Kolektif Anlatı ve Vatandaşlık Kimliğinin İnşasına Dair Sorular, Cevaplar ve Yeni Sorular

Meral Uğur Çınar

doi:10.16878/gsuilet.324208

Araştırma Makalesi

Collective Memory and National Identity: Questions, Answers and New Questions

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 26, 135 - 156, 30.06.2017

Meral Uğur Çınar

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.324208

Cited By: 3

Öz

The article evaluates the current state of the literature on the collective memory-national identity nexus. Pointing at the interaction between state and non-state actors in the formation and reproduction of collective memory and national identity, the article shows both collective memory’s unifying and divisive role. By pointing at the unintended consequences of institutionalized collective memories on citizenship policies and by showing how transnational dynamics affect the collective memory-national identity link, the article invites further research in the field that is comparative, multifaceted, interdisciplinary and nonfunctionalist. By showing collective memory’s effect on institutional design, the article also urges for bodies of literature that have hitherto neglected collective memory to take this phenomenon seriously in their analyses of institutional design. The article also calls for studies that analyze the implications of changing communicative technologies for the link between collective memory and collective forms of identity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

collective memory, historical narratives, national identity, citizenship policies, institutional design

Kaynakça

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Art, D. (2006). The Politics of Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Assmann, J. (2008). Communicative and Cultural Memory. A. Erll ve A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook içinde (109-118). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Assmann, J. (1992). Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische Identität in Frühen Hochkulturen. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck.
Azaryahu M. ve A. Kellerman (1999). Symbolic Places of National History and Revival: A Study in Zionist Mythical Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 109-123.
Bakhtin, M. (1986). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Texas: University of Texas Press.
Bakhtin, M. (1984). Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Bar-Tal, D. ve G. H. Bennink (2004). The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process. Y. Bar-Siman- Tov (Ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation içinde (11-38). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, S., M. Donovan ve K. Passmore. (Ed.). (1999). Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800. New York: Routledge.
Bodnar, J. (1994). Public Memory in an American City: Commemoration in Cleveland. Gillis, J.R. (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (74-89). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bogaards, M. (1998). The Favourable Factors for Consociational Democracy: A Review. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 475-496.
Boym, S. (2007). Nostalgia and Its Discontents. Hedgehog Review, 9(2), 7-18. Brockmeier, J. (2002). Remembering and Forgetting: Narrative as Cultural Memory. Culture Psychology, 8, 15-43.
Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1991). The Narrative Construction of Reality. Critical Inquiry 18(1), 1-21. Confino, A. (1997). Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method. The American Historical Review, 102(5), 1386-1403.
Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curry, J. L. (2007). When an Authoritarian State Victimizes the Nation: Transitional Justice, Collective Memory, and Political Divides. International Sociological Review, 37(1), 58-73.
Davis, E. (2005). Memories of State: Politics, History and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Davis, E. (1994). The Museum and the Politics of Social Control in Modern Iraq. J. R., Gillis (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (90-104). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ellis‬, ‪ S. G. ve R. Esser‬. (Ed.). (2009). Frontiers, Regions and Identities in Europe.‬ ‪ Pisa: Pisa University Press.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Encarnación, O. G. (2008). Reconciliation after Democratization: Coping with the Past in Spain. Political Science Quarterly, 123(3), 435-459.
Errl, A. (2011). “Travelling Memory,” Parallax, 17 (4), 4-18.
Frank, T. ve F. Hadler (Ed.). (2011). Disputed Territories and Shared Pasts: Overlapping National Histories in Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gillis, J. R. (Ed.). (1994). Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1980). The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row Colophon Books.
Hirsch, M. (2008). The Generation of Postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1),103-128.
