Öz
Enerji sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme için vazgeçilmez bir kaynaktır. Bazı ülkeler enerji rezervleri açısından şanslıyken diğerleri enerji ithalatına bağımlıdır. Küreselleşme ile birlikte artan uluslararası ticaret faaliyetleri enerji ithalatında değişimlere neden olabilir. Çalışmada küreselleşmenin enerji ithalatı üzerindeki rolü, enerjiye olan bağımlılık derecesine ve gelişmişlik düzeyine göre sınıflandırılmış 69 ülkede 1991-2014 dönemi için panel veri yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, gelişmiş ve enerji ithalatına minimal bağımlılık gösteren ülkelerde, küreselleşmenin enerji ithalatı üzerindeki etkisinin sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Bu ülkeler enerji gereksinimlerini büyük oranda yerel ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları aracılığıyla temin etmektedirler, bu bağlamda rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi gibi alternatif enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına yönelmektedirler. Öte yandan, enerji bağımlılığı yüksek olan gelişmiş ülkelerde, küreselleşme enerji ithalatının artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler söz konusu olduğunda, küreselleşmenin enerji ithalatı üzerindeki etkisi belirgin değildir. Bu ülkeler enerji gereksinimlerini daha ziyade yerel kaynaklar üzerinden karşılamakta ve enerji talepleri nispeten daha düşük düzeylerde seyretmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Küreselleşme Enerji İthalatı Dirençli Standart Hatalı Sabit Etkiler Yöntemi Driscoll-Kraay Sabit Etkiler Yöntemi
Etik Beyan
Bu araştırmanın her aşamasında “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi”nde belirtilen tüm kurallara uyulmuştur. Yönergenin “Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler” başlığı altında belirtilen eylemlerden hiçbiri gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın yazım sürecinde etik kurallarına uygun alıntı yapılmış ve kaynakça oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma intihal denetimine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma için etik kurul izni almaya gerek duyulacak bir veri toplama işlemi gerçekleştirilmemiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu araştırmanın hazırlanmasında herhangi bir dış destek alınmamıştır. Çalışma Doç.Dr. Öznur Özdamar’ın danışmanlığını yaptığı ve Mustafa Kara’nın hazırladığı “Küreselleşme ile enerji ithalatı arasındaki ilişki: Panel veri analizi” adlı yüksek lisans tez çalışmasından türetilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- AA (2019). Global Energy Demand Hits Fastest Pace This Decade: IEA. Access address: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/global-energy-demand-hits-fastest-pace-this-decade-iea/24940
- Akindele, S. T., Gidado, T. O., and Olaopa, O. R. (2001). Globalization, Its Implications and Consequences for Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 221-230.
- Bretschger, L., and Hettich, F. (2002). Globalisation, Capital Mobility and Tax Competition: Theory and Evidence for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 18, 695–716.
- Cerny, P.G. (1994). The Dynamics of Financial Globalization Technology, Market Structure, And Policy Response. Policy Sciences, 27, 317-342.
- Danish, Saud, S., Baloch, M. A., and Lodhi, R. N. (2018). The Nexus Between Energy Consumption and Financial Development: Estimating The Role of Globalization in Next-11 Countries. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 25, 18651–18661.
- De Hoyos, R. E., and Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel-Data Models. The Stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
- Deloitte (2015). European Energy Earket Reform Country Profile: Belgium. Access address: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Energy-and-Resources/gx-er-market-reform-belgium.pdf
- Dreher, A. (2006a). The Influence of Globalization On Taxes and Social Policy: An Empirical Analysis for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 179–201.
- Dreher, A. (2006b). Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from A New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38, 1091–1110.
- Driscoll, J. C. and Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
- Dumming, J. H. (1998). Globalization and The New Geography of Foreign Direct Investment. Oxford Development Studies, 26: 71 – 88.
