: Understanding Resource Dilution and Increased Contribution. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(3), 601-615.
  • Seltzer, J. A., ve Bianchi, S. M. (2013). Demographic change and parent-child relationships in adulthood. Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 275-290.
  • Siren, A., ve Casier, F. (2019). Socio-Economic and Lifestyle Determinants of Giving Practical Support to Adult Children in the Era of Changing Late Life. Ageing & Society, 39(9), 1933-1950.
  • Spitze, G., Ward, R., Deane, G., ve Zhuo, Y. (2012). Cross-Sibling Effects in Parent- Adult Child Exchanges of Socioemotional Support. Research on Aging, 34(2), 197-221.
  • Stokes, J. E., ve Patterson, S. E. (2020). Intergenerational relationships, family caregiving policy, and COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 416-424.
  • Suitor, J. J., ve Pillemer, K. (2006). Choosing Daughters: Exploring Why Mothers Favor Adult Daughters over Sons. Sociological Perspectives, 49(2), 139-160. Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M.,
  • Peng, S., Con, G., Rurka, M., ve Pillemer, K. (2016). My pride and joy? Predicting favoritism and disfavoritism in mother–adult child relations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 908-925.
  • Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., Pillemer, K., Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Silverstein, M., ve Bengtson, V. L. (2018). Applying within-family differences approaches to enhance understanding of the complexity of intergenerational relations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(1), 40-53.
  • Taşkın, M., ve Akçay, S. (2019). Torunlarına bakan büyükannelerin deneyimlerine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30(2), 583-606.
  • Thomas, P. A., Liu, H., ve Umberson, D. (2017). Family Relationships and Well-Being. Innovation in Aging, 1(3), igx025.
  • Tur-Sinai, A., ve Lewin-Epstein, N. (2020). Transitions in giving and receiving intergenerational financial support in middle and old age. Social Indicators Research, 150(3), 765-791.
  • TÜİK (2023). Hayat Tabloları, 2020-2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/ Index?p=Hayat-Tablolari-2020-2022.
  • Uğur, S. B. (2018). Torun bakım faaliyetinin bakım sağlayıcı büyükannelerin sağlık durumları üzerindeki etkisi. Antalya: Mediterranean Journal of Humanities Dergisi, 8(1), 399-415.
  • Wong, E. L. Y., Liao, J. M., Etherton-Beer, C., Baldassar, L., Cheung, G., Dale, C. M., ... ve Yeoh, E. K. (2020). Scoping review: Intergenerational resource transfer and possible enabling factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7868.
  • Yazici, B. (2012). The return to the family: Welfare, state, and politics of the family in Turkey. Anthropological Quarterly, 103-140.
  • Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., ve Manchin, R. (2012). Population Ageing and Intergenerational Solidarity in EU Countries: International Policy Frameworks and Public Opinions. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 10(3).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Demografi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülçin Con Wrıght 0000-0001-7196-151X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA Con Wrıght, G. (2023). KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 45, 47-70.
AMA Con Wrıght G. KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. Aralık 2023;45:47-70.
Chicago Con Wrıght, Gülçin. “KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 45, Aralık (Aralık 2023): 47-70.
EndNote Con Wrıght G (01 Aralık 2023) KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 45 47–70.
IEEE G. Con Wrıght, “KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER”, Nüfusbilim Dergisi, c. 45, ss. 47–70, 2023.
ISNAD Con Wrıght, Gülçin. “KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi 45 (Aralık 2023), 47-70.
JAMA Con Wrıght G. KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. 2023;45:47–70.
MLA Con Wrıght, Gülçin. “KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER”. Nüfusbilim Dergisi, c. 45, 2023, ss. 47-70.
Vancouver Con Wrıght G. KUŞAKLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER: EBEVEYNLERİN YETİŞKİN ÇOCUKLARINA SAĞLADIĞI DESTEKLER. Nüfusbilim Dergisi. 2023;45:47-70.
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