Hobsbawm, E. J. ve T. Ranger (Ed.). (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, D. (2002). Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes. A. Reynolds (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy içinde (15-36). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kansteiner, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory, 41(2), 179-197.
Landsberg, A. (2003). Prosthetic Memory: The Ethics and Politics of Memory in an Age of Mass Culture. P. Grainge (Ed.), Memory and Popular Film içinde (144-161). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Levy D. ve N. Sznaider (2002). Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory. European Journal of Social Theory, 5, 87-106.
Liu J. H. ve D. J. Hilton (2005). How the Past Weighs on The Present: Social Representations of History and their Role in Identity Politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537-556.
Lustick, I. S. (1997). Israeli History: Who is Fabricating What? Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 39(3), 156-157.
MacIntyre, A. (2007 [1981]). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (3. Baskı). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Misztal, B. A. (2010). Collective Memory in a Global Age: Learning How and What to Remember. Current Sociology, 58(1), 24-44.
F. Şenol Cantek ve G. Orhon (Ed.). (2014). Bellek Özel Sayısı Moment Dergisi, 1(2). Muro, D. (2005). Nationalism and nostalgia: the case of radical Basque nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 11(4), 571-589.
Neyzi, L. (Ed.). (2011). Nasıl Hatırlıyoruz? Türkiye'de Bellek Çalışmaları. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Nora, P. (1989). Between History and Memory: Les Lieux de Memoire. Representations, 26, 7-24.
Olick, J. K. (Ed.). (2003). States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection. Durham: Duke University Press.
Olick, J. K. (1999). Collective Memory: The Two Cultures. Sociological Theory, 17(3), 333-348.
Olick, J. K. ve J. Robbins (1998). Social Memory Studies: From "Collective Memory" to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105-140.
Őzyürek, E. (Ed.) (2007a). The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Őzyürek, E. (2007b). Public Memory as Political Battleground: Islamist Subversions of Republican Nostalgia. E. Őzyürek (Ed.) The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey içinde (114-137). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Peri, Y. (1999). The Media and Collective Memory of Yitzhak Rabin's Remembrance. Journal of Communication, 49(3), 106-24.
Pickering, M. ve E. Keightley (2006). The Modalities of Nostalgia. Current Sociology, 54(6), 919-941.
Poole, R. (2010). Misremembering the Holocaust: Universal Symbol, Nationalist Icon or Moral Kitsch? Y. Gutman, A. D. Brown ve A. Sodaro (Ed.), Memory and the Future. Transnational Politics, Ethics and Society içinde (31-49). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ricoeur, P. (1980). Narrative Time. Critical Inquiry, 7(1), 169-190.
Renan, E. (1994). What is a Nation? J. Hutchinson ve A. D. Smith (Ed.) Nationalism içinde (17-18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roediger, III H. L. ve J. V. Wertsch, (2008). Creating a New Discipline of Memory Studies. Memory Studies, 1(1), 9-22.
Rothstein, B. (2005). Social Traps and the Problem of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, H. C. (1978). The Roots of lo Mexicano, London: Texas A & M University.
Shohat, E. (1999). The Invention of the Mizrahim. Journal of Palestine Studies, 29(1), 5-20.
Smith, A. D. (1994). Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations. Nation and Nationalism, 1(1), 3-23.
Smith, R. M. (2003). Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Memberships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Somers, M. R. (1994). The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society, 23(5), 605-649.
Tannock, S. (1995). Nostalgia Critique. Cultural Studies, 9(3), 453–464.
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Thaler, P. (2001). Ambivalence of Identity: the Austrian Experience of Nation-building in a Modern Society. West Lafayette: Purdue.
Ugur Cinar, M. (2015). Collective Memory and National Membership: Identity and Citizenship Models in Turkey and Austria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Andeweg, R. (2000). Consociational Democracy. Annual Review of Political Science 3, 509-536.
Winslade, J. ve G. Monk (2001). Narrative Mediation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wertsch, J. V. (2000). Narratives as Cultural Tools in Sociocultural Analysis: Official History in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia. Ethos, 28(4), 511-533.
Wertsch, J. V. (2008). Collective Memory and Narrative Templates. Social Research, 75 (1), 133-156.
White, G. M. (1999). Emotional Remembering: The Pragmatics of National Memory. Ethos, 27(4), 505-529.
White, H. (1978). Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zerubavel, E. (2003). Time Map: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mémoire collective et identité nationale: questions, réponses et nouvelles questions

