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Dijital Belleğin Ekonomi Politiği Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Tartışma

Year 2022, Issue: 37, 164 - 186, 30.12.2022

Zeynep Özarslan

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.1167144

Abstract

Dijital teknolojiler, bireylerin, toplumların ve şirketlerin veri toplama, hatırlama ve unutmalarına olanak veren yeni dijital araçlar ve platformlar sağladığı için, geçmişi saklama, hatırlama ve unutma teamüllerini dönüştürdü. Yeni medya yakınsamasıyla birlikte bellek, kişisel ve yerel özellikleri yanında küresel bir boyut da kazandı ve dijital olarak aracılanmış belleğe dönüştü. Bu teknolojiler dijital belleğin siber uzamda sonsuz defa indekslenmesine, arşivlenmesine, dolaşıma girmesine ve işlenmesine olanak sağlıyor. Bu nedenle, dijital olarak aracılanmış bellek toplumlar üzerinde bazı ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve kültürel etkiler yarattığı için, Web ve bulut teknolojilerindeki ilerlemeler, bellek çalışmalarının yeni boyutlarının ekonomi politik bir bakış açısıyla tartışılmasını mümkün kılıyor. Bu çalışma, dijital belleğin metalaşma süreçlerini kavramsal olarak inceler, dijital belleğin maddi ve gayri maddi temellerini ekonomi politik perspektiften analiz eder ve bu ikisinin temel olarak iç içe geçtiğini ileri sürer. Teknolojik araçların üretilmesinde kullanılan nadir elementler, dijital belleğin maddi temeli olarak ele alınır. Ayrıca, bu nadir elementleri kullanan büyük teknoloji şirketleri ve onların veri merkezleri bu maddi temelin uzantıları olarak incelenir. Dijital olarak arşivlenen, yönetilen ve erişilen bellek, veri olarak kabul edilir ki bu, dijital belleğin gayri maddi temelini oluşturur. Dijital belleğin maddi ve gayri maddiliği, mevcut veri ekonomisine içkin iktidar ilişkilerinden ve ideolojiden bağımsız değerlendirilemez. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma veri ekonomisine içkin iktidar ilişkilerinin ve ideolojinin maddiliği ve gayri maddiliği arasındaki akışı açığa çıkarmak için, dijital belleği ekonomi politik bir perspektiften tartışmayı hedefler. Ayrıca böyle bir ekonomik sistemde karşılaşılması muhtemel zorlukları, riskleri ve çıktıları da ortaya koyar.