- Energy Market Price (2016). Energy Statistic Report 2016. Access address: https://www.energymarketprice.com/ products/access_SwitzerlandEnergyStatistics.pdf
- Esen, Ö., and Bayrak, M. (2017). Does More Energy Consumption Support Economic Growth in Net Energy Importing Countries? Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science, 22(42), 75-98.
- Hill, C. W. L. (2006). Global Business Today. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
- Iheanacho, E. (2018). The Role of Globalisation on Energy Consumption in Nigeria. Implication for Long Run Economic Growth. ARDL and VECM Analysis. Global Journal of Human Social Science: E Economics, 18(1), 10-28.
- Kauder, B., and Potrafke, N. (2015). Globalization and Social Justice in OECD Countries. Review World Economics, 151, 353–376.
- Kazar, A., and Kazar, G. (2016). Globalization, Financial Development and Economic Growth. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6 (2), 578-587.
- Kılıç, C. (2015). Effect of Globalization On Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries. Economic Insights-Trends and Challenges, 4(1), 1- 11.
- Leitao, N. C., and Shahbaz, M. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Urbanization and Globalization: A Dynamic Panel Data. The Economic Research Guardian, 3(1), 22-32.
- Meinhard, S., ve Potrafke, N. (2012). The Globalization–Welfare State Nexus Reconsidered. Review of International Economics, 20(2), 271–287.
- Murshed, M., Jannat, F.T., and Amin, S. B. (2018). An Empirical Investigation of Globalization and Energy Consumption: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3), 54-68.
- Newey WK, West KD. (1994). Automatic Lag Selection in Covariance Matrix Estimation. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(4), 631–653.
- NIC (2005). The US National Intelligence Council on the Changing Geopolitical Landscape.
- Nielsen, L. (2011). Classifications of Countries Based On Their Level of Development: How It Is Done and How It Could Be Done. IMF Working Paper, WP11/31. International Monetary Fund
- OECD (2013). Luxembourg: Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels. Access address: http://www.oecd.org/site/tadffss/LUX_v2.pdf
- OECD (2019). Fossil Fuel Support Country Note, Austria. Access address: https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/data/
- Ohiorhenuan, J. F. E. (1998). The South in an Era of Globalization. Cooperation South, 2, 6-15.
- Ohuabunwa, M. S. I. (1999). The Challenges of Globalization to The Nigerian Industrial Sector. Nigerian Tribune December, 14, 20-21.
- Oksak, Y., ve Yalçınkaya-Koyuncu, J. (2017). Does Globalization Affect Female Labor Force Participation: Panel Evidence?. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 4(4), 381-387.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. Access address: http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504.
- Population Council (2005). The US National Intelligence Council on the Changing Geopolitical Landscape. Population and Development Review, 31(1), 190-196.
- Potrafke, N. (2009). Did Globalization Restrict Partisan Politics? An Empirical Evaluation of Social Expenditures in A Panel of OECD Countries. Public Choice, 140, 105–124.
- Potrafke, N. (2010). Labor Market Deregulation and Globalization: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. Review World Economics, 146, 545–571.
- Potrafke, N. (2013). Globalization and Labor Market Institutions: International Empirical Evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41, 829–842.
- Potrafke, N., and Ursprung, H. W. (2012). Globalization and Gender Equality in The Course of Development. European Journal of Political Economy, 28, 399–413.
- Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., and Hamdi, H. (2014). A Contribution of Foreign Direct Investment, Clean Energy, Trade Openness, Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth to Energy Demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197.
- Shahbaz, M., Haouas, I., Sbia, R., ve Öztürk, I. (2018b). Financial Development-Environmental Degradation Nexus in The United Arab Emirates: The Importance of Growth, Globalization and Structural Breaks. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 87365.
- Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., ve Hammoudeh, S. (2018e). The Role of Globalization in Energy Consumption: A Quantile Cointegrating Regression Approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 84682.
- Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S., ve Apergis, N. (2018a). Globalisation, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in The BRICS Region: The Importance of Asymmetries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
- UNCTAD (2018). World Investment Report 2018. Access address: https://unctad.org/en/ PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
- World Bank (2018). World Development Indicators. Access address: https://databank. worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators,
- Yalçınkaya-Koyuncu, J., and Ünver, M. (2017). The Association Between Corruption and Globalization in African Countries. Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(4), 20-28.
- Yazdi, S.H., ve Shakouri, B. (2017). The Globalization, Financial Development, Renewable Energy, And Economic Growth. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, And Policy, 12(8), 707-714.
Öz
Energy is an indispensable source for the sustainable economic growth. While some countries are fortunate in terms of energy reserves, others are dependent on energy imports. Globalization may result in a shift in energy imports as a result of the growing international trade. In this study, the role of globalization on energy import is analyzed using panel data analysis for the period of 1991-2014 and 69 countries grouped according to the degree of dependency on energy and the level of development. The analysis results show that the impact of globalization on energy imports is limited in developed countries with minimal energy import dependence. These countries largely meet their energy requirements through local and renewable energy sources, focusing on the use of alternative energy sources such as wind and solar energy. On the other hand, in developed countries with high energy dependence, globalization contributes to an increase in energy imports. Regarding developing countries, the impact of globalization on energy imports is not significant. These countries mainly meet their energy requirements through local sources and their energy demands remain relatively low.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Globalization Energy Import Fixed Effects with Robust Standard Errors Fixed Effects with Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors
Kaynakça
- AA (2019). Global Energy Demand Hits Fastest Pace This Decade: IEA. Access address: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/global-energy-demand-hits-fastest-pace-this-decade-iea/24940
- Akindele, S. T., Gidado, T. O., and Olaopa, O. R. (2001). Globalization, Its Implications and Consequences for Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 221-230.
- Bretschger, L., and Hettich, F. (2002). Globalisation, Capital Mobility and Tax Competition: Theory and Evidence for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 18, 695–716.
- Cerny, P.G. (1994). The Dynamics of Financial Globalization Technology, Market Structure, And Policy Response. Policy Sciences, 27, 317-342.
- Danish, Saud, S., Baloch, M. A., and Lodhi, R. N. (2018). The Nexus Between Energy Consumption and Financial Development: Estimating The Role of Globalization in Next-11 Countries. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 25, 18651–18661.
- De Hoyos, R. E., and Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel-Data Models. The Stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
- Deloitte (2015). European Energy Earket Reform Country Profile: Belgium. Access address: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Energy-and-Resources/gx-er-market-reform-belgium.pdf
- Dreher, A. (2006a). The Influence of Globalization On Taxes and Social Policy: An Empirical Analysis for OECD Countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 179–201.
- Dreher, A. (2006b). Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from A New Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38, 1091–1110.
- Driscoll, J. C. and Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
- Dumming, J. H. (1998). Globalization and The New Geography of Foreign Direct Investment. Oxford Development Studies, 26: 71 – 88.
- Energy Market Price (2016). Energy Statistic Report 2016. Access address: https://www.energymarketprice.com/ products/access_SwitzerlandEnergyStatistics.pdf
- Esen, Ö., and Bayrak, M. (2017). Does More Energy Consumption Support Economic Growth in Net Energy Importing Countries? Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science, 22(42), 75-98.
- Hill, C. W. L. (2006). Global Business Today. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
- Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
- Iheanacho, E. (2018). The Role of Globalisation on Energy Consumption in Nigeria. Implication for Long Run Economic Growth. ARDL and VECM Analysis. Global Journal of Human Social Science: E Economics, 18(1), 10-28.
- Kauder, B., and Potrafke, N. (2015). Globalization and Social Justice in OECD Countries. Review World Economics, 151, 353–376.
- Kazar, A., and Kazar, G. (2016). Globalization, Financial Development and Economic Growth. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6 (2), 578-587.
