Antagonistic Clericalization and Ethnicization of Sociopolitical Consciousness in the Balkans and the post-Yugoslav Religious Education
Öz
No considerable research focused on ethnopolitical behavior in Western Balkans related to observed phenomena. Thus, issues regarding the sociopolitical and educational processes of clerical-ethnonational exist. Furthermore, its social and psychological dimensions and peace stalemate are crucial points. Therefore, the paper will highlight several critical categorical concepts (ethnonationalism, clerical domination, segregation, education, conflict, and peace dynamics). Finally, by suggesting individualism over collectivism, the study points to ethical, sociopolitical, and psychological awareness as a totality of relations between autonomous citizens. I argue that clericalization and ethnicization are adopted by ethnonational political behavior, empowered by the Balkan connection to religious identities. Political behavior and clerical and ethnic ideologies strengthen support for religious antagonism, fascism, and historical revisionism, "dividing" peoples into ethnoreligious homogenous territories and adversely shaping new generations. Post-socialist Balkan societies are intensely marked by religion, specifically external manifest, associating religious identities and Clergy with political preferences. This entanglement is the groundwork of long-lasting despondency; religions are reduced principally to ethnicity-nation and subsequent power. All-binding inclusive ethnicization in Bosnia and Herzegovina-B&H infiltrates religious dimensions, including material and non-material cultures. The clerical education consequence points to the religious state of anti-secular internal disintegration of the genuine faith. Invoking man's ethnic-clerical consciousness entails unsatisfactory results due to Balkan's historical prevailing violence than would be obtained by the statutory prohibition of religious education. The B&H ethnoreligious-educational segregation reproduces ethnopolitical ideologists, preventing the next generation's socio-moral development and simulating the ethnoreligious hybrid conflicts. Nations cannot be clerical-political apparatus morally. The dominance and exclusivity of collectivist logics of ethnically and confessionally complex societies oppose the spirit of necessary susceptibility. Ethically, sociopolitically, and psychologically, one must gain society's self-awareness as a totality of relations between autonomous and equal individuals-citizens to generate clerical and ethnicization immunity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Clericalization & Ethnicization Balkans & former Yugoslavia Social consciousness Religious education Peace & Conflict
Kaynakça
- Alanen, L. (2003). Descartes's Concept of Mind, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Bajtal, E. (2010). “Psihosocijalni kontekst političkih elita u BiH” [Psycho-social context of political elites in B&H], Almanah - Časopis za proučavanje, prezentaciju i zaštitu kulturno-istorijske baštine Bošnjaka/Muslimana 48(49), 227-240
- Bajtal, E. (2018).“Klero-etnicizacija svijesti Kao izdaja morala” [Clero-ethnicization of consciousness as a betrayal of morality], Zbornik Orbus
- Bauman, Y. (2010). Migration and identities in the globalized world, Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 18 (34), 11-25
- Bieber, F. (2011). Nationalist Mobilization and Stories of Serb Suffering: The Kosovo myth from 600th anniversary to the present, Rethinking History, The Journal of Theory and Practice 6 (1), 95-110
- Bieber, F. and Kmezić, M. (2017). The Crisis of Democracy in the Western Balkans. An Anatomy of Stabilitocracy and the Limits of EU Democracy Promotion, Graz: Europe Policy Advisory Group, https://biepag.eu/publication/policy-study-the-crisis-of-democracy-in-the-western-balkans-an-anatomy-of-stabilitocracy-and-the-limits-of-eu-democracy-promotion/http://biepag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/TheCrisisofdemocracy.pdf
- Colovic, I. (1998). Bordell der Krieger. Folklore, Politik und Krieg, (Osnabrück, Fibre, 1994), In: Karl Kaser and Joel Halpern, Historical Myth and the Invention of Political Folklore in Contemporary Serbia, Anthropology of East Europe Review,16 (1), 89-107
- Cvitkovic, I. (2011). “Identitet i religija” [Identity and religion], Diskursi 1(1), 12-26
- David, (F). Jesmo li cudovista [Are we monsters], Beograd: Sluzbeni Glasnik.
- Garasanin, I. (1991). Nacertanije - Program spoljasnje i nacionalne politike srbije na koncu 1844. Godine, Beograd: MJV i Deca, 1991.