Keywords

dijital bellek veri merkezleri veri ekonomisi iktidar ilişkileri ekonomi politik

References

  • Abbate, J. (2000). Inventing the Internet. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Assmann, A. and Conrad, S. (2010). (eds) Memory in a Global Age Discourses, Practices and Trajectories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Loutonen, A, Nielsen, H., F., and Secret, A. (1994). The World-Wide Web. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 76-82.
  • Brown, A., D., Gutman, Y., Freeman, L., Sodaro, A. and Coman, A. (2009) Introduction: Is an interdisciplinary field of memory studies possible? International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Special Issue: Memory and Media Space, 22(2), 117-124.
  • Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic, July 1945. Accessed 05 April 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/
  • Casalegno, F. (2004). Thought on the convergence of digital media, memory, and social and urban spaces. Space and Culture, 7(3), 313–332.
  • Cattaneo, G., Micheletti, G., Glennon, M., La Croce, C., and Mitta, C. (2020). The European Data Market Monitoring Tool: Key Facts & Figures, First Policy Conclusions, Data Landscape And Quantified Stories, D2.9 Final Study Report- Executive Summary. Brussels: European Commision. Accessed 20 August 2022. https://datalandscape.eu/sites/default/files/report/D2.9_EDM_Executive_summary_ENG_16.06_rev_pdf.pdf
  • CBInsights. (24 January 2019). The future of data centers. Accessed 24 January 2020, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-data-centers/
  • Data Guidance. (n.d.). USA Federal. Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.dataguidance.com/jurisdiction/usa-federal
  • Data Protection. (n.d.) Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.gov.uk/data-protection
  • Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. (10 June 2021). Accessed 05 November 2022, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202112/1abd8829788946ecab270e469b13c39c.shtml
  • Ferreira, G. and Critelli, J. (2022). China’s global monopoly on rare-earth elements. Parameters, 52(1), 57-72, doi:10.55540/0031-1723.3129.
  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Frontier Technology Quarterly. (2019). Data economy: Radical transformation or dystopia. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/FTQ_1_Jan_2019.pdf
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), 179-196.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011). Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, C. (2012). Google capitalism. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(1), 42-48.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Dallas Smythe reloaded: critical media and communication studies today. In: Manzerolle, V. and McGuigan, L. (eds). The audience commodity in a digital age: Revisiting critical theory of commercial media. New York: Peter Lang, pp.267-288.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2012). Introduction: Marx is back - The importance of Marxist theory and research for critical communication studies today. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 127-140.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2016a). (eds) Marx and the political economy of the media. Leiden: Brill.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2016b). (eds) Marx in the age of digital capitalism. Leiden: Brill.
  • Garde-Hansen, J., Hoskins, A. and Reading, A. (2009). (eds) Save as... Digital memories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gutman, Y., Adam, D. B. and Sodaro, A. (2010). Memory and the future: Transnational politics, ethics and society. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Halbwach, M. (1992). On collective memory. (trans. and ed. LA Coser) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hart, K. (2000). The memory bank: Money in an unequal world. London: Profile Books.
  • Hoskins, A. (2011). 7/7 and connective memory: Interactional trajectories of remembering in post-scarcity culture. Memory Studies, 4(3), 269–280.
  • Hoskins, A., & Halstead, H. (2021). The new grey of memory: Andrew Hoskins in conversation with Huw Halstead. Memory Studies, 14(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506980211010936
  • King, M. H. (n.d). REE - Rare earth elements and their uses. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/
  • KVKK. (n.d.) Personal Data Protection Law. Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/6649/Personal-Data-Protection-Law
  • Maj, A. and Riha, D. (2009). (eds). Digital memories: Exploring critical issues. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
  • Markham, A. (2021). The limits of the imaginary: Challenges to intervening in future speculations of memory, data, and algorithms. New Media & Society, 23(2), 382-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820929322
  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1996). Collected works. 35th annotated edition. Int Pub Co Inc. Mills, R. (27 May 2019). Trade war will hasten bull market for rare earths. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.fnarena.com/index.php/2019/05/27/trade-war-will-hasten-bull-market-for-rare-earths/
  • Mosco, V. (2014). To the cloud – Big data in a turbulent world. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers. Neiger, M., Meyers, O. and Zandberg, E. (2011). (eds). On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nellis, S. (18 September 2019). Apple taps recycled rare earth elements for iPhone parts. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-rareearths/apple-taps-recycled-rare-earth-elements-for-iphone-parts-idUSKBN1W31JG
  • Oberhaus, D. (18 December 2019). Amazon, Google, Microsoft: Here’s who has the greenest cloud. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers/ Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. (29 December 2021). Accessed 05 November 2022, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2021-12/29/c_694559.htm
  • Prey, R. (2012). The network’s blindspot: Exclusion, exploitation and Marx’s process-relational ontology. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 253-273.
  • Reading, A. (2009). The globytal: Towards an understanding of globalised memories in the digital age. In: Maj, A. and Riha, D. (eds). Digital memories: Exploring critical issues. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, pp.31-40.
  • Reading, A. (2011). Memory and digital media: Six dynamics of the globital memory field. In: Neiger, M., Meyers, O. and Zandberg, E. (eds). On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.241-252.
  • Reading, A. (2014). Seeing red: A political economy of digital memory. Media, Culture & Society, 36(6), 748–760. Reading, A. and Notley, T. (2015). The materiality of globital memory: Bringing the cloud to earth. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 29(4), 511–521.
  • Seaman, J. (2019). Rare earths and China. A review of changing criticality in the new economy. Accessed 10 April 2020, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/seaman_rare_earths_china_2019.pdf
  • Sluis, K. (2010). Algorithmic memory? Machinic vision and database culture. In: Mousoutzanis, A. and Riha, D. (eds). New media and the politics of online communities. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, pp. 227–235.
  • Smythe, D. W. (1981). Dependency road: Communications, capitalism, consciousness, and Canada. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Stiegler, B. (2010). For a new critique of political economy. Cambridge: Polity.
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2014). Commodities at a glance: Special issue on rare earths. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/suc2014d1_en.pdf
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2019). Digital economy report. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/der2019_en.pdf
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2021). Digital economy report 2021: Cross-border data flows and development: For whom the data flow. Accessed 15 August 2022 https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2021_en.pdf
  • Van Dijck, J. (2010). Flickr and the culture of connectivity: Sharing views, experiences, memories. Memory Studies, 4(4), 401–415.
  • What Is Xanadu? (n.d.). Accessed 05 April 2020, http://www.xanadu.com.au
  • Wolford, B. (2022). What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law? Accessed 05 November 2022, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/