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 26, 135 - 156, 30.06.2017

Meral Uğur Çınar

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.324208

Cited By: 3

Öz

Cet article prend pour objet l’état actuel de la littérature sur le lien entre la mémoire collective et l’identité nationale. En soulignant l’interaction entre acteurs étatiques et non étatiques dans la formation et la reproduction de la mémoire collective et de l’identité nationale, l’article montre à la fois le rôle unificateur et divisif de la mémoire collective. En soulignant les conséquences imprévues des mémoires collectives institutionnalisées sur les politiques de la citoyenneté et en montrant comment la dynamique transnationale affecte le lien entre la mémoire collective et l’identité nationale ; l’article fait appel à des nouvelles recherches comparatives, multidimensionnelles, interdisciplinaires et non-fonctionnalistes dans le domaine. En montrant l’effet de la mémoire collective sur le design institutionnel, l’article exhorte également les corps de littérature qui ont jusquelà négligé la mémoire collective à prendre ce phénomène au sérieux dans leurs analyses du design institutionnel. L’article demande également des études qui analysent les implications de l’évolution des technologies de communication pour le lien entre la mémoire collective et les formes d’identité collectives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

mémoire collective, récits historiques, identité nationale, politiques de citoyenneté, design institutionnel

Kaynakça

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Art, D. (2006). The Politics of Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Assmann, J. (2008). Communicative and Cultural Memory. A. Erll ve A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook içinde (109-118). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Assmann, J. (1992). Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische Identität in Frühen Hochkulturen. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck.
Azaryahu M. ve A. Kellerman (1999). Symbolic Places of National History and Revival: A Study in Zionist Mythical Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 109-123.
Bakhtin, M. (1986). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Texas: University of Texas Press.
Bakhtin, M. (1984). Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Bar-Tal, D. ve G. H. Bennink (2004). The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process. Y. Bar-Siman- Tov (Ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation içinde (11-38). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, S., M. Donovan ve K. Passmore. (Ed.). (1999). Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800. New York: Routledge.
Bodnar, J. (1994). Public Memory in an American City: Commemoration in Cleveland. Gillis, J.R. (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (74-89). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bogaards, M. (1998). The Favourable Factors for Consociational Democracy: A Review. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 475-496.
Boym, S. (2007). Nostalgia and Its Discontents. Hedgehog Review, 9(2), 7-18. Brockmeier, J. (2002). Remembering and Forgetting: Narrative as Cultural Memory. Culture Psychology, 8, 15-43.
Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1991). The Narrative Construction of Reality. Critical Inquiry 18(1), 1-21. Confino, A. (1997). Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method. The American Historical Review, 102(5), 1386-1403.
Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curry, J. L. (2007). When an Authoritarian State Victimizes the Nation: Transitional Justice, Collective Memory, and Political Divides. International Sociological Review, 37(1), 58-73.
Davis, E. (2005). Memories of State: Politics, History and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Davis, E. (1994). The Museum and the Politics of Social Control in Modern Iraq. J. R., Gillis (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (90-104). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ellis‬, ‪ S. G. ve R. Esser‬. (Ed.). (2009). Frontiers, Regions and Identities in Europe.‬ ‪ Pisa: Pisa University Press.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Encarnación, O. G. (2008). Reconciliation after Democratization: Coping with the Past in Spain. Political Science Quarterly, 123(3), 435-459.
Errl, A. (2011). “Travelling Memory,” Parallax, 17 (4), 4-18.
Frank, T. ve F. Hadler (Ed.). (2011). Disputed Territories and Shared Pasts: Overlapping National Histories in Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gillis, J. R. (Ed.). (1994). Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1980). The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row Colophon Books.
Hirsch, M. (2008). The Generation of Postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1),103-128.
