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Some Inferences for Educational Programs from Primary School Children's Family Drawings and Verbal Metaphors

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 256 - 277, 01.07.2023

Aysel Ferah Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.70.10.4

Öz

This study, which was conducted to make inferences for educational programs by determining the family speeches and drawings of primary school students, was designed employing the understanding of the basic qualitative research. The study included 126 primary school students. The family verbal metaphors and family drawing (draw-narrate) techniques were used to gather research data. The data was analyzed using techniques for content and document analysis. It was observed that the primary school students' family linguistic metaphors could be categorized into six themes: nuclear family, extended family, fight, cooperation, enjoyable action done together, and love. The first graders produced more metaphors for the theme of enjoyable action together and fourth graders produced more metaphors for the theme of love. Following an analysis of the family drawings, it was found that the drawings revealed details about the development, emotions, sorts of families, and interactions between family members. It was also observed that children mostly drew family structures consisting of parents and children. The said family drawings contain more information than verbal metaphors. Only six of the 126 metaphors produced are negative. It was determined that the family discussions and family drawings both accurately expressed and reflected the positive values of the educational programs. Future studies should, as was advised, study both family drawings and potential family drawing-related issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Education Programs Primary School Curricula Values Family Drawings Middle Childhood.

Kaynakça

  • Ahi, B., Cingi, M. A., & Kıldan, A. O. (2016). Examining 48-60 months old children’s perceptions about teacher concept by analyzing their drawings. Ilkogretim Online, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.97994
  • Akay, R. (2022). Çocuğu tanıma teknikleri. 0-18 yaş gelişimsel yaklaşım [Child recognition techniques. 0-18 age developmental approach]. Efe Academy Publishing.
  • Akpinar, Ü. (2015). A case study on examining family perceptions of preschool children aged 60-72 months [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Education Science Institute.
  • Aykaç, N. (2012). Perception of teacher and learning process in primary school students' paintings. Education and Science, 37(164). http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/973/380
  • Berk, L. (2013). Çocuk gelişimi. (Ali Dönmez, Trans.). [Child development]. İmge publishing. (Original published 2009).
  • Bombi, A. S., Cannoni, E., Gallì, F., & Di Norcia, A. (2020). The relationship between teachers and students: Children’s pictorial representation and teachers evaluation. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00702
  • Ceylan, A. (2016). Stating metaphorical perceptions about family concept [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Universty of Sakarya.
  • Cherney, I. D., Seiwert, C. S., Dickey, T. M., & Flichtbeil, J. D. (2006). Children’s drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational psychology, 26(1), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410500344167
  • Creswell, J. W. (2015). Qualitative ınquiry and research design (M. Bütün & S.B. Demir, trans.). Siyasal publishing. (Original work published 2013).
  • Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2011). How mothers and fathers share childcare: A cross-national time-use comparison. American sociological review, 76(6), 834-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411427673
  • Çetin, Z., & Güneş, N. (2021). Drawing as a means of self-expression: a case study. Early Child Development and Care, 191(1), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1608195
  • Deaver, S.P. (2009) A normative study of children's drawings: preliminary research findings, Art Therapy, 26(1), 4-11, DOI:10.1080/07421656.2009.10129309
  • Dunn, J., O'Connor, T. G., & Levy, I. (2002). Out of the picture: A study of family drawings by children: From step-, single-parent, and non-step families. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology, 31(4), 505-512. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/153744202320802179
  • Duxbury, L., Lyons, S., & Higgins, C. (2007). Dual-income families in the new millennium: Reconceptualizing family type. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 472-486. DOI: 10.1177/1523422307305488
  • Einarsdóttir, J. (2007). Children’s voices on the transition from preschool to primary school. Informing transitions in the early years, 74-91. Open University Press.
  • Einarsdottir, J., Dockett, S., & Perry, B. (2009). Making meaning: Children’s perspectives expressed through drawings. Early child development and care, 179(2), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802666999
  • Elumar, E. (2021). Reflections on the phenomenon of fraternity in family-themed paintings of typically developing children with special needs sibling [Unpublished Master's thesis]. University of Anadolu.
  • Farmer, J. L., Leonard, A. E., Spearman, M., Qian, M., & Rosenblith, S. (2016). Picturing a classroom community: Student drawings as a pedagogical tool to assess features of community in the classroom. Action in Teacher Education, 38(4), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2016.1226208
  • Farokhi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2011). The analysis of children's drawings: social, emotional, physical, and psychological aspects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2219-2224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.433
  • Fury, G., Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, A. (1997). Children's representations of attachment relationships in family drawings. Child development, 68(6), 1154-1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01991.x
  • Gernhardt, A., Rübeling, H., & Keller, H. (2013). “This Is My Family” differences in children’s family drawings across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 1166-1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113478658
