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PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: A REVIEW ON 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 671 - 689, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1280969

Öz

İbrahim ÇATALDAŞ
Mersin Üniversitesi, Türkiye
ibrahimcataldas@mersin.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-9177


PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: A REVIEW ON 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP

ABSTRACT
Public relations, which encompasses the communication activities carried out by institutions and enterprises for their target groups, finds a wider scope of application nowadays due to global developments in the world. Therefore, today, international public relations and public diplomacy activities come to the fore due to purposes such as communicating with foreign publics, promoting the country, obtaining a positive change in image, reputation, and attitude. International sports events hosted by different countries in different periods attract visitors from different parts of the world every year. For this reason, it offers opportunities to host countries in terms of country promotion, image, and reputation building. In this study, the 2022 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Qatar between November 20 and December 18, 2022, was discussed from the perspective of international public relations and public diplomacy activities, and the event calendar officially announced by the Qatar government for the World Cup organization was analyzed by document review method. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the Qatar Government has organized a total of 27 different events for foreign visitors in the fields of entertainment, festivals, exhibitions, art and culture. It has been concluded that these organized events are used effectively in terms of international public relations and public diplomacy activities, especially in terms of country promotion, image, and reputation.

Keywords: World Cup, Public Diplomacy, International Public Relations.

Kaynakça

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ULUSLARARASI HALKLA İLİŞKİLER BAĞLAMINDA KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ: 2022 FIFA DÜNYA KUPASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 671 - 689, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1280969

Öz

Hangi Alandan Hakem Atanmalı: Sosyal Bilimler

ULUSLARARASI HALKLA İLİŞKİLER BAĞLAMINDA KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ: 2022 FIFA DÜNYA KUPASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

ÖZ
Kurum ve işletmelerin hedef kitlelerine yönelik olarak yürüttüğü iletişim çalışmalarını kapsayan halkla ilişkiler, dünyadaki küresel gelişmelere bağlı olarak günümüzde daha geniş bir uygulama alanı bulmaktadır. Bu nedenle günümüzde uluslararası halkla ilişkiler ve kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri, yabancı kamuoyu ile iletişim kurmak, ülkeyi tanıtmak, imaj, itibar ve tutumda olumlu bir değişiklik elde etmek gibi amaçlarla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu amaçlara yönelik olarak uluslararası spor organizasyonlarının, kamu diplomasisi ve uluslararası halkla ilişkiler faaliyetleri açısından oldukça önemli bir rol oynadığını söylemek mümkündür. Farklı dönemlerde farklı ülkelerin ev sahipliğini yaptığı uluslararası spor etkinlikleri, her yıl dünyanın farklı yerlerinden ziyaretçiler çekmektedir. Bu nedenle ev sahibi ülkelere ülke tanıtımı, imaj ve itibar oluşturma bakımından fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 20 Kasım ve 18 Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında Katar’da düzenlenmiş olan 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası, uluslararası halkla ilişkiler ve kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri perspektifinden ele alınmış olup Katar hükümetinin Dünya Kupası organizasyonu için resmi olarak ilan ettiği etkinlik takvimi doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Yapılmış olan analiz sonucunda Katar Hükümeti’nin yabancı ziyaretçilere yönelik olarak eğlence, festival, sergi, sanat ve kültür alanlarında olmak üzere toplam 27 farklı etkinlik düzenlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Düzenlenen bu etkinliklerin ülke tanıtımı, imaj ve itibar gibi hususlar başta olmak üzere uluslararası halkla ilişkiler ve kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri bakımından etkin bir şekilde kullanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dünya Kupası, Kamu Diplomasisi, Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler.