- Kılıç, C. (2015). Effect of Globalization On Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries. Economic Insights-Trends and Challenges, 4(1), 1- 11.
- Leitao, N. C., and Shahbaz, M. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Urbanization and Globalization: A Dynamic Panel Data. The Economic Research Guardian, 3(1), 22-32.
- Meinhard, S., ve Potrafke, N. (2012). The Globalization–Welfare State Nexus Reconsidered. Review of International Economics, 20(2), 271–287.
- Murshed, M., Jannat, F.T., and Amin, S. B. (2018). An Empirical Investigation of Globalization and Energy Consumption: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3), 54-68.
- Newey WK, West KD. (1994). Automatic Lag Selection in Covariance Matrix Estimation. The Review of Economic Studies, 61(4), 631–653.
- NIC (2005). The US National Intelligence Council on the Changing Geopolitical Landscape.
- Nielsen, L. (2011). Classifications of Countries Based On Their Level of Development: How It Is Done and How It Could Be Done. IMF Working Paper, WP11/31. International Monetary Fund
- OECD (2013). Luxembourg: Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels. Access address: http://www.oecd.org/site/tadffss/LUX_v2.pdf
- OECD (2019). Fossil Fuel Support Country Note, Austria. Access address: https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/data/
- Ohiorhenuan, J. F. E. (1998). The South in an Era of Globalization. Cooperation South, 2, 6-15.
- Ohuabunwa, M. S. I. (1999). The Challenges of Globalization to The Nigerian Industrial Sector. Nigerian Tribune December, 14, 20-21.
- Oksak, Y., ve Yalçınkaya-Koyuncu, J. (2017). Does Globalization Affect Female Labor Force Participation: Panel Evidence?. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 4(4), 381-387.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. Access address: http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504.
- Population Council (2005). The US National Intelligence Council on the Changing Geopolitical Landscape. Population and Development Review, 31(1), 190-196.
- Potrafke, N. (2009). Did Globalization Restrict Partisan Politics? An Empirical Evaluation of Social Expenditures in A Panel of OECD Countries. Public Choice, 140, 105–124.
- Potrafke, N. (2010). Labor Market Deregulation and Globalization: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. Review World Economics, 146, 545–571.
- Potrafke, N. (2013). Globalization and Labor Market Institutions: International Empirical Evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41, 829–842.
- Potrafke, N., and Ursprung, H. W. (2012). Globalization and Gender Equality in The Course of Development. European Journal of Political Economy, 28, 399–413.
- Sbia, R., Shahbaz, M., and Hamdi, H. (2014). A Contribution of Foreign Direct Investment, Clean Energy, Trade Openness, Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth to Energy Demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197.
- Shahbaz, M., Haouas, I., Sbia, R., ve Öztürk, I. (2018b). Financial Development-Environmental Degradation Nexus in The United Arab Emirates: The Importance of Growth, Globalization and Structural Breaks. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 87365.
- Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., ve Hammoudeh, S. (2018e). The Role of Globalization in Energy Consumption: A Quantile Cointegrating Regression Approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 84682.
- Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Alam, S., ve Apergis, N. (2018a). Globalisation, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in The BRICS Region: The Importance of Asymmetries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 27(8), 985-1009.
- UNCTAD (2018). World Investment Report 2018. Access address: https://unctad.org/en/ PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
- World Bank (2018). World Development Indicators. Access address: https://databank. worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators,
- Yalçınkaya-Koyuncu, J., and Ünver, M. (2017). The Association Between Corruption and Globalization in African Countries. Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(4), 20-28.
- Yazdi, S.H., ve Shakouri, B. (2017). The Globalization, Financial Development, Renewable Energy, And Economic Growth. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, And Policy, 12(8), 707-714.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Panel Veri Analizi , Makro İktisat (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Ocak 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 12 Mart 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |
Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi
İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
İktisat Bölümü
RİZE