Un débat critique sur l'économie politique de la mémoire numérique

Year 2022, Issue: 37, 164 - 186, 30.12.2022

Zeynep Özarslan

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.1167144

Abstract

Les technologies numériques ont transformé les conventions de préservation, de rappel et d'oubli du passé étant donné qu’elles fournissent de nouveaux outils et plateformes numériques pour se souvenir, oublier et collecter des données pour les individus, les sociétés et les entreprises. Avec la convergence des nouveaux médias, la mémoire gagne un aspect global avec ses caractéristiques personnelles et locales, et se transforme en mémoire numérique. Ces technologies permettent d'indexer, d'archiver, de circuler et de traiter à l'infini la mémoire numérique dans le cyberespace. Par conséquent, les progrès des technologies du Web et de l'informatique en nuage offrent aux études sur la mémoire de nouvelles dimensions à discuter dans une perspective d'économie politique, car la mémoire numérique a des impacts économiques, politiques, sociétaux et culturels sur les sociétés. Cette étude examine conceptuellement les processus de marchandisation de la mémoire numérique et analyse ses bases matérielles et immatérielles dans une perspective d'économie politique, et affirme qu'elles sont fondamentalement entrelacées. Les terres rares qui sont utilisées pour produire des dispositifs technologiques sont considérées comme la base matérielle de la mémoire digitale. Additionnellement, les grandes entreprises technologiques utilisant ces terres rares et leurs centres de données sont considérés comme des extensions de sa matérialité. La mémoire archivée, gérée et récupérée numériquement est considérée comme des données, qui représentent la base immatérielle de la mémoire numérique. La matérialité et l'immatérialité de la mémoire numérique ne sont pas considérées comme indépendantes des relations de pouvoir et des idéologies inhérentes à l'économie actuelle des données. En conséquence, cette étude vise à discuter de la mémoire numérique dans une perspective d'économie politique pour révéler le flux entre sa matérialité et son immatérialité et les relations de pouvoir inhérentes à l'économie des données. Elle présente également les défis potentiels, les risques et les résultats que nous pouvons rencontrer dans un tel système économique.

Keywords

mémoire numérique centres de données économie des données relations de pouvoir économie politique