  • Gernhardt, A., Keller, H., & Rübeling, H. (2016). Children's family drawings as expressions of attachment representations across cultures: possibilities and limitations. Child development, 87(4), 1069-1078. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12516
  • Hilton, J. M., Desrochers, S., & Devall, E. L. (2001). Comparison of role demands, relationships, and child functioning in single-mother, single-father, and intact families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 35(1-2), 29-56. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1300/J087v35n01_02
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Kallitsoglou, A., Repana, V., & Shiakou, M. (2022). Children’s family drawings: association with attachment representations in story stem narratives and social and emotional difficulties. Early Child Development and Care, 192(8), 1337-1348. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/03004430.2021.1877284
  • Kaplun, C. (2019). Children’s drawings speak a thousand words in their transition to school. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 44(4), 392-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939119870887
  • Kay, M. A. (2023). Naturel disasters. Çocuk resimlerinin analizi 2 [in Analysis of children’s drawings 2] (Recai Akay, Ed.). Efe Academy Publishing.
  • Khoshgoftar, M., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., & Sheikhi, M. R. (2022). Analysis of the early mother-child relationship in schizophrenic patients. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(3), 548-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021991186
  • Kızıltaş, E. & Halmatov, S. (2017). Perceptions of children aged 3-6 on the concept of teaching. Journal of Erzincan University Education Faculty, 19 (3), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.325914
  • Knutsson, S., Enskär, K., Andersson-Gäre, B., & Golsäter, M. (2017). Children as relatives to a sick parent: Healthcare professionals’ approaches. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 37(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158516662538
  • Leitch, R. (2009). Creatively researching children’s narratives through images and drawings. In Doing visual research with children and young people (pp. 59-80). Routledge.
  • Loureiro, K. S., Grecu, A., de Moll, F., & Hadjar, A. (2020). Analyzing drawings to explore children’s concepts of an ideal school: implications for the improvement of children’s well-being at school. Child Indicators Research, 13, 1387-1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09705-8
  • Mair, M., Winter, D., & Reed, N. (2014). Towards a radical redefinition of psychology: The selected works of Miller Mair. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315746531
  • Marceau, K., Ram, N., & Susman, E. J. (2015). Development and lability in the parent–child relationship during adolescence: associations with pubertal timing and tempo. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(3), 474-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12139
  • Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Metin, S., & Aral, N. (2020). The drawing development characteristics of gifted and children of normal development. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(1), 73-84. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1246510
  • Miller, P. H. (2008). Theories of Developmental Psychology (Z. Gültekin, Trans.). İmge Publishing. (Original work published 2002).
  • MoE (2018a). Turkish Course Curriculum. Elementary and Middle School 1-8. Classes. Ministry of Education.
  • MoE (2018b). Life Studies Curriculum. Primary School 1, 2 and 3. Classes. Ministry of Education.
  • Oğuz, V. (2010). The factors influencing childrens’ drawings. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3003-3007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.455
  • Papandreou, M. (2014). Communicating and thinking through drawing activity in early childhood. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2013.851131
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Rollins, J., Rollins, C., Boocks, L.A. et al. (2020). Supporting children living with chronic medical conditions through empathetic art. Journal Child Family Study, 29, 2218–2233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01738-w
  • Spigelman, G., Spigelman, A., & Englesson, I. L. (1993). Analysis of family drawings: A comparison between children from divorce and non-divorce families. Journal of divorce & Remarriage, 18(1-2), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v18n01_02
  • Stokas, D., Strezou, E., Malandrakis, G., & Papadopoulou, P. (2017). Greek primary school children’s representations of the urban environment as seen through their drawings. Environmental Education Research, 23(8), 1088-1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1219316
  • Tillman, K. H., & Nam, C. B. (2008). Family structure outcomes of alternative family definitions. Population Research and Policy Review, 27, 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9067-0
  • Tozduman Yaralı, K, Özkan, H. K. & Güngör Aytar, A. (2016). The reflections of seven and ten years old children’s expression of love in their drawings. Journal of Kastamonu Education, 24(5), 2181-2194. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kefdergi/issue/27735/317775
  • Trifunović, A., Pešić, D., & Čičević, S. (2022). Experimental Study: Children’s Perceptions Expressed Through Drawings and Coloring. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129(4), 1151-1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221104780
  • Yavuzer, H. (2021). Resimleriyle çocuk. [Child with Drawings]. İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
  • Wolcott, C. S., Williford, A. P., & Hartz-Mandell, K. (2019). The validity of narratives for understanding children’s perceptions of the teacher–child relationship for preschoolers who display elevated disruptive behaviors. Early Education and Development, 30(7), 887-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1556547
  • Wolfolk-Hoy, A. (2015). Eğitim psikolojisi (Duygu Özen, Trans.). [Educational psychology]. Kaknüs publishing. (Original published 2020).
  • Zee, M., Moritz Rudasill, K., & Roorda, D. L. (2020). “Draw me a picture”: Student-teacher relationship drawings by children displaying externalizing, internalizing, or prosocial behavior. The Elementary School Journal, 120(4), 636-666. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/708661