Kaynakça

  • Anlamassova, M. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde yumuşak gücün kullanımı ve Rusya’nın yumuşak güç araçları (Tez No. 465597), Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Askew, J. (2022, 1 November). Qatar: All You Need to Know About The Country Before The 2022 FIFA World Cup. https://www.euronews.com/2022/11/01/qatar-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-country-before-the-2022-fifa-world-cup
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  • Başaran, B. (2022, 20 Aralık). Looking back at Qatar 2022 World Cup: Hypocrisy vs. sportswashing. https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/looking-back-at-qatar-2022-world-cup-hypocrisy-vs-sportswashing
  • BBC. (2022, 18 November). World Cup Finals: Why is Qatar 2022 Controversial?. Retrieved May 1, 2023, From https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61635340
  • Becerikli, U. (2022, 21 Aralık). Katar Araplara ilişkin önyargıları kırdı. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/katar-araplara-iliskin-onyargilari-kirdi-732146.html
  • Çağlan, Ö. (2018). Halkla İlişkiler Aracı Olarak Kullanılan Twitter’ın Basın Ajansı/Tanıtım Modeli Bağlamında İncelenmesi (Tez No. 490836), Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi.Giresun Üniversitesi, Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Çakmak A. F. ve Kilci, S. (2011). Kamu Yönetiminde Halkla İlişkilerin Yeri ve Önemi, Kamu-İş Dergisi, 11(4) 219-270.
  • Chiu, N. (2022, 21 November). Can You Drink Alcohol at The World Cup 2022 in Qatar? Are You Allowed to Drink Beer? Where Can You Buy Booze?. https://www.eurosport.com/football/world-cup/2022/can-you-drink-alcohol-at-the-world-cup-2022-in-qatar-are-you-allowed-to-drink-beer-where-can-you-buy_sto9202972/story.shtml.
  • Cudd, G. (2023, 11 April). 41 Digital PR Statistics. https://ddiy.co/digital-pr-statistics/
  • Deos, A. (2013). Sport and Relational Public Diplomacy: The Case of New Zealand and Rugby World Cup 2011. Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 17 (9), 1170-1186 https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.856588
  • Euronews. (2022, 19 Aralık). Dünya Kupası'nda Messi'ye hediye edilen Arap cübbesi 'bişt' nedir?. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/12/19/dunya-kupasinda-messiye-hediye-edilen-arap-cubbesi-bist-nedir
  • Evans, F. (2022, 25 April). How Nelson Mandela Used Rugby As a Symbol of South African Unity. https://www.history.com/news/nelson-mandela-1995-rugby-world-cup-south-african-unity
  • Fernandez, B. (2022, 28 November). The Massive Hypocrisy of The West’s World Cup ‘Concerns’. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/11/28/the-massive-hypocrisy-of-the-wests-world-cup-concerns
  • FIFA. (2022, 1 April). Hayya Hayya (Better Together) FIFA World Cup 2022 Official Soundtrack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyDjFVZgJoo
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  • Grohmann, K. (2022, 21 October). Fans stay away from Qatar World Cup that doesn't make them dream. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/fans-swerve-qatar-world-cup-that-doesnt-make-them-dream-2022-10-20/
  • Guez, J. (2023, 18 Ocak). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: What Legacy Will it Leave For Qatar?. https://www.euronews.com/2023/01/17/fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022-what-legacy-will-it-leave-for-qatar
  • Hirwani, P. (2022, 22 November). ‘So Disappointing’: Morgan Freeman Fans Hurt And Angry After Actor Leads Qatar World Cup Opening Ceremony. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/morgan-freeman-qatar-world-cup-b2229413.html
  • Ishac, W. ve Swart, K. (2022). Social impact projections for Qatar youth residents from 2022: The case of the IAAF 2019. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.922997/full
  • Jian, Z. (2022, 23 November). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: China, Qatar Join Hands For a Better Future. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-11-20/FIFA-World-Cup-Qatar-2022-China-Qatar-join-hands-for-a-better-future-1f6QLQp4jsY/index.html