References

  • Abbate, J. (2000). Inventing the Internet. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Assmann, A. and Conrad, S. (2010). (eds) Memory in a Global Age Discourses, Practices and Trajectories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Loutonen, A, Nielsen, H., F., and Secret, A. (1994). The World-Wide Web. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 76-82.
  • Brown, A., D., Gutman, Y., Freeman, L., Sodaro, A. and Coman, A. (2009) Introduction: Is an interdisciplinary field of memory studies possible? International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Special Issue: Memory and Media Space, 22(2), 117-124.
  • Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic, July 1945. Accessed 05 April 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/
  • Casalegno, F. (2004). Thought on the convergence of digital media, memory, and social and urban spaces. Space and Culture, 7(3), 313–332.
  • Cattaneo, G., Micheletti, G., Glennon, M., La Croce, C., and Mitta, C. (2020). The European Data Market Monitoring Tool: Key Facts & Figures, First Policy Conclusions, Data Landscape And Quantified Stories, D2.9 Final Study Report- Executive Summary. Brussels: European Commision. Accessed 20 August 2022. https://datalandscape.eu/sites/default/files/report/D2.9_EDM_Executive_summary_ENG_16.06_rev_pdf.pdf
  • CBInsights. (24 January 2019). The future of data centers. Accessed 24 January 2020, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-data-centers/
  • Data Guidance. (n.d.). USA Federal. Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.dataguidance.com/jurisdiction/usa-federal
  • Data Protection. (n.d.) Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.gov.uk/data-protection
  • Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. (10 June 2021). Accessed 05 November 2022, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202112/1abd8829788946ecab270e469b13c39c.shtml
  • Ferreira, G. and Critelli, J. (2022). China’s global monopoly on rare-earth elements. Parameters, 52(1), 57-72, doi:10.55540/0031-1723.3129.
  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Frontier Technology Quarterly. (2019). Data economy: Radical transformation or dystopia. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/FTQ_1_Jan_2019.pdf
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), 179-196.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011). Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, C. (2012). Google capitalism. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(1), 42-48.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Dallas Smythe reloaded: critical media and communication studies today. In: Manzerolle, V. and McGuigan, L. (eds). The audience commodity in a digital age: Revisiting critical theory of commercial media. New York: Peter Lang, pp.267-288.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2012). Introduction: Marx is back - The importance of Marxist theory and research for critical communication studies today. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 127-140.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2016a). (eds) Marx and the political economy of the media. Leiden: Brill.
  • Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2016b). (eds) Marx in the age of digital capitalism. Leiden: Brill.
  • Garde-Hansen, J., Hoskins, A. and Reading, A. (2009). (eds) Save as... Digital memories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gutman, Y., Adam, D. B. and Sodaro, A. (2010). Memory and the future: Transnational politics, ethics and society. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Halbwach, M. (1992). On collective memory. (trans. and ed. LA Coser) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hart, K. (2000). The memory bank: Money in an unequal world. London: Profile Books.
  • Hoskins, A. (2011). 7/7 and connective memory: Interactional trajectories of remembering in post-scarcity culture. Memory Studies, 4(3), 269–280.
  • Hoskins, A., & Halstead, H. (2021). The new grey of memory: Andrew Hoskins in conversation with Huw Halstead. Memory Studies, 14(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506980211010936
  • King, M. H. (n.d). REE - Rare earth elements and their uses. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/
  • KVKK. (n.d.) Personal Data Protection Law. Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/6649/Personal-Data-Protection-Law
  • Maj, A. and Riha, D. (2009). (eds). Digital memories: Exploring critical issues. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
  • Markham, A. (2021). The limits of the imaginary: Challenges to intervening in future speculations of memory, data, and algorithms. New Media & Society, 23(2), 382-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820929322
  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1996). Collected works. 35th annotated edition. Int Pub Co Inc. Mills, R. (27 May 2019). Trade war will hasten bull market for rare earths. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.fnarena.com/index.php/2019/05/27/trade-war-will-hasten-bull-market-for-rare-earths/
  • Mosco, V. (2014). To the cloud – Big data in a turbulent world. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers. Neiger, M., Meyers, O. and Zandberg, E. (2011). (eds). On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nellis, S. (18 September 2019). Apple taps recycled rare earth elements for iPhone parts. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-rareearths/apple-taps-recycled-rare-earth-elements-for-iphone-parts-idUSKBN1W31JG
  • Oberhaus, D. (18 December 2019). Amazon, Google, Microsoft: Here’s who has the greenest cloud. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-google-microsoft-green-clouds-and-hyperscale-data-centers/ Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. (29 December 2021). Accessed 05 November 2022, http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2021-12/29/c_694559.htm
  • Prey, R. (2012). The network’s blindspot: Exclusion, exploitation and Marx’s process-relational ontology. TripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 253-273.
  • Reading, A. (2009). The globytal: Towards an understanding of globalised memories in the digital age. In: Maj, A. and Riha, D. (eds). Digital memories: Exploring critical issues. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, pp.31-40.
  • Reading, A. (2011). Memory and digital media: Six dynamics of the globital memory field. In: Neiger, M., Meyers, O. and Zandberg, E. (eds). On media memory: Collective memory in a new media age. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.241-252.
  • Reading, A. (2014). Seeing red: A political economy of digital memory. Media, Culture & Society, 36(6), 748–760. Reading, A. and Notley, T. (2015). The materiality of globital memory: Bringing the cloud to earth. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 29(4), 511–521.
  • Seaman, J. (2019). Rare earths and China. A review of changing criticality in the new economy. Accessed 10 April 2020, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/seaman_rare_earths_china_2019.pdf
  • Sluis, K. (2010). Algorithmic memory? Machinic vision and database culture. In: Mousoutzanis, A. and Riha, D. (eds). New media and the politics of online communities. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, pp. 227–235.
  • Smythe, D. W. (1981). Dependency road: Communications, capitalism, consciousness, and Canada. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Stiegler, B. (2010). For a new critique of political economy. Cambridge: Polity.
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2014). Commodities at a glance: Special issue on rare earths. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/suc2014d1_en.pdf
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2019). Digital economy report. Accessed 20 April 2020, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/der2019_en.pdf
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2021). Digital economy report 2021: Cross-border data flows and development: For whom the data flow. Accessed 15 August 2022 https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2021_en.pdf
  • Van Dijck, J. (2010). Flickr and the culture of connectivity: Sharing views, experiences, memories. Memory Studies, 4(4), 401–415.
  • What Is Xanadu? (n.d.). Accessed 05 April 2020, http://www.xanadu.com.au
  • Wolford, B. (2022). What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law? Accessed 05 November 2022, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/