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 256 - 277, 01.07.2023

Aysel Ferah Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.70.10.4

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahi, B., Cingi, M. A., & Kıldan, A. O. (2016). Examining 48-60 months old children’s perceptions about teacher concept by analyzing their drawings. Ilkogretim Online, 15(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.97994
  • Akay, R. (2022). Çocuğu tanıma teknikleri. 0-18 yaş gelişimsel yaklaşım [Child recognition techniques. 0-18 age developmental approach]. Efe Academy Publishing.
  • Akpinar, Ü. (2015). A case study on examining family perceptions of preschool children aged 60-72 months [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Education Science Institute.
  • Aykaç, N. (2012). Perception of teacher and learning process in primary school students' paintings. Education and Science, 37(164). http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/973/380
  • Berk, L. (2013). Çocuk gelişimi. (Ali Dönmez, Trans.). [Child development]. İmge publishing. (Original published 2009).
  • Bombi, A. S., Cannoni, E., Gallì, F., & Di Norcia, A. (2020). The relationship between teachers and students: Children’s pictorial representation and teachers evaluation. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00702
  • Ceylan, A. (2016). Stating metaphorical perceptions about family concept [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Universty of Sakarya.
  • Cherney, I. D., Seiwert, C. S., Dickey, T. M., & Flichtbeil, J. D. (2006). Children’s drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational psychology, 26(1), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410500344167
  • Creswell, J. W. (2015). Qualitative ınquiry and research design (M. Bütün & S.B. Demir, trans.). Siyasal publishing. (Original work published 2013).
  • Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2011). How mothers and fathers share childcare: A cross-national time-use comparison. American sociological review, 76(6), 834-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411427673
  • Çetin, Z., & Güneş, N. (2021). Drawing as a means of self-expression: a case study. Early Child Development and Care, 191(1), 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1608195
  • Deaver, S.P. (2009) A normative study of children's drawings: preliminary research findings, Art Therapy, 26(1), 4-11, DOI:10.1080/07421656.2009.10129309
  • Dunn, J., O'Connor, T. G., & Levy, I. (2002). Out of the picture: A study of family drawings by children: From step-, single-parent, and non-step families. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology, 31(4), 505-512. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/153744202320802179
  • Duxbury, L., Lyons, S., & Higgins, C. (2007). Dual-income families in the new millennium: Reconceptualizing family type. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 472-486. DOI: 10.1177/1523422307305488
  • Einarsdóttir, J. (2007). Children’s voices on the transition from preschool to primary school. Informing transitions in the early years, 74-91. Open University Press.
  • Einarsdottir, J., Dockett, S., & Perry, B. (2009). Making meaning: Children’s perspectives expressed through drawings. Early child development and care, 179(2), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802666999
  • Elumar, E. (2021). Reflections on the phenomenon of fraternity in family-themed paintings of typically developing children with special needs sibling [Unpublished Master's thesis]. University of Anadolu.
  • Farmer, J. L., Leonard, A. E., Spearman, M., Qian, M., & Rosenblith, S. (2016). Picturing a classroom community: Student drawings as a pedagogical tool to assess features of community in the classroom. Action in Teacher Education, 38(4), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2016.1226208
  • Farokhi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2011). The analysis of children's drawings: social, emotional, physical, and psychological aspects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2219-2224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.433
  • Fury, G., Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, A. (1997). Children's representations of attachment relationships in family drawings. Child development, 68(6), 1154-1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01991.x
  • Gernhardt, A., Rübeling, H., & Keller, H. (2013). “This Is My Family” differences in children’s family drawings across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 1166-1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113478658
  • Gernhardt, A., Keller, H., & Rübeling, H. (2016). Children's family drawings as expressions of attachment representations across cultures: possibilities and limitations. Child development, 87(4), 1069-1078. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12516
  • Hilton, J. M., Desrochers, S., & Devall, E. L. (2001). Comparison of role demands, relationships, and child functioning in single-mother, single-father, and intact families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 35(1-2), 29-56. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1300/J087v35n01_02
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Kallitsoglou, A., Repana, V., & Shiakou, M. (2022). Children’s family drawings: association with attachment representations in story stem narratives and social and emotional difficulties. Early Child Development and Care, 192(8), 1337-1348. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/03004430.2021.1877284
  • Kaplun, C. (2019). Children’s drawings speak a thousand words in their transition to school. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 44(4), 392-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939119870887