  • Jiang, H. (2015). Ethical Visions For Public Diplomacy as International Public Relations. Golan, G. J., Yang, S., Kinsey, D. F. (Ed.), International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy. 51-71. Peter Lang.
  • Kalın, İ. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in Turkey. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 16 (3), 5-23. Karadağ, A. ve Bulur, S. (2022, 22 Aralık). Katar 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupasında Görev Yapan Türk Polis Görev Gücü Yurda Döndü. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/katar-2022-fifa-dunya-kupasinda-gorev-yapan-turk-polis-gorev-gucu-yurda-dondu/2770268
  • Kartal, N. Z. ve Rençber, H. (2022). Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler Aracı Olarak Müze Diplomasisi: turkishmuseum.com Örneğinde Bir İnceleme. Electronic Cumhuriyet Journal of Communication, 4(2), 73-88.
  • Kochhar, S. K., Molleda, J. C. (2015). The Evolving Links Between International Public Relations and Corporate Diplomacy. Golan, G. J., Yang, S., Kinsey, D. F. (Ed.), International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy. 51-71. Peter Lang.
  • Kuhr, E. ve Smith, A. (2022, 16 December). Why Qatar may see the World Cup as a win despite off-field criticism and on-field failure. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/qatar-world-cup-win-human-rights-criticism-rcna60279
  • Lahm, P. (2022, 15 November). Holding The World Cup in Qatar Has Damaged Footbal and I will Not be Going. https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2022/nov/15/world-cup-qatar-damaged-football-philipp-lahm
  • Maktoob. (n.d.). Who is Ghanim Al Muftah, Qatari Icon Who Shared Stage With Morgan Freeman?. https://maktoobmedia.com/qatar-2022/who-is-ghanim-al-muftah-qatari-icon-who-shared-stage-with-morgan-freeman/
  • Marca. (n.d.). Artists Who Have Refused To Perform At The Qatar 2022 World Cup: Shakira, Dua Lipa. https://www.marca.com/en/worldcup/2022/11/17/63762321e2704eb2b28b45df.html
  • Murdock, H. (2022, 22 November). World Cup 2022: Families Mourn Thousands From Decade of Construction. https://www.voanews.com/a/world-cup-2022-families-mourn-thousands-from-decade-of-construction-/6845578.html
  • Nereim, V. (2022, 30 November). Qatar’s World Cup Showcases Renewed Ties With Saudi Arabia, but Scars Remain, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/world/middleeast/qatar-saudi-world-cup.html
  • NTV. (2021, 5 Ocak). ‘Körfez krizi’ 3,5 yıl sonra sona eriyor: Katar ve Suudi Arabistan anlaşma imzalayacak. https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/korfez-krizi-3-5-yil-sonra-sona-eriyor-katar-ve-suudi-arabistan-anlasma-imzalayacak,Rw0tbjEMiECqeO0l10GCoQ
  • O’Grady, S. (2022, 24 November). What on Earth is Morgan Freeman Doing in Qatar?. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/morgan-freeman-fifa-world-cup-qatar-b2231954.html
  • Okay, A., Okay, A. (2018). Halkla İlişkiler Kavram Strateji ve Uygulamaları (10. Basım). Der Yayınları
  • Özdemirci, A., Önder, H. B. (2018). Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler Yoluyla Ülke Algısı ve İmajı Oluşturmak: Almanya’da Türkiye Algısı ve İmajı Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma (2010-2013). Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17 (1), 61-98.
  • Özkan, A. (2016). Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Bir Halkla İlişkiler Etkinliği Olarak Kamu Diplomasisi. Ed. Kılınç, B. Kamu Diplomasisi ve Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler. s: 2-25.
  • Parkel, I. (2022, 18 November). Robbie Williams Defends Controversial Choice to Perform at Qatar World Cup: ‘It Would Be Hypocritical For Me Not To Go’. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-williams-qatar-world-cup-b2228292.html
  • Pells, E. (2022, 16 November). Qatar’s World Cup Denounced For ‘washing’ Country’s Image. https://apnews.com/article/eileenguromanabramovichsportssoccerbusinesscc0594f123b85bc5d4cc404cba6fb37e
  • Peltekoğlu, F. B. (2016). Halkla İlişkiler Nedir?, Beta Yayınları.
  • Qatar Supreme Committee For Delivery & Legacy (2022). Qatar’s Official Festivals and Events Calendar. https://visitqatar.com/content/dam/events/qatar-calendar/events-guidebook.pdf