A Critical Debate on the Political Economy of Digital Memory

Year 2022, Issue: 37, 164 - 186, 30.12.2022

Zeynep Özarslan

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.1167144

Abstract

Digital technologies have transformed the conventions of preserving, recalling, and forgetting the past as they provide new digital tools and platforms to remember, to forget and to collect data for individuals, societies, and corporations. With the convergence of new media, memory gains a global aspect along with its personal and local characteristics and turns into the digitally mediated memory. These technologies enable digital memory to be indexed, archived, circulated, and processed infinitely in cyberspace. Therefore, the advancements in the Web and cloud computing technologies yield new dimensions for memory studies to be discussed from a political economy perspective since digitally mediated memory has some economic, political, societal, and cultural impacts on societies. This study conceptually scrutinizes the commodification processes of digital memory and analyzes its material and immaterial bases from a political economy perspective, and claims that they are fundamentally interwoven. The rare earths which are used to produce technological devices are considered as the material basis. Additionally, major technology corporations using these rare earths, and their data centers are taken as the extensions of its materiality. Digitally archived, managed, and retrieved memory is considered as data, which represent immaterial basis of digital memory. The materiality and immateriality of digital memory are not regarded as independent from the inherent power relations and ideologies of the current data economy. Thus, this study aims to discuss digital memory from a political economy perspective to reveal the flow between its materiality and immateriality and the inherent power relations in the data economy. It also poses the potential challenges, risks, and outcomes we may encounter in such an economic system.

Keywords

digital memory data centers the data economy power relations political economy

References

  • Abbate, J. (2000). Inventing the Internet. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Assmann, A. and Conrad, S. (2010). (eds) Memory in a Global Age Discourses, Practices and Trajectories. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Loutonen, A, Nielsen, H., F., and Secret, A. (1994). The World-Wide Web. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 76-82.
  • Brown, A., D., Gutman, Y., Freeman, L., Sodaro, A. and Coman, A. (2009) Introduction: Is an interdisciplinary field of memory studies possible? International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Special Issue: Memory and Media Space, 22(2), 117-124.
  • Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic, July 1945. Accessed 05 April 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/
  • Casalegno, F. (2004). Thought on the convergence of digital media, memory, and social and urban spaces. Space and Culture, 7(3), 313–332.
  • Cattaneo, G., Micheletti, G., Glennon, M., La Croce, C., and Mitta, C. (2020). The European Data Market Monitoring Tool: Key Facts & Figures, First Policy Conclusions, Data Landscape And Quantified Stories, D2.9 Final Study Report- Executive Summary. Brussels: European Commision. Accessed 20 August 2022. https://datalandscape.eu/sites/default/files/report/D2.9_EDM_Executive_summary_ENG_16.06_rev_pdf.pdf
  • CBInsights. (24 January 2019). The future of data centers. Accessed 24 January 2020, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-data-centers/
  • Data Guidance. (n.d.). USA Federal. Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.dataguidance.com/jurisdiction/usa-federal
  • Data Protection. (n.d.) Accessed 05 November 2022, https://www.gov.uk/data-protection
  • Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. (10 June 2021). Accessed 05 November 2022, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202112/1abd8829788946ecab270e469b13c39c.shtml
  • Ferreira, G. and Critelli, J. (2022). China’s global monopoly on rare-earth elements. Parameters, 52(1), 57-72, doi:10.55540/0031-1723.3129.
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Özarslan 0000-0001-8278-3237

Early Pub Date December 30, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Acceptance Date December 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Issue: 37

Cite

APA Özarslan, Z. (2022). A Critical Debate on the Political Economy of Digital Memory. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi(37), 164-186. https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.1167144
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