Hobsbawm, E. J. ve T. Ranger (Ed.). (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, D. (2002). Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes. A. Reynolds (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy içinde (15-36). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kansteiner, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory, 41(2), 179-197.
Landsberg, A. (2003). Prosthetic Memory: The Ethics and Politics of Memory in an Age of Mass Culture. P. Grainge (Ed.), Memory and Popular Film içinde (144-161). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Levy D. ve N. Sznaider (2002). Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory. European Journal of Social Theory, 5, 87-106.
Liu J. H. ve D. J. Hilton (2005). How the Past Weighs on The Present: Social Representations of History and their Role in Identity Politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537-556.
Lustick, I. S. (1997). Israeli History: Who is Fabricating What? Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 39(3), 156-157.
MacIntyre, A. (2007 [1981]). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (3. Baskı). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Misztal, B. A. (2010). Collective Memory in a Global Age: Learning How and What to Remember. Current Sociology, 58(1), 24-44.
F. Şenol Cantek ve G. Orhon (Ed.). (2014). Bellek Özel Sayısı Moment Dergisi, 1(2). Muro, D. (2005). Nationalism and nostalgia: the case of radical Basque nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 11(4), 571-589.
Neyzi, L. (Ed.). (2011). Nasıl Hatırlıyoruz? Türkiye'de Bellek Çalışmaları. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Nora, P. (1989). Between History and Memory: Les Lieux de Memoire. Representations, 26, 7-24.
Olick, J. K. (Ed.). (2003). States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection. Durham: Duke University Press.
Olick, J. K. (1999). Collective Memory: The Two Cultures. Sociological Theory, 17(3), 333-348.
Olick, J. K. ve J. Robbins (1998). Social Memory Studies: From "Collective Memory" to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105-140.
Őzyürek, E. (Ed.) (2007a). The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Őzyürek, E. (2007b). Public Memory as Political Battleground: Islamist Subversions of Republican Nostalgia. E. Őzyürek (Ed.) The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey içinde (114-137). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Peri, Y. (1999). The Media and Collective Memory of Yitzhak Rabin's Remembrance. Journal of Communication, 49(3), 106-24.
Pickering, M. ve E. Keightley (2006). The Modalities of Nostalgia. Current Sociology, 54(6), 919-941.
Poole, R. (2010). Misremembering the Holocaust: Universal Symbol, Nationalist Icon or Moral Kitsch? Y. Gutman, A. D. Brown ve A. Sodaro (Ed.), Memory and the Future. Transnational Politics, Ethics and Society içinde (31-49). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ricoeur, P. (1980). Narrative Time. Critical Inquiry, 7(1), 169-190.
Renan, E. (1994). What is a Nation? J. Hutchinson ve A. D. Smith (Ed.) Nationalism içinde (17-18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roediger, III H. L. ve J. V. Wertsch, (2008). Creating a New Discipline of Memory Studies. Memory Studies, 1(1), 9-22.
Rothstein, B. (2005). Social Traps and the Problem of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt, H. C. (1978). The Roots of lo Mexicano, London: Texas A & M University.
Shohat, E. (1999). The Invention of the Mizrahim. Journal of Palestine Studies, 29(1), 5-20.
Smith, A. D. (1994). Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations. Nation and Nationalism, 1(1), 3-23.
Smith, R. M. (2003). Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Memberships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Somers, M. R. (1994). The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society, 23(5), 605-649.
Tannock, S. (1995). Nostalgia Critique. Cultural Studies, 9(3), 453–464.
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Thaler, P. (2001). Ambivalence of Identity: the Austrian Experience of Nation-building in a Modern Society. West Lafayette: Purdue.
Ugur Cinar, M. (2015). Collective Memory and National Membership: Identity and Citizenship Models in Turkey and Austria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Andeweg, R. (2000). Consociational Democracy. Annual Review of Political Science 3, 509-536.
Winslade, J. ve G. Monk (2001). Narrative Mediation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wertsch, J. V. (2000). Narratives as Cultural Tools in Sociocultural Analysis: Official History in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia. Ethos, 28(4), 511-533.
Wertsch, J. V. (2008). Collective Memory and Narrative Templates. Social Research, 75 (1), 133-156.
White, G. M. (1999). Emotional Remembering: The Pragmatics of National Memory. Ethos, 27(4), 505-529.
White, H. (1978). Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zerubavel, E. (2003). Time Map: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kolektif Anlatı ve Vatandaşlık Kimliğinin İnşasına Dair Sorular, Cevaplar ve Yeni Sorular

