The Moderation of National Culture Regarding the Effect of Spiritual Leadership on Organizational Commitment and Productivity: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis

Bu çalışmada ruhsal liderliğinin örgütsel bağlılık ve verimlilik üzerindeki etkisinde ulusal kültürün rolü meta-analiz yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Yapılan taramada, 27 tanesi meta-analize dâhil edilebilen 105 araştırmaya ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmayla altı ülkeden toplam 27 araştırma bir araya getirilerek 8,011 kişilik örneklem grubu elde edilmiştir. Rassal etki modeli kullanılarak yapılan analiz sonuçları, ruhsal liderliğinin örgütsel bağlılık ve verimliliğe orta düzeyde etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca yatay-bireyci (USA gibi) kültürlerde dikey-kolektivist (Asya gibi) kültürle göre ruhsal liderliğin verimliliğe etkisinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu bulgular ruhsal liderliğin evrensel olduğunu ve yatay-bireyci kültürlerde liderlerin ruhsal liderlik davranışlarının, çalışanların işteki veriminin dikey-kolektivist kültürlere göre daha çok etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktadır

Cette méta-analyse a pour but d’analyser le rôle de la culture nationale sur la relation entre le leadership spirituel et l'engagement organisationnel et la productivité. Dans notre étude, nous avons constaté 105 recherches dont 27 sont inclus à la méta-analyse. Ce travail, réunissant 27 recherches, obtient un groupe d'échantillon de 8011 personnes. Les résultats de cette recherche, faite selon le modèle Rassal, démontre que le leadership spirituel a une influence modérateur sur l'engagement organisationnel et sur la productivité. D'ailleurs, on remarque que l'influence du leadership spirituel sur la productivité dans la culture verticale-collectiviste (comme dans les cultures asiatiques) est plus efficace que son influence dans la culture horizontale-individualiste (comme aux États-Unis). Ces indications mettent en évidence le fait que, malgré l'universalité du leadership spirituel dans les cultures horizontales-individualistes, la spiritualité du leader influence beaucoup plus la productivité que les cultures verticalescollectivistes.

In this study, the role of national culture regarding the effect of spiritual leadership on the organizational commitment and productivity was tested through meta-analysis method. Following the literature review, 105 research on this topic has been reached, and 27 of them were included in the meta-analysis. Within the study, a total of 27 research, from 6 countries, with a total sample of 8,011 people were covered. The results of the analysis, which was conducted using random effect model, showed that spiritual leadership has a moderate effect on organizational commitment and productivity. In addition, it has been found that the effect of spiritual leadership on productivity is higher in horizontalindividualistic cultures (e.g. USA) than in vertical-collectivist ones (e.g. Asia). These findings reveal that spiritual leadership is universal and the effect of leaders’ spiritual leadership behaviors in horizontal-individualist cultures on the work efficiency of employees is much more than those in vertical-collectivist ones.