- Gjenero, D. (2021). Aljazeera, Klerikalni desant na Cetinje [Clerical landing on Cetinje], https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2021/9/5/klerikalni-desant-na-cetinje
- Glavonjic Z. and Mihajlovic, B. (2015). Slobodna Europa, „Rehabilitacija Draže: Revizija istorije, slavlje i ogorčenje“ [Draža's Rehabilitation: Revision of History, Celebration and Indignation], https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/sud-rehabilitovao-drazu-mihailovica/27016033.html, accessed December 12, 2021
- Grimm, R. and Amstrong, B. (1982). Hans Magnus Enzensberger Critical essays, UK:, Bloomsbury academic. Hadzic, F. (2020). The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE), 40(7), 105-131
- Hadzic, F. (2021). Agnosticism, and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, Vol. 41(2), 68 -85 https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol41/iss2/6
- Hadzic, F. (2021). Ethnoreligious political dispute, conflict management, leadership, and civic inclusion: the Balkans and globally”, Istanbul Aydin university Journal of social sciences [Istanbul aydın üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi], 13(3), 619 - 637. 10.17932/IAU.IAUSBD.2021.021/iausbd_v13i3003
- Hadžić, F. (2022). Educational segregation and discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina and critical peace: transgression of ethnic-ideological utilization of youth. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences, 3(2), 25-40.
- Izetbegovic, A. (1990). The Islamic declaration, Program for the Islamization of Muslims and Muslim poeples, Sarajevo. file:///Users/macbook/Downloads/13621979.pdf
- Kuburić, Z. and Moe, C. (2006). Religious Education in Croatia/Religion and Pluralism in Education: Comparative Approaches in the Western Balkans. CIR: Novi Sad. Miscevic, N. (2006). Nacija i nacionalizam. Nacionalizam: Etički pogled [Nation and nationalism: Ethical perspective], Zagreb: Kruzak. Perica, V. (2021). „Religijski nacionalizam“ [Religious nationalism], Pescanik, https://pescanik.net/religijski-nacionalizam/, accessed 11 February 2022
- Perspektiva, Radio Free Europe in cooperation with The National Endowment for Democracy, TV-series, Perspektiva: Druga epizoda – Mostar [Perspective: Second episode – Mostar], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oAQDv2HQo0, accessed June 10, 2021.
- Spahic, B. (2012). Hamdocamo, Prof. dr Besim Spahić: Mi smo se uvijek tukli za račun drugih, a nikada za sopstvenu Domovinu [Prof. Dr. Besim Spahić: We have always fought at the expense of others, and never for our own homeland], https://hamdocamo.wordpress.com/2012/08/19/prof-dr-besim-spahic-mi-smo-se-uvijek-tukli-za-racun-drugih-a-nikada-za-sopstvenu-domovinu/, accessed November 20, 2021
- Spahic, B. (2012). Youtube Saggitarius 1969, „Prof. Besim Spahic - Kakanj 2012 [Prof. Besim Spahic / Kakanj, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gth8CuplhMc, accessed December 11, 2021
- Teodorovic, M. (2010). Slobodna Europa, "Zukorlić u vrtlogu vere i politike" [Zukorlic in the vortex of religion and politics], https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/zukolic_vera_politika/2085019.html, accessed January 10, 2022
- The Bosnian Times, (2018). Tresao se balkan… a u Sarajevu se desio obični teferič Turaka i Sandžaklija – nigdje bošnjaka! [The Balkans was shaking, and in Sarajevo, there was an ordinary partying of Turks and Sandzak people - no Bosniaks!], https://thebosniatimes.ba/16334/tresao-se-balkan-a-u-sarajevu-se-desio-obicni-teferic-turaka-i-sandzaklija-nigdje-bosnjaka
- The Guardian, (2022). „EU working to amend genocide denial law that is blamed for Bosnia crisis“, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/22/eu-working-to-amend-law-on-srebrenica-genocide-denial-to-blame-for-bosnia-crisis, accessed January 11, 2022. [Original source: https://studycrumb.com/alphabetizer]
Antagonistic Clericalization and Ethnicization of Sociopolitical Consciousness in the Balkans and the post-Yugoslav Religious Education
Öz