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 26, 135 - 156, 30.06.2017

Meral Uğur Çınar

https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.324208

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu makale, kolektif hafıza ile ulusal kimlik ilişkine dair literatürü değerlendirmekte ve bu ilişkinin daha belirgin şekilde, çok boyutlu ve karşılaştırmalı olarak çalışılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Makale, ulus inşa sürecinde kolektif hafızayı devletin ve çeşitli toplulukların etkileşiminden beslenen bir olgu olarak görmektedir. Dolayısıyla, kolektif hafıza ortak toplumsal payda oluşturabildiği gibi siyasal çatışmalarda merkezi rol de oynayabilmektedir. Çalışmada, kolektif hafızanın öngörülemeyen ve işlevselcilikle açıklanamayan yanları, ulus-devlet sınırlarını aşan dinamikleri ve interdisipliner boyutu da ortaya konulmaktadır. Makale kolektif hafızanın ulusal kimlik üzerindeki etkisini sadece vatandaşlık politikaları ve ders kitaplarında ya da anıtlarda değil, aynı zamanda kimliklerin yeniden üretilmesini sağlayacak kurumsal yapıların dizaynında da aramamız gerektiği belirterek bugüne dek kolektif hafızaya gerekli önemi vermemiş literatür gruplarının da ilgisini bu alana çekme amacı taşımaktadır. İletişim teknolojilerindeki dönüşümün kolektif hafıza ve kolektif kimlik arasındaki ilişkiye olan etkisinin yeni çalışmalara alan açtığı gerçeği de makalenin sonucunda tespit edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kolektif hafıza, tarihsel anlatılar, ulusal kimlik, vatandaşlık politikaları, kurumsal dizayn

Kaynakça

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Art, D. (2006). The Politics of Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Assmann, J. (2008). Communicative and Cultural Memory. A. Erll ve A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook içinde (109-118). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Assmann, J. (1992). Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische Identität in Frühen Hochkulturen. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck.
Azaryahu M. ve A. Kellerman (1999). Symbolic Places of National History and Revival: A Study in Zionist Mythical Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24(1), 109-123.
Bakhtin, M. (1986). Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Texas: University of Texas Press.
Bakhtin, M. (1984). Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Bar-Tal, D. ve G. H. Bennink (2004). The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process. Y. Bar-Siman- Tov (Ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation içinde (11-38). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, S., M. Donovan ve K. Passmore. (Ed.). (1999). Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800. New York: Routledge.
Bodnar, J. (1994). Public Memory in an American City: Commemoration in Cleveland. Gillis, J.R. (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (74-89). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bogaards, M. (1998). The Favourable Factors for Consociational Democracy: A Review. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 475-496.
Boym, S. (2007). Nostalgia and Its Discontents. Hedgehog Review, 9(2), 7-18. Brockmeier, J. (2002). Remembering and Forgetting: Narrative as Cultural Memory. Culture Psychology, 8, 15-43.
Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. (1991). The Narrative Construction of Reality. Critical Inquiry 18(1), 1-21. Confino, A. (1997). Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method. The American Historical Review, 102(5), 1386-1403.
Connerton, P. (1989). How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Curry, J. L. (2007). When an Authoritarian State Victimizes the Nation: Transitional Justice, Collective Memory, and Political Divides. International Sociological Review, 37(1), 58-73.
Davis, E. (2005). Memories of State: Politics, History and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Davis, E. (1994). The Museum and the Politics of Social Control in Modern Iraq. J. R., Gillis (Ed.), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity içinde (90-104). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ellis‬, ‪ S. G. ve R. Esser‬. (Ed.). (2009). Frontiers, Regions and Identities in Europe.‬ ‪ Pisa: Pisa University Press.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Encarnación, O. G. (2008). Reconciliation after Democratization: Coping with the Past in Spain. Political Science Quarterly, 123(3), 435-459.
Errl, A. (2011). “Travelling Memory,” Parallax, 17 (4), 4-18.
Frank, T. ve F. Hadler (Ed.). (2011). Disputed Territories and Shared Pasts: Overlapping National Histories in Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gillis, J. R. (Ed.). (1994). Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1980). The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row Colophon Books.
Hirsch, M. (2008). The Generation of Postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1),103-128.
Hobsbawm, E. J. ve T. Ranger (Ed.). (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, D. (2002). Constitutional Design: Proposals versus Processes. A. Reynolds (Ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy içinde (15-36). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Levy D. ve N. Sznaider (2002). Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory. European Journal of Social Theory, 5, 87-106.
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Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Meral Uğur Çınar
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2017Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA	Uğur Çınar, M. (2017). Kolektif Anlatı ve Vatandaşlık Kimliğinin İnşasına Dair Sorular, Cevaplar ve Yeni Sorular. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi(26), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuilet.324208

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