  • Reid, S. (2023, 27 January). From 700 Million Years Ago To The World Cup: Inside Qatar’s Best Museums. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/qatar-museums/index.html
  • Riddell, D. (2022, 20 December). Why This Has Been a Culturally Unique World Cup. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/20/football/qatar-world-cup-review-spt-int/index.html
  • Rookie Road. (n.d.). Which FIFA World Cup Has Had The Largest Attendance?. Retrieved May 1, 2023, From https://www.rookieroad.com/fifa-world-cup/which-fifa-world-cup-has-had-the-largest-attendance-6306059/#fifa-world-cup-attendance-by-year
  • Saeed, S. (2022, 29 November). Qatar World Cup Fan Village Review: What The Budget-Friendly Accommodation is Really Like. https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/hotels/2022/11/29/qatar-world-cup-fan-village-review-what-the-budget-friendly-accommodation-is-really-like/
  • Sak, R., Şahin Sak, İ. T., Öneren Şendil, Ç. ve Nas, E. (2021). Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Doküman Analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4 (1), 227-250. Shiyue, Z. (2022, 21 November). Chinese Brands Bet on Sponsorships For Qatar World Cup. https://asianews.network/chinese-brands-bet-on-sponsorships-for-qatar-world-cup/
  • Singh, A. (2022, 26 December). Sports and Soft Power: Qatar Diplomacy in light of Football World Cup. https://nickledanddimed.com/2022/12/26/sports-and-soft-power-qatar-diplomacy-in-light-of-football-world-cup/
  • Snow, N. (2015). Public Diplomacy and Public Relations: Will The Twain Eve Meet?. Golan, G. J., Yang, S., Kinsey, D. F. (Eds.), International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy. (pp. 73-90). Peter Lang.
  • Sriramesh, K. ve Vercic, D. (2001). International public relations: A framework for future research. Journal of Communication Management, 6 (2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540210806973
  • Statista. (2023, 15 February). Public Relations Market Size Worldwide From 2022 to 2027. Retrieved May 1, 2023, From https://www.statista.com/statistics/645836/public-relations-pr-revenue/,
  • Szondi, G. (2009). International context of public relations. R. Tench ve L. Yeomans (Eds.), Exploring public relations. (pp. 112-140). Prentice Hall.
  • Turk, J. V., Scanlan, L. H. (1999). Fifteen Case Studies in International Public Relations: The Evolution of Public Relations: Case Studies From Countries in Transition, Institute For Public Relations, University of Florida.
  • Vercic D., Zerfass A. ve Wiesenberg M. (2015). Global public relations and communication management: A European perspective. Public Relations Review, 41 (5), 785-793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.06.017
  • Voice of America. (2017, 5 June). 6 Countries, Including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE Cut Diplomatic Ties With Qatar. https://www.voanews.com/a/saudi-arabia-egypt-uae-bahrain-cut-ties-with-qatar/3887058.html
  • Wei, C. (2020). Public Diplomacy: Functions, Functional Boundaries and Measurement Methods. Heritage. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.92664
  • White, J. (2022, 22 November). Qatar Plays Opening Ceremony Cliche Bingo in Perfect Example of Sportswashing. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2022/11/20/world-cup-2022-opening-ceremony-live-qatar-england-bts/
  • Yaqub, M(2023, 7 April). How Many Business Are There in The World in 2023. https://www.businessdit.com/howmanybusinessesarethereintheworld/#:~:text=There%20are%20an%20estimated%2060%2C000,their%20reach%20into%20new% 0markets.
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (11. Baskı), Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İbrahim Çataldaş 0000-0001-8096-9177

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Nisan 2023
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çataldaş, İ. (2023). ULUSLARARASI HALKLA İLİŞKİLER BAĞLAMINDA KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ: 2022 FIFA DÜNYA KUPASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 13(3), 671-689. https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1280969


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