No considerable research focused on ethnopolitical behavior in Western Balkans related to observed phenomena. Thus, issues regarding the sociopolitical and educational processes of clerical-ethnonational exist. Furthermore, its social and psychological dimensions and peace stalemate are crucial points. Therefore, the paper will highlight several critical categorical concepts (ethnonationalism, clerical domination, segregation, education, conflict, and peace dynamics). Finally, by suggesting individualism over collectivism, the study points to ethical, sociopolitical, and psychological awareness as a totality of relations between autonomous citizens. I argue that clericalization and ethnicization are adopted by ethnonational political behavior, empowered by the Balkan connection to religious identities. Political behavior and clerical and ethnic ideologies strengthen support for religious antagonism, fascism, and historical revisionism, "dividing" peoples into ethnoreligious homogenous territories and adversely shaping new generations. Post-socialist Balkan societies are intensely marked by religion, specifically external manifest, associating religious identities and Clergy with political preferences. This entanglement is the groundwork of long-lasting despondency; religions are reduced principally to ethnicity-nation and subsequent power. All-binding inclusive ethnicization in Bosnia and Herzegovina-B&H infiltrates religious dimensions, including material and non-material cultures. The clerical education consequence points to the religious state of anti-secular internal disintegration of the genuine faith. Invoking man's ethnic-clerical consciousness entails unsatisfactory results due to Balkan's historical prevailing violence than would be obtained by the statutory prohibition of religious education. The B&H ethnoreligious-educational segregation reproduces ethnopolitical ideologists, preventing the next generation's socio-moral development and simulating the ethnoreligious hybrid conflicts. Nations cannot be clerical-political apparatus morally. The dominance and exclusivity of collectivist logics of ethnically and confessionally complex societies oppose the spirit of necessary susceptibility. Ethically, sociopolitically, and psychologically, one must gain society's self-awareness as a totality of relations between autonomous and equal individuals-citizens to generate clerical and ethnicization immunity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Clericalization & Ethnicization Balkans & former Yugoslavia Social consciousness Religious education Peace & Conflict
Kaynakça
- Alanen, L. (2003). Descartes's Concept of Mind, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Bajtal, E. (2010). “Psihosocijalni kontekst političkih elita u BiH” [Psycho-social context of political elites in B&H], Almanah - Časopis za proučavanje, prezentaciju i zaštitu kulturno-istorijske baštine Bošnjaka/Muslimana 48(49), 227-240
- Bajtal, E. (2018).“Klero-etnicizacija svijesti Kao izdaja morala” [Clero-ethnicization of consciousness as a betrayal of morality], Zbornik Orbus
- Bauman, Y. (2010). Migration and identities in the globalized world, Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 18 (34), 11-25
- Bieber, F. (2011). Nationalist Mobilization and Stories of Serb Suffering: The Kosovo myth from 600th anniversary to the present, Rethinking History, The Journal of Theory and Practice 6 (1), 95-110
- Bieber, F. and Kmezić, M. (2017). The Crisis of Democracy in the Western Balkans. An Anatomy of Stabilitocracy and the Limits of EU Democracy Promotion, Graz: Europe Policy Advisory Group, https://biepag.eu/publication/policy-study-the-crisis-of-democracy-in-the-western-balkans-an-anatomy-of-stabilitocracy-and-the-limits-of-eu-democracy-promotion/http://biepag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/TheCrisisofdemocracy.pdf
- Colovic, I. (1998). Bordell der Krieger. Folklore, Politik und Krieg, (Osnabrück, Fibre, 1994), In: Karl Kaser and Joel Halpern, Historical Myth and the Invention of Political Folklore in Contemporary Serbia, Anthropology of East Europe Review,16 (1), 89-107
- Cvitkovic, I. (2011). “Identitet i religija” [Identity and religion], Diskursi 1(1), 12-26
- David, (F). Jesmo li cudovista [Are we monsters], Beograd: Sluzbeni Glasnik.
- Garasanin, I. (1991). Nacertanije - Program spoljasnje i nacionalne politike srbije na koncu 1844. Godine, Beograd: MJV i Deca, 1991.