  • Kay, M. A. (2023). Naturel disasters. Çocuk resimlerinin analizi 2 [in Analysis of children’s drawings 2] (Recai Akay, Ed.). Efe Academy Publishing.
  • Khoshgoftar, M., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., & Sheikhi, M. R. (2022). Analysis of the early mother-child relationship in schizophrenic patients. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(3), 548-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021991186
  • Kızıltaş, E. & Halmatov, S. (2017). Perceptions of children aged 3-6 on the concept of teaching. Journal of Erzincan University Education Faculty, 19 (3), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.325914
  • Knutsson, S., Enskär, K., Andersson-Gäre, B., & Golsäter, M. (2017). Children as relatives to a sick parent: Healthcare professionals’ approaches. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 37(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158516662538
  • Leitch, R. (2009). Creatively researching children’s narratives through images and drawings. In Doing visual research with children and young people (pp. 59-80). Routledge.
  • Loureiro, K. S., Grecu, A., de Moll, F., & Hadjar, A. (2020). Analyzing drawings to explore children’s concepts of an ideal school: implications for the improvement of children’s well-being at school. Child Indicators Research, 13, 1387-1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09705-8
  • Mair, M., Winter, D., & Reed, N. (2014). Towards a radical redefinition of psychology: The selected works of Miller Mair. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315746531
  • Marceau, K., Ram, N., & Susman, E. J. (2015). Development and lability in the parent–child relationship during adolescence: associations with pubertal timing and tempo. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(3), 474-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12139
  • Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Metin, S., & Aral, N. (2020). The drawing development characteristics of gifted and children of normal development. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(1), 73-84. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1246510
  • Miller, P. H. (2008). Theories of Developmental Psychology (Z. Gültekin, Trans.). İmge Publishing. (Original work published 2002).
  • MoE (2018a). Turkish Course Curriculum. Elementary and Middle School 1-8. Classes. Ministry of Education.
  • MoE (2018b). Life Studies Curriculum. Primary School 1, 2 and 3. Classes. Ministry of Education.
  • Oğuz, V. (2010). The factors influencing childrens’ drawings. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3003-3007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.455
  • Papandreou, M. (2014). Communicating and thinking through drawing activity in early childhood. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2013.851131
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Rollins, J., Rollins, C., Boocks, L.A. et al. (2020). Supporting children living with chronic medical conditions through empathetic art. Journal Child Family Study, 29, 2218–2233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01738-w
  • Spigelman, G., Spigelman, A., & Englesson, I. L. (1993). Analysis of family drawings: A comparison between children from divorce and non-divorce families. Journal of divorce & Remarriage, 18(1-2), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v18n01_02
  • Stokas, D., Strezou, E., Malandrakis, G., & Papadopoulou, P. (2017). Greek primary school children’s representations of the urban environment as seen through their drawings. Environmental Education Research, 23(8), 1088-1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1219316
  • Tillman, K. H., & Nam, C. B. (2008). Family structure outcomes of alternative family definitions. Population Research and Policy Review, 27, 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9067-0
  • Tozduman Yaralı, K, Özkan, H. K. & Güngör Aytar, A. (2016). The reflections of seven and ten years old children’s expression of love in their drawings. Journal of Kastamonu Education, 24(5), 2181-2194. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kefdergi/issue/27735/317775
  • Trifunović, A., Pešić, D., & Čičević, S. (2022). Experimental Study: Children’s Perceptions Expressed Through Drawings and Coloring. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129(4), 1151-1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221104780
  • Yavuzer, H. (2021). Resimleriyle çocuk. [Child with Drawings]. İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
  • Wolcott, C. S., Williford, A. P., & Hartz-Mandell, K. (2019). The validity of narratives for understanding children’s perceptions of the teacher–child relationship for preschoolers who display elevated disruptive behaviors. Early Education and Development, 30(7), 887-912. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1556547
  • Wolfolk-Hoy, A. (2015). Eğitim psikolojisi (Duygu Özen, Trans.). [Educational psychology]. Kaknüs publishing. (Original published 2020).
  • Zee, M., Moritz Rudasill, K., & Roorda, D. L. (2020). “Draw me a picture”: Student-teacher relationship drawings by children displaying externalizing, internalizing, or prosocial behavior. The Elementary School Journal, 120(4), 636-666. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/708661
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri, Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Aysel Ferah Özcan 0000-0002-9196-4838

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 23 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ferah Özcan, A. (2023). Some Inferences for Educational Programs from Primary School Children’s Family Drawings and Verbal Metaphors. Participatory Educational Research, 10(4), 256-277. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.70.10.4
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