- Gjenero, D. (2021). Aljazeera, Klerikalni desant na Cetinje [Clerical landing on Cetinje], https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2021/9/5/klerikalni-desant-na-cetinje
- Glavonjic Z. and Mihajlovic, B. (2015). Slobodna Europa, „Rehabilitacija Draže: Revizija istorije, slavlje i ogorčenje“ [Draža's Rehabilitation: Revision of History, Celebration and Indignation], https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/sud-rehabilitovao-drazu-mihailovica/27016033.html, accessed December 12, 2021
- Grimm, R. and Amstrong, B. (1982). Hans Magnus Enzensberger Critical essays, UK:, Bloomsbury academic. Hadzic, F. (2020). The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations Regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE), 40(7), 105-131
- Hadzic, F. (2021). Agnosticism, and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, Vol. 41(2), 68 -85 https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol41/iss2/6
- Hadzic, F. (2021). Ethnoreligious political dispute, conflict management, leadership, and civic inclusion: the Balkans and globally”, Istanbul Aydin university Journal of social sciences [Istanbul aydın üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi], 13(3), 619 - 637. 10.17932/IAU.IAUSBD.2021.021/iausbd_v13i3003
- Hadžić, F. (2022). Educational segregation and discrimination in Bosnia and Herzegovina and critical peace: transgression of ethnic-ideological utilization of youth. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences, 3(2), 25-40.
- Izetbegovic, A. (1990). The Islamic declaration, Program for the Islamization of Muslims and Muslim poeples, Sarajevo. file:///Users/macbook/Downloads/13621979.pdf
- Kuburić, Z. and Moe, C. (2006). Religious Education in Croatia/Religion and Pluralism in Education: Comparative Approaches in the Western Balkans. CIR: Novi Sad. Miscevic, N. (2006). Nacija i nacionalizam. Nacionalizam: Etički pogled [Nation and nationalism: Ethical perspective], Zagreb: Kruzak. Perica, V. (2021). „Religijski nacionalizam“ [Religious nationalism], Pescanik, https://pescanik.net/religijski-nacionalizam/, accessed 11 February 2022
- Perspektiva, Radio Free Europe in cooperation with The National Endowment for Democracy, TV-series, Perspektiva: Druga epizoda – Mostar [Perspective: Second episode – Mostar], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oAQDv2HQo0, accessed June 10, 2021.
- Spahic, B. (2012). Hamdocamo, Prof. dr Besim Spahić: Mi smo se uvijek tukli za račun drugih, a nikada za sopstvenu Domovinu [Prof. Dr. Besim Spahić: We have always fought at the expense of others, and never for our own homeland], https://hamdocamo.wordpress.com/2012/08/19/prof-dr-besim-spahic-mi-smo-se-uvijek-tukli-za-racun-drugih-a-nikada-za-sopstvenu-domovinu/, accessed November 20, 2021
- Spahic, B. (2012). Youtube Saggitarius 1969, „Prof. Besim Spahic - Kakanj 2012 [Prof. Besim Spahic / Kakanj, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gth8CuplhMc, accessed December 11, 2021
- Teodorovic, M. (2010). Slobodna Europa, "Zukorlić u vrtlogu vere i politike" [Zukorlic in the vortex of religion and politics], https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/zukolic_vera_politika/2085019.html, accessed January 10, 2022
- The Bosnian Times, (2018). Tresao se balkan… a u Sarajevu se desio obični teferič Turaka i Sandžaklija – nigdje bošnjaka! [The Balkans was shaking, and in Sarajevo, there was an ordinary partying of Turks and Sandzak people - no Bosniaks!], https://thebosniatimes.ba/16334/tresao-se-balkan-a-u-sarajevu-se-desio-obicni-teferic-turaka-i-sandzaklija-nigdje-bosnjaka
- The Guardian, (2022). „EU working to amend genocide denial law that is blamed for Bosnia crisis“, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/22/eu-working-to-amend-law-on-srebrenica-genocide-denial-to-blame-for-bosnia-crisis, accessed January 11, 2022. [Original source: https://studycrumb.com/alphabetizer]
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Özel Eğitim ve Engelli Eğitimi, Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Ekim 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1 